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Verbs of Caused-Separation in Thai and Khmer: Lexical Semantics And

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Verbs of Caused-Separation in Thai and Khmer: Lexical Semantics And Verbs of Caused-Separation in Thai and Khmer: Lexical Semantics and Language Convergence in Mainland Southeast Asia Nitipong Pichetpan A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences The University of Sydney January 2021 Statement of Originality This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have been acknowledged. (Nitipong Pichetpan) January 2021 i Abstract This dissertation investigates the question of whether and to what extent language convergence within a linguistic area may extend into the domain of lexical semantics. To investigate this question, it examines similarities and differences among verbs of separation in Thai and Khmer – two genealogically unrelated languages that both fall within the Mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) linguistic area. Descriptions of caused separation events were first elicited from native speakers of the languages. Cluster analyses (Jaccard’s index and average linkage) were performed to determine the domain’s categorisation—together with analyses of the verb distributional patterns. A comparison was made to uncover (dis)similarity in semantic categorisation and provide input for discussion on areal semantics. The findings reveal that Thai and Khmer are both parallel and different from each other at the lexical semantic level. The two languages have comparable but not identical numbers of semantic categories. Also, in their organisation of caused-separation events, Thai and Khmer are sometimes similar and sometimes different. The groupings present cross-linguistic trends (cf. Majid et al., 2004, 2008), parallel distinctions not widely reported in the cross-linguistic research, and language-specific differentiation. Further, parallelism specific to Thai and Khmer is evaluated as evidence of area-specific convergence, thus enhancing MSEA’s status as a linguistic area at the lexical semantic level. To assess the evidence of convergence, a method of triangulation with languages outside the immediate area is utilised. The study opens the way for further research regarding general context and specific mechanisms associated with patterns of Thai-Khmer semantic convergence. ii Acknowledgements Kodhaṃ paññāya ucchinde Cut away your anger with (the knife of) wisdom. (Naya-Aṅ.Sattaka. 23/100) This dissertation would not have been possible without the help and support of many people. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors, Nick Enfield and Mark W. Post. Their guidance and insight have been valuable over the past years. My special thanks go to Anthony V. N. Diller for his inspiring discussions about linguistics as well as many fruitful conversations about all things good academic writing. I also thank Angela Terrill for comments and proofreading of this dissertation. A special mention goes to my colleagues for their assistance in the data collection: Sarawanee Sankaburanurak and Pimpa Verochanakorn for collaboration assistance in Thailand and Cambodia, respectively; Phan Sotheara for Khmer language assistance. I express my gratitude to anonymous language consultants, native speakers of Thai and Khmer, with whom I conducted fieldwork, for sharing their knowledge of these languages with me. Thanks also go to Maryam Montazerolghaem at Sydney Informatics Hub, Angus Wheeler, and Panrawee Rungskunroch for statistical assistance. I am grateful to Klairung Amratisha, Natthaporn Panpothong, and Siriporn Phakdeephasook for support to start the long years of my PhD, to the Department of Thai and Eastern Language and Culture, Thammasat University for allowing me to iii pursue my PhD overseas, and to the Office of Educational Affairs, Royal Thai Embassy of Australia for administrative assistance. I would like to extend my thanks to the people at the Department of Linguistics and PGARC Woolley, University of Sydney for the friendly atmosphere; it has a direct influence on my success. I take this opportunity to thank Zhang Dongbing, Mun Kihong, Meng Weijian, Faris Yothasamuth, and Chavalin Svetanant for lunches, cups of coffee, and ideas. I also owe thanks to Napakorn Sricomnerd, Thani Saenchaiban, Thosapol Thittitanavanich, Napakadol Kittisenee, Apitsara Sriamorn, and all relatives and friends that cheered me up and made my PhD years more colourful. My acknowledgements would not be complete without thanking the most important people in my life. To Granny, Mum and Auntie—Bunchuea Michalat†, Jurairat Sriamorn and Asama Sriamorn, I thank you for your encouragement in everything that I did and all of your love and support. I also thank Paul Vaivasa; you have helped me achieve what I have done, and you have been there with me through all of the ups and downs. iv Funding Disclosure This PhD research was supported by Thammasat University’s Scholarship for Study Overseas (2016-2020). I greatly appreciate the grants from the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Doctoral Research Travel Grant Scheme (2017) and the Faculty’s Emergency Bursary (2020). I am grateful to Chulalongkorn Summer School of Southeast Asian Linguistics organised by the Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University for the grant that allowed me to attend wonderful classes in June 2017. Also, I am thankful to the University of Sydney’s Postgraduate Research Support Scheme (PRSS) for conference expenses in 2019. v Table of Contents Statement of originality................................................................................................... i Abstract .......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iii Funding Disclosure ........................................................................................................ v Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................... xv List of Figures ............................................................................................................. xix List of Abbreviations and Conventions .................................................................... xxiii CHAPTER 1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Premises of the study ........................................................................................ 2 1.1.1 Background ................................................................................................ 2 1.1.2 Subject of the study ................................................................................... 5 1.2 Research questions .......................................................................................... 14 1.3 Thesis structure ............................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 2 Literature review and methodology ................................................. 22 2.1 Literature review ............................................................................................ 23 2.1.1 Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA): The linguistic area ....................... 23 2.1.1.1 Geographical area .................................................................................. 23 2.1.1.2 MSEA as a linguistic area and its areal linguistic support..................... 24 vi 2.1.1.3 Areal semantics: Studies of contact-induced semantic convergence ..... 31 2.1.1.4 MSEA languages to be examined: Thai and Khmer .............................. 34 2.1.2 Lexico-semantic typological analysis of events ..................................... 37 2.1.2.1 Lexico-semantic categorisation: Analysis of Denotational Range ........ 37 2.1.2.2 Semantic maps ....................................................................................... 46 2.1.2.3 Consistency of lexical descriptions ........................................................ 49 2.1.3 Domain of caused-separation events ...................................................... 53 2.1.3.1 Nature of caused-separation events ....................................................... 53 2.1.3.2 Caused-separation as core of separation events ..................................... 57 2.1.3.3 Previous work on caused-separation in languages................................. 59 2.2 Methodology .................................................................................................... 76 2.2.1 Purpose of the study ................................................................................ 76 2.2.2 Elicitation tool: MPI’s ‘cut’ and ‘break’ clips ...................................... 77 2.2.3 Pilot study ................................................................................................. 79 2.2.3.1 Location and participants for the pilot study ......................................... 80 2.2.3.2 Objectives of pilot research ................................................................... 80 2.2.3.3 Pilot Interviews: outcomes and improvement.......................................
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