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S tudia 1 S tudia Historica Historica S lovenica letnik 9 (2009), {t. S lovenica STYLIANOS POLITIS: Stratagems, Deceits and International Law – Examples from History RICHARD CARRIER: The Experience of Dying in Wars, and the Historian’s Wisdom MILJAN MILKIĆ: The Serbian Army and the Cultural and Reli- gious Heritage in WWI DMITAR TASIĆ: Army of the Kingdom of Serbians, Croats and Slovenes and the Seizing of New Borders 1919–1920: the Ex- ample of Old and Southern Serbia WOJCIECH WŁODARKIEWICZ: The Soviet Union’s Aggres- sion against Poland in 1939 ZVEZDAN MARKOVIĆ: Lessons Learned from the April War in 1941, with Emphasis on the Slovenian Territory ANDREJ RAHTEN: "The First Slovenian Legation in Our His- tory": Diplomatic Activities of Izidor Cankar and Frank Star- man in Ottawa during the Second World War MIROSLAV ČAPLOVIČ and IGOR BAKA: Slovakia in Alli- ances in the First Half of the 20th Century PÁL GERMUSKA: Dual Budgetary System in Socialist Hungary in the 1950s DARIUSZ KOZERAWSKI: Special Operations in the Second Fotografija na naslovnici / Half of 20th Century: Development and Experience Photography on the Cover: lovenica Franjo Malgaj (1915) JAN ŠTAIGL: Slovakia in Military-political and Military Plans of S (Osebni arhiv Janka Štampfla, the Allies and Alliances from 1945 to 1992 pranečaka Franja Malgaja) Franjo Malgaj (1915) TOMAŽ KLADNIK: Territorial Defence of the Republic of Slovenia (Personal archive of Janko Štampfl, urnephew of Franjo Malgaj) ^asopis za humanisti~ne in dru`boslovne {tudije Humanities and Social Studies Review istorica H 2009 tudia S 1 SHS Ovitek MONTAZA st 01_09.indd 1 11/9/09 4:28:45 PM S tudia Historica S lovenica Studia Historica Slovenica ^asopis za humanisti~ne in dru`boslovne {tudije Humanities and Social Studies Review letnik 9 (2009), {t. 1 MARIBOR 2009 Studia Historica Slovenica ISNN 1580-8122 ^asopis za humanisti~ne in dru`boslovne {tudije / Humanities and Social Studies Review Izdajatelj / Published by ZGODOVINSKO DRU[TVO DR. FRANCA KOVA^I^A V MARIBORU/ HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF DR. FRANC KOVA^I^ IN MARIBOR http://www.zgodovinsko-drustvo-kovacic.si/ Uredni{ki odbor / Editorial Board dr. Ivo Banac (ZDA / USA), dr. Rajko Bratuž, dr. Neven Budak, (Hrva{ka / Croatia), dr. Darko Darovec, dr. Darko Fri{, dr. Stane Granda, dr. Andrej Hozjan, dr. Mateja Matja{i~ Fri{, dr. Jože Mlinari~, dr. Jurij Perov{ek, dr. Jože Pirjevec (Italija / Italy), dr. Dragan Poto~nik, dr. Tone Ravnikar, dr. Imre Szilágyi, (Madžarska / Hungary), dr. Peter Štih, dr. Andrej Vovko, dr. Marija Wakounig (Avstrija / Austria), dr. Zinka Zorko Glavni in odgovorni urednik / Chief and Responsible Editor dr. Darko Fri{ Zgodovinsko dru{tvo dr. Franca Kova~i~a Koro{ka cesta 160, SI – 2000 Maribor, Slovenija telefon / Phone: 00386 2 229 36 58 fax / Fax: 00386 2 229 36 25 e-po{ta / e-mail: [email protected] Tehni~na urednica / Tehnical Editor dr. Mateja Matja{i~ Fri{ ^lanki so recenzirani. Za znanstveno vsebino prispevkov so odgovorni avtorji. Ponatis ~lankov je mogo~ samo z dovoljenjem uredni{tva in navedbo vira. The articles have been reviewed. The authors are solely responsible for the content of their articles. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the publisher’s prior consent and a full mention of the source. @iro ra~un / Bank Account: Nova KBM d.d. SI 56041730001421147 Prevodi / Translation: VMSV (angle{~ina / English) Lektoriranje / Language-editing: VMSV Oblikovanje naslovnice / Cover Design: Gregor Slemnik Oblikovanje in ra~unalni{ki prelom / Design and Computer Typesetting: Gregor Slemnik Tisk / Printed by: ^ukGraf d.o.o. http: //shs.zgodovinsko-drustvo-kovacic.si/ Izvle~ke prispevkov v tem ~asopisu objavljata 'Historical – Abstracts' in 'America: History and Life'. ^asopis je uvr{~en v 'Ulrich's Periodicals Directory' in evropsko humanisti~no bazo ERIH. Abstracts of this review are included in 'Historical – Abstracts' and 'America: History and Life'. This review is included in 'Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory' and european humanistic database ERIH. Studia historica Slovenica, ^asopis za humanisti~ne in dru`boslovne {tudije, je vpisan v razvid medijev, ki ga vodi Ministrstvo za kulturo RS, pod zaporedno {tevilko 487. Izdajo ~asopisa sta omogo~ila Agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost RS, Mestna ob~ina Maribor in Voja{ki muzej Slovenske vojske. Co-financed by the Slovenian Research Agency, City of Maribor and Slovenian Armed Forces Military Museum. S tudia Historica S lovenica Ka za lo / Con tents In Memoriam / In memoriam JANEZ CVIRN: In Memoriam – Dr. Vasilij Melik ........................................................................ 9 ^lan ki in raz pra ve / Pa pers and Es says STYLIANOS POLITIS: Stratagems, Deceits and International Law – Examples from History ..................................................................................................................... 17 Ukane, prevare in mednarodno pravo – primeri iz zgodovine RICHARD CARRIER: The Experience of Dying in Wars and the Historian’s Wisdom .................................................................................................................... 27 Umiranje v vojnah in zgodovinska modrost MILJAN MILKIĆ: The Serbian Army and the Cultural and Religious Heritage in WWI ............................................................................................................. 51 Srbska vojska ter kulturna in cerkvena dediščina v času prve svetovne vojne DMITAR TASIĆ: Army of the Kingdom of Serbians, Croats and Slovenes and the Seizing of New Borders 1919–1920: the Example of Old and Southern Serbia .......................................................................... 67 Vojska Kraljevine Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev v bojih za nove meje 1919–1920: primer stare in južne Srbije WOJCIECH WŁODARKIEWICZ: The Soviet Union’s Aggression against Poland in 1939 ...................................................................................................................... 81 Napad Sovjetske zveze na Poljsko leta 1939 ZVEZDAN MARKOVIĆ: Lessons Learned from the April War in 1941, with Emphasis on the Slovenian Territory ................................................. 95 Izkušnje iz vojskovanja v aprilski vojni leta 1941 s posebnim pogledom na slovensko ozemlje S tudia Historica S lovenica ANDREJ RAHTEN: "The First Slovenian Legation in Our History": Diplomatic Activities of Izidor Cankar and Frank Starman in Ottawa during the Second World War ............................................................................ 111 "Prvo slovensko poslaništvo v naši zgodovini": diplomatske dejavnosti Izidorja Cankarja in Franka Starmana v Ottawi med 2. svetovno vojno MIROSLAV ČAPLOVIČ and IGOR BAKA: Slovakia in Alliances in the First Half of the 20th Century ........................................................................................... 147 Slovaška v vojaških zavezništvih v prvi polovici 20. stoletja PÁL GERMUSKA: Dual Budgetary System in Socialist Hungary in the 1950s .................................................................................................................................................. 171 Dvojni proračunski sistem v socialistični Madžarski v 1950.-tih DARIUSZ KOZERAWSKI: Special Operations in the Second Half of 20th Century: Development and Experience .......................................................................... 189 Specialne operacije v drugi polovici 20. stoletja: razvoj in izkušnje JAN ŠTAIGL: Slovakia in Military-political and Military Plans of the Allies and Alliances from 1945 to 1992 ........................................................... 203 Slovaška v vojaško-političnih in vojaških načrtih zaveznikov in zavezništev med 1945 in 1992 TOMAŽ KLADNIK: Territorial Defence of the Republic of Slovenia ................... 217 Teritorialna obramba Republike Slovenije Avtorski izvle~ki / Authors’ Abstracts ............................ 241 Uredni{ka navodila avtorjem / Editor’s Instructions to Authors ...................................... 249 S tudia Historica S lovenica In Memoriam / In memoriam S tudia H istorica S lovenica In Memoriam – Dr. Vasilij Melik (Ljubljana, 17 January 1921 – Ljubljana, 28 January 2009) On 28 January 2009 one of the most important Slovenian historians of the 20th century, Academic Prof. Dr. Vasilij Melik died. Professor Melik was born on 17 January 1921 in Ljubljana, in the family of a famous Slovenian geographer An- ton Melik. After concluding classical high school in Ljubljana (1939), he con- tinued his studies at the Faculty of Arts. He completed his studies of history, geography and comparative literature in the middle of the World War II (1943) which brought him no good; he was interned to Gonars by the Italians, and made to perform forced labour in Postojna. Due to his knowledge of foreign languages, he shortly worked for the TANJUG office in Ljubljana after the war. At the end of 1945 he was employed by the Municipal Archives of Ljubljana and the Slavic Library, and until 1947, as an assistant archivist and librarian helped to establish both institutions which are still extremely important for Ljubljana and Slovenia. During his work at the Municipal Archives and the Slavic Library he started to deal with systematic scientific research work. In the year 1946, the newspaper Geografski vestnik published his thorough article on political and geographical characteristics of some Eastern European countries (which continued in the next year), while in 1947, the newspaper Zgodovinski časopis published his comprehensive discussion on Trieste elections
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    MATIJA MAJAR ZILJSKI ENLIGHTENER, POLITICIAN, SCHOLAR ISKRA VASILJEVNA ČURKINA Matija Majar Ziljski left a significant mark in differ- Matija Majar je bistveno zaznamoval različna po- ent spheres of cultural, educational and political life. dročja kulturnega, vzgojnega in političnega življenja. During the revolution of 1848–1849, he was an Slo- Med revolucijo 1848–1849 je bil eden vodilnih slo- venian ideologist and the first to publish his political venskih mislecev in prvi, ki je objavil politični pro- program entitled United Slovenia. After the revolu- gram Zedinjena Slovenija. Po revoluciji se je postopo- tion, he gradually turned away from Pan-Slovenian ma preusmeril od vseslovenskih vprašanj v ustvarjanje affairs, the main reason for this being his idea about panslovanskega/vseslovanskega jezika. Ta usmeritev se creation of Pan-Slavic literary language. His posi- je še bolj okrepila po njegovem potovanju na Etnograf- tion on this matter strengthened after his trip to the sko razstavo v Moskvo leta 1867 in zaradi prijatelj- Ethnographic Exhibition in Moscow in 1867 and his stev z ruskimi slavofili. friendship with Russian Slavophiles. Ključne besede: Matija Majar Ziljski, biografija, Keywords: Matija Majar Ziljski, biography, Panslav- panslavizem, etnografska razstava, Moskva. ism, Ethnographic exhibition, Moscow. Matija Majar Ziljski was one of the most outstanding Slovenian national activists of the 19th century� He was born on 7 February 1809 in a small village of Wittenig- Vitenče in the Gail-Zilja river valley� His father, a
  • The Slovene Carinthians and the 1920 Plebiscite

    The Slovene Carinthians and the 1920 Plebiscite

    SPRAWY NARODOWOŚCIOWE Seria nowa / naTiOnaliTIES AFFairs New series, 48/2016: 85–105 DOI: 10.11649/sn.2016.006 Maria isabella reinhard “an isOlaTed Case”*: The slOvene CarinThians and The 1920 PlebisCiTe absTraCT The end of WWI saw the dissolution of the multiethnic Cen- tral European Empires and the formation of new states based on Woodrow Wilson’s concept of national self-determination. This article underlines the limitations of Wilsonian national self-determination, focusing on the Slovene Carinthians and the pro-Austrian result of the 1920 plebiscite. The outcome of the plebiscite exemplifies that minorities are motivated by more than solely ethno-linguistic reasons when deciding what state to belong to. Even though other factors existed, the key motivations for Slovene Carinthians to remain with Austria were of economic and political nature. It will be con- tended that the importance of the centuries long accultura- tion of Slovene Carinthians to Austria brought them closer to Austria than to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Additionally the phrasing of the plebiscite made Slovene Car- inthians’ decision a question of state preference rather than ethno-linguistic identity. Moreover, the unpleasant occupation of parts of Carinthia by the troops of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and the higher effectiveness of Austri- an propaganda played a key role in the vote of many Slovene Carinthians. Lastly, the majority of Slovene Carinthians being farmers, reliant on Austrian trade opportunities, swayed them ............................... toward a pro-Austrian vote. Thus, the Carinthian plebiscite of Maria isabella reinhard 1920 builds a strong case against the assumption that ethno- University of St Andrews, St.
  • Dve Two Domovini Homelands

    Dve Two Domovini Homelands

    DVE 9 DOMOVINI TWO HOMELANDS Dve domovini / Two Homelands 9 Razprave o izseljenstvu Migration Studies Uredniški odbor dr. Marjan Drnovšek, akad. dr. Ferdo Gestrin (odgovorni urednik), Aleksej Kalc, dr. Matjaž Klemenčič, akad. dr. Rado L. Lenček, akad. dr. Janez Stanonik, dr. Andrej Vovko, mag. Zvone Žigon, dr. Janja Žitnik (glavna urednica) Tehnični urednik Jure Žitnik Prevod in lektoriranje AMIDAS, Ljubljana Naslov uredništva Inštitut za slovensko izseljenstvo ZRC SAZU, Novi trg 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija Tisk Kurir d. o. o., Ljubljana Za strokovnost prispevkov odgovarjajo avtorji. Slika na naslovnici: Slovenska nostalgija po urugvajsko: južnoameriška torba za mate čaj s slovenskim grbom (Foto: Zvone Žigon) Revija je izšla s finančno pomočjo Ministrstva za znanost in tehnologijo Republike Slovenije. Revija šteje med proizvode, za katere se plačuje 5-odstotni davek od prometa proizvodov (po mnenju Ministrstva za znanost in tehnologijo Republike Slovenije, št. 415-01-17/95 z dne 16.2.1995). KAZALO - KONTENTS Janja Žitnik SPREMNA BESEDA ...................................................................................... 7 FOREWORD.....................................................................................................9 100. OBLETNICA ROJSTVA LOUISA ADAMIČA (THE 100™ BIRTH ANNIVERSARY OF LOUIS ADAMIC) Rozina Svent POMEN OSEBNIH PISEM (KORESPONDENCE) IN DNEVNIKOV PRI PREDSTAVITVI CELOSTNE PODOBE UMETNIKOV 13 (THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PERSONAL LETTERS (CORRESPON­ DENCE) AND DIARIES IN A COMPREHENSIVE PRESENTATION OF AN ARTIST)..............................................................................................26