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Fourth Belgrade Story About Reclaiming Land

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Fourth Belgrade Story About Reclaiming Land Fourth Belgrade Story About Reclaiming Land Dijana Milenov Bachelor of Design in Architecture University of Florida, 2014 Signature redacted Signature of Author: Dijana Milenov Department of Architecture, January 17 th 2019 Certified by: Signature redacted Ana Miljacki Associate Professor of Architecture, Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: Signature redacted MASSACHUSlS INSTITUTE Nasser Rabbat OF TECHNOWOGY Aga Khan Professor Chair of the Department Committee on Graduate Students APR 10 21 I LIBRARIES Submitted to the Department of Architecture in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. February 2019 2019 Dijana Milenov. All Rights Reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Thesis Committee Ana Miljacki Associate Professor of Architecture Thesis Supervisor Azra Aksamija Associate Professor of Art, Culture and Technology Thesis Reader Mariana Ibanez Assistant Professor of Architecture Thesis Reader Maya Shopova Teaching Fellow at Architetcure Department Thesis Reader 2 -A Abstract Fourth Belgrade Story About Reclaiming Land by Dijana Milenov Submitted to the Department of Architecture on January 16th, 2019 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture. In light of Yugoslavian socialist heritage, the violent transition into capitalism and current devel- oper's logics, this thesis is using architecture to imagine a path not taken, an alternative outcome and value system which challenges the idea of one-directional progress. In August of 2018, PKB- a publicly owned cattle and crop production corporation and one of the main food producers in Serbia since 1945, was put on tender. The firm and its 300 sq km big land just north of Belgrade was to be traded for fifty percent of its estimated value with no guarantee that the new owner would continue the food production business. In addition, according to the UN housing expert report, "Serbia's housing crisis demands immediate action" ; over seventy percent of households in Serbia are heavily burdened with costs of utilities, renting prices or paying off housing depths. As a response to the housing and food insecurity crises in Serbia, the thesis imagines a new village typology and a way of living on the PKB land, called Fourth Belgrade. Fourth Belgrade preserves the postulates of the right to housing and communal living which led previous Belgrade developments. However, communal living is not only based on nuclear family structures. Rather, it consists of multiple scales of sharing and individual choice. In addition, contemporary condi- tions brought about communities which are organized around land and food as resources which resist commodification. Food as culture...This new definition of village incorporates the whole society in the sustenance and ultimately culture production processes, as an outcome of the local histories. Thesis Supervisor Ana Miljacki Associate professor of Architecture 1"Serbia's housing crisis demands immediate action, says UN housing expert. "UN Human Rights. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewslD=16007&LanglD=E (4/16/2018) 2"Financial burden of the total housing cost- EU-SILC survey. " Eurostat. http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilcmded04&lang=en (4/16/2018) 3 Acknowledgments To my committee and Ana - for all the understanding, criticism and support; for being my role models. I feel very privileged that I had you help me grow and enjoy learning. To Maya - for always being there for me as a faithful friend, mentor and inspiration throughout all these years. To Melika and Ching - for your great friendship and help during the last push of my thesis project. To Nikola - for your endless patience, love and support. To my family, Miluska i Nada Milenov, Marija i Veljko Jankovi', Ivica i Mila Milenov Slobodan Milenov, Radivoj i Nada Lati6, Anna Ryan and all other people without whose help and trust I would not be able to finalize my studies. 5 Fourth Belgrade Story About Reclaiming Land 7 -~ 't-, -t~~gr~ ~ rrt ~.' -- ' W$4fr -t~r--- I 9 AS *~ V *wrImrr C a - a r~- / 4 ~ I r~t - 2 I w - S fig- I1 The story begins in 1948 when, on the marshland between Belgrade and a small town, Zemun, Yugoslavian new socialist regime initiated the construction of New Belgrade - the new capital to fit the equally new Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. 9 U 4ei I ilBhlIli"I. ii" 'I Ii1I11it1~IuJJI IIIIUJUJ F' 9 Once the plans were accepted, over 50,000 young people offered their volunteer labor in the construction process: draining the swamp and seeding the creation of the socialist dream. 11 40 14k b it -~ & fig.3 Three years after the end of World War II, after an open dispute with the Soviet Union... 13 am l fig.4 as Yugoslavia was questioning its own place in the bipolar world, its economists proposed a new model of socialism based on self-management and decentralization. 15 fig. 5 Within this system, each firm was restructured as a nonprofit organization. They were led by the self-organized board of workers who invested excess funds into building housing for the employees. Thus, in New Belgrade CEO's and factory workers of one firm lived in a same building, in same living conditions. 17 A, 4,. ~ .At al ,dimr fig.6 The First Yugoslav Forum on Housing and Construction (1956) articulated "The right to housing as a basic legal institution, providing one of the most important means of life to the working classes." 1 This position, housing as a constitutional right would underpin the general housing policy and design aspirations that pre- vailed in postwar Yugoslavia. Dubravka Sekulki, "Don't Stare So Romantically: On Extralegal Space in Belgrade", Volume #38, 03/11/2014, 01/16/2019, http://volumeproject.org/dont-stare-so-romantically-on-extralegal-space-in-belgrade/ 19 -im -1 4 - V 4 '4 K fig. 7 Yugoslavia's self - management structure was an imperfect and continuously evolving experiment but it contributed a great deal of agency to workers as well as to architects and urban planners. And, New Belgrade was their testing ground. 21 . - L.A fi. The land was divided into blocks - where each consisted of 23 lo "Ua mma-K fig. 9 multistory apartment buildings 25 fig. 10 a school, kindergarten 27 4'4 "414.k 'Nc -at-e ~ Alob 'A 4r I tt . stores 29 rtTt~4~f ~4 -AA a fig. 12 cultural and social spaces. 31 '~1rr~ I R I rI 1 I 'o % ru Ir - mWI- w- I Ir I a ~ ~ 10 9 V 4 41w, kmt 40 I 4, t I The block was perceived as the extension of the house where small apartments looked inwardly onto the community and public space. 33 IMF fig. 14 One of the outcomes of the process was a development of a 'Belgrade apartment'. The Belgrade Architecture School attempted to reconcile the privacy of individuals with the communal life of a family, particularly several generations living side by side, which was often the case during the housing shortage. 35 fig.15 Industry and economy were shaped in parallel with the developments of New Belgrade, PKB - a publicly owned cattle and crop production corporation and one of the main food producers in Serbia was launched in 1945. 37 fig. 16 Its success was in providing food "from the field to the table." Which meant that the business included food production and research facilities but also ... 39 -- - - - --- '-1 fig. 17 processing .. 41 ---- --------- ----- -- --- - ...- E- --"" - ---T - ,-,loom oil. A. IRS. fig. 18 as well as tourist-catering services. Set up this way, PKB has fed most of the Bel- grade and further areas for decades. 43 __j dof fig. 19 After more than seventy years since the beginning of New Belgrade's construction, and almost thirty years since the state that envisioned it, was violently dispersed, both PKB and Serbian housing were still not doing that well. With the rapid ideo- logical shift and the long-lasting war, Serbia has undergone enormous challenges, facing structural adjustments, public space deterioration, high unemployment and poverty. 45 -- ' --- -- - ---- fig. 20 New Belgrade went through numerous mutations as well but it stayed a popular district where the old socialist buildings did not follow a path of destruction and disdain as was the case with some of similar housing projects globally. On the con- trary, the neighborhoods retained vividness and high market value. 47 fig. 21 Yet multiple generations are still forced to live side by side. According to the Eu- ropean statistics center, Serbia is the first on the list in Europe for "Households with heavy financial burden due to the housing costs".1 Moreover, more than two thirds of people from 18 to 34 years old, still live with their parents.2 An affordable housing shortage is estimated to about 100 000 units only in Belgrade. 1. "Eurostat", European Commission, 12/14/18, 1/4/2019, http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?data- set=ilcmded04&lang=en 2. Andriana Jankovi6, " Vise od 69,5 odsto mladih u Srbiji zivi sa roditeljima, a evo i zbog 6ega", Blic, 10/24/2016, 1/4/2019, https://www.blic. rs/vesti/d rustvo/vise-od-695-odsto-m ladi h-u-srbiji-zivi-sa-rod iteijima-a-evo-i-zbog-cega/909qhwx 49 -am fig. 22 During Serbia's transition to capitalism, PKB production cycle was interrupted. After 2000, PKB profitable parts such as food processing and selling branches were secluded and then sold off. Thus, PKB remained at the level of raw material production, which is far less profitable than the processing industry or trade.
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