Me Mau Kia Ita Ki Te Tuakiri O Te Whānau Ma Te Whānau E Tipu Ai
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Me Mau Kia Ita Ki Te Tuakiri o Te Whānau Ma Te Whānau e Tipu Ai Whānau Identity and Whānau Development are Interdependent Kim Himoana Penetito (2005) A thesis submitted to the Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Arts Table of Contents Attestation of Authorship.................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements...........................................................................................................v Abstract ..........................................................................................................................viii Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 Chapter One ....................................................................................................................4 Research Setting: Ngā Uri ō Ngāti Te Oro ..............................................................4 Figure 1: Ngāti Hauā Territory Stokes,(1996) .........................................................4 Figure 2: Te Whakapapa o Te Ihingarangi ..............................................................7 Figure 3: Te Whakapapa o Ngā Tūmuaki................................................................9 Figure 4: Te Oro ki Penetito ..................................................................................15 Figure 5: Te Whakapapa o Te Ahuroa...................................................................16 Summary ................................................................................................................20 Chapter Two..................................................................................................................23 Whānau - Lost in Translation.................................................................................23 Figure 6: Transformative Praxis – Becoming More Human..................................37 Figure 7: Identity Inter-Relationships ....................................................................39 The Language of Translation .................................................................................41 Summary ................................................................................................................50 Chapter Three ...............................................................................................................53 Modernisation and the Whānau .............................................................................53 The Theory of Modernisation ................................................................................56 Figure 8: Patterns of Whānau Dysfunction............................................................66 Dual Socialisation and the Whānau .......................................................................72 Figure 9: Dual Socialisation Butterfly ...................................................................73 Double Bind and Whanau ......................................................................................75 Summary ................................................................................................................78 Chapter Four .................................................................................................................82 Research Methodology ..........................................................................................82 Figure 10: Research Paradigms..............................................................................84 Data Collection ......................................................................................................87 Figure 11: Interview Participants...........................................................................92 Analysis of Information .........................................................................................94 ii Chapter Five ..................................................................................................................97 Research Findings ..................................................................................................97 Theme 1: Whanaungatanga..................................................................................100 Whanaungatanga and Shared Care ......................................................................102 Theme 2: Te Ao Māori.........................................................................................108 Theme 3: Future Direction...................................................................................123 Summary ..............................................................................................................127 Chapter Six ..................................................................................................................131 Whānau Hui – Moving Ahead .............................................................................131 Conclusion....................................................................................................................139 Glossary………………………………………………………………………………146 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….153 iii Attestation of Authorship I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institution of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made. iv Acknowledgements Mā te wā, ka tangi koe The time will come when you will look back and cry for what you did not take the time to find out. Na Pai Kaukau, Kaumātua Ngāti Te Oro. When I interviewed Eru Kaukau as part of this thesis he imparted this whakāro (thoughts) to me from his father’s teachings. This kaumātua (elder) passed away in May 2005 aged 89 years, in the final stages of my writing of this thesis. This kōrero (discussion) validated for me the choice I was making to clear a pathway for our mokopuna (grandchildren) to continue learning about who they were, and where they belonged. Throughout this journey I have taken into my heart the memories and thoughts of many people that I want to acknowledge. Firstly I want to thank the kuia (women elders) in my life present both spiritually and physically who opened their hearts and shared their reflections: Nan, Nanny Peg and Auntie Lulu. All those who also participated in the study as interviewees; your support and cooperation has been essential to complete this task, and I will always appreciate the time out you have taken to listen to me and be heard in return. My cousins, who have enriched this writing with their deep knowledge of te reo rangatira, nga mihi aroha. My tāne (husband) and my tamariki (children) who have held things together for me at home, and totally believed in what I was doing… aroha nui ki a koutou. I have been especially fortunate to have both my parents still vigilant in standing by me, mentoring v me, and acknowledging me as a grown up. Again when I needed some strength I got it with emails like…….. “ Ko Kimiora to ingoa, ko Kimiora te āhua, Ko kimiora te huarahi! (Kimiora is your name, Kimiora is the apprearance, Kimiora is the journey ! Kimiora means in search of life and wellbeing)”. To my dear tuahine (soul sister) Ruth Samson, for being there to inspire me and accept the task of critiquing the final product, in amongst the other 110 things happening for you on a daily basis. Mauriora e hoa! I have picked the brains of many others and valued their opinions and support; in particular I want to acknowledge my pāpā Wally Penetito, and Tommy Perana for helping clear the track for me to begin laying my own pathway. I want to also acknowledge other whānau whānui who provided me with a quiet space to work with, away from the business of the kāinga (home). My regards go out to Hinematau for your ultimate trust in my ability, and your tough love approach to get me through the task at hand, as my supervisor. I acknowledge the source of the following diagrams and graphics used in this thesis; Map of Ngati Hauā Territory – Stokes (1996) Te Whakapapa o Ngā Tumuaki – Eru Kaukau (2004) Whānau Penetito Whakapapa – Wally Penetito (2003) Dual Socialisation Butterfly – Dencik (1989) Transformative Praxis – Becoming More Human – Graham Smith (1999) Whānau Penetito Tohu – James & Tangimoana Penetito (1994). Ethics approval was sought through the Ethics Committee of Auckland University of Technology. This thesis proposal was approved 27 August 2004, identified as application number 04/131. The editing was completed by the expertise of Thomasina Perana. vi Finally it should not be forgotten those institutions that have gifted me the time and financial capability to attempt such a mission: Te Hauora o Ngāti Hauā Wiremu Tarapipipi Tamihana Scholarship, my employer of 14 years Department of Internal Affairs; and scholarships received through Te Ara Poutama at Auckland University of Technology. Ahakoa he iti noa, he pounamu He tohu aroha Ahakoa kei konei, kei konā He tohu aroha He tangata rerekē He tangata wairua, hūmārie He aroha o ngā tūpuna E kore mātou e warewaretia vii Abstract Whānau is often qualified as synonymous to the description family, or extended family. The purpose of this study is to show that whānau is not only a social grouping belonging to Māori society, but an aspect of cultural identity central to the future