The Texas Moment: Breakaway Republics and Contested Sovereignty in North America, 1836-1846
THE TEXAS MOMENT: BREAKAWAY REPUBLICS AND CONTESTED SOVEREIGNTY IN NORTH AMERICA, 1836-1846 A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Thomas W. Richards, Jr. December 2016 Examining Committee Members: Andrew Isenberg, Advisory Chair, Department of History Travis Glassson, Department of History Jessica Roney, Department of History David Waldstreicher, External Member, CUNY Graduate School Rachel St. John, External Member, University of California-Davis © Copyright 2016 by T hom as W. Richards, Jr. All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT Between 1845 and 1848, the United States doubled the size of its land holdings in North America, as Texas, Oregon, California, New Mexico, and other western regions were placed under the umbrella of U.S. sovereignty. Echoing John L. O’Sullivan’s famous phrase, historians have deemed these acquisitions “Manifest Destiny,” and have assumed that U.S. expansion – whether for good or ill – was foreordained. Yet this understanding fundamentally fails to take into account the history of the decade prior to 1846, when Americans throughout the continent believed that it was more likely that the United States would not expand beyond its borders. Examining five groups of Americans operating at the nations geographic and/or social margins, this dissertation argues that these groups hoped to achieve sovereignty outside of the United States. Nurtured by Jacksonian rhetoric that celebrated local government and personal ambition, and wary of – and at times running from – a United States mired in depression and uncertainty, these Americans were, in effect, forming their own “breakaway republics.” To validate their goal of self-sovereignty, breakaway republicans looked to the independent Republic of Texas, often referring to Texas to explain their objectives, or looking to Texas as an ally in achieving them.
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