Abstracts for the 35Th Annual Loudoun County Regional Science & Engineering Fair
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The Circadian Rhythm and Visual Elements in Scorpions: a Review
Arthropods, 2013, 2(4): 150-158 Article The circadian rhythm and visual elements in scorpions: A review M. R. Warburg Dept. of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Received 12 August 2013; Accepted 15 September 2013; Published online 1 December 2013 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to review the state of research in this field and to outline future ways how to proceed. The term: "Zeitgeber", implies ‘time giver’ meaning: synchronizer when an external entrainment factor synchronizes the endogenous rhythm. Is this ‘time’, the chronological date in the sense that it is related to the time of day as reflected in the natural light-dark cycles? Or does it mean cyclic phases of activity as demonstrated in the laboratory? Moreover, is it totally independent of the animal's physiological condition? This subject was studied largely in buthid species (15) of a total of only 30 scorpion species. Moreover, many (over 25%) of the studies (19) were done on a single buthid species: Androctonus australis. Species diversity was observed only by one author’s work who studied eye structure in seven species. Since he found variability in eye structure it would not be advisable to generalize. The fact that experimenting was carried out irrespective of species diversity, gender, ecological or physiological conditions, and was usually done on animals kept in captivity for some time before the experimenting had started, is a major drawback to this kind of study. The diurnal rhythms is triggered either directly through spontaneous arrhythmic activity in the central nervous system, or by neurosecretory material. -
WESTERN BLACK WIDOW SPIDER Class Order Family Genus Species Arachnida Araneae Theridiidae Latrodectus Hesperus
WESTERN BLACK WIDOW SPIDER Class Order Family Genus Species Arachnida Araneae Theridiidae Latrodectus hesperus Range: Warmer regions of the world to a latitude of about 45 degrees N. and S. Occur throughout all four deserts of SW U.S. Habitat: On the underside of ledges, rocks, plants and debris, wherever a web can be strung, dark secluded places Niche: Carnivorous, nocturnal Diet: Wild: small insects Zoo: Special Adaptations: The widow spiders construct a web of irregular, tangled, sticky silken fibers (cobweb weaver). This spider very frequently hangs upside down near the center of its web and waits for insects to blunder in and get stuck. Then, before the insect can extricate itself, the spider rushes over to bite it and wrap it in silk. If the spider perceives a threat, it will quickly let itself down to the ground on a safety line of silk. They produce some of the strongest silk in the world. This species has a special “tack” on back legs to comb silk which makes it soft and fluffy. Black widows make tiny loops in web to trap insects. Other: This species is recognized by red hourglass marking on underside. The female black widow's bite is particularly harmful to humans because of its unusually large venom glands. Black Widow is considered the most venomous spider in North America. Only the female Black Widow is dangerous to humans; males and juveniles are harmless. The female Black Widow will, on occasion, kill and eat the male after they mate. Male must put their opisthosoma directly in front of the female’s chelicerae to be in the right position for copulation. -
Proteomic Analysis of the Venom of Heterometrus Longimanus (Asian Black Scorpion)
Proteomics 2008, 8, 1081–1096 DOI 10.1002/pmic.200700948 1081 RESEARCH ARTICLE Proteomic analysis of the venom of Heterometrus longimanus (Asian black scorpion) Scott Bringans1, Soren Eriksen1, Tulene Kendrick1, P. Gopalakrishnakone2, Andreja Livk1, Robert Lock1 and Richard Lipscombe1 1 Proteomics International, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 2 Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore Venoms have evolved over millions of years into potent cocktails of bioactive peptides and pro- Received: October 8, 2007 teins. These compounds can be of great value to the pharmaceutical industry for numerous Revised: November 5, 2007 clinical applications. In this study, a novel proteomic – bioinformatic approach was utilised, Accepted: November 16, 2007 where chromatography followed by gel electrophoresis was utilised to separate the venom pep- tides/proteins of Heterometrus longimanus (Asian black scorpion). Purified peptides were analysed by tandem mass spectrometry, de novo sequenced and then homology matched against known peptides in the Swiss-Prot protein database. Numerous potentially biologically active peptide matches were discovered, and a simple scoring system applied to putatively assign functions to the peptides. As a validation of this approach, the functional composition of the experimentally derived proteome is similar to that of other scorpions, and contains a potent mix of toxins, anti- microbials and ionic channel inhibitors. Keywords: Bioinformatics / de novo sequencing / Peptidomics 1 Introduction dence of co-factors and their non-recognition by inhibitors. They are highly specific in their targeting, which is useful in In 2002, more than 2500 bioactive compounds derived from terms of minimizing side effects of any new drug that might venom were listed in the literature [1]. -
Prendini.2003.Pdf
CSIRO PUBLISHING www.publish.csiro.au/journals/is Invertebrate Systematics, 2003, 17, 185–259 Systematics and biogeography of the family Scorpionidae (Chelicerata:Scorpiones), with a discussion on phylogenetic methods Lorenzo PrendiniA,C, Timothy M. CroweB and Ward C. WheelerA ADivision of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural of History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA. BPercy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa. CTo whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected] Abstract. A cladistic analysis of relationships among the genera of Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802—Heterometrus Ehrenberg, 1828; Opistophthalmus C. L. Koch, 1837; Pandinus Thorell, 1876; and Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758—based on morphology and DNA sequence data from loci of three genes in the mitochondrial genome (12S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), 16S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase I) and one gene in the nuclear genome (28S rDNA) is presented. The analysis makes use of exemplar species, specifically selected to test the monophyly of the genera, rather than supraspecific terminal taxa. Other methods used in the analysis are justified in the context of a discussion of current methods for phylogenetic reconstruction. Relationships among the scorpionid genera are demonstrated to be as follows: (Opistophthalmus (Scorpio (Heterometrus + Pandinus))). This reconstruction identifies Opistophthalmus as the basal lineage of the Scorpionidae, rather than the sister-group of Scorpio. Revised descriptions, diagnoses and a key to identification of the four scorpionid genera are provided, together with a summary of what is known about their ecology, distribution and conservation status. Introduction classification: Hemiscorpiinae, Scorpioninae and Latreille’s (1802) ‘Famille des Scorpionides’, which Urodacinae. -
Esposito Et Al 2017.Pdf
SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE NEOTROPICAL CLUB-TAILED SCORPIONS, PHYSOCTONUS, RHOPALURUS, AND TROGLORHOPALURUS, REVALIDATION OF HETEROCTENUS, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW GENERA AND THREE NEW SPECIES (BUTHIDAE: RHOPALURUSINAE) LAUREN A. ESPOSITO, HUMBERTO Y. YAMAGUTI, CLÁUDIO A. SOUZA, RICARDO PINTO-DA-ROCHA, AND LORENZO PRENDINI BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE NEOTROPICAL CLUB-TAILED SCORPIONS, PHYSOCTONUS, RHOPALURUS, AND TROGLORHOPALURUS, REVALIDATION OF HETEROCTENUS, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW GENERA AND THREE NEW SPECIES (BUTHIDAE: RHOPALURUSINAE) LAUREN A. ESPOSITO Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York; Scorpion Systematics Research Group, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History; Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability; California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco HUMBERTO Y. YAMAGUTI Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil CLÁUDIO A. SOUZA Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil RICARDO PINTO-DA-ROCHA Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil LORENZO PRENDINI Scorpion Systematics Research Group, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 415, 134 pp., 63 figures, 4 tables Issued June 26, 2017 Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 2017 ISSN 0003-0090 CONTENTS Abstract.............................................................................3 -
Phylogeny of the New World Buthid Scorpion Subfamily
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny Jahr/Year: 2018 Band/Volume: 76 Autor(en)/Author(s): Esposito Lauren A., Yamaguti Humberto Y., Pinto-da-Rocha Ricardo, Prendini Lorenzo Artikel/Article: Plucking with the plectrum: phylogeny of the New World buthid scorpion subfamily Centruroidinae Kraus, 1955 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) reveals evolution of three pecten-sternite stridulation organs 87-122 76 (1): 87 –122 14.5.2018 © Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2018. Plucking with the plectrum: phylogeny of the New World buthid scorpion subfamily Centruroidinae Kraus, 1955 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) reveals evolution of three pecten-sternite stridulation organs Lauren A. Esposito *, 1, 2, 3, Humberto Y. Yamaguti 4, Ricardo Pinto-da-Rocha 4 & Lorenzo Prendini 1 1 Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, U.S.A.; Lau- ren A. Esposito * [[email protected]] — 2 Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A. — 3 California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, U.S.A. — 4 Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, nº 321, Caixa Postal 11461, CEP 05422-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil — * Corresponding author Accepted 03.i.2018. Published online at www.senckenberg.de/arthropod-systematics on 30.iv.2018. Editors in charge: Stefan Richter & Klaus-Dieter Klass Abstract. All New World buthid scorpions except one South American genus, Ananteris Thorell, 1891, comprise a monophyletic group. -
Investigating the Internal and External Ecology of Six Subterranean Diving Beetle Species from the Yilgarn Region of Central Australia
The University of Adelaide DOCTORAL THESIS INVESTIGATING THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ECOLOGY OF SIX SUBTERRANEAN DIVING BEETLE SPECIES FROM THE YILGARN REGION OF CENTRAL AUSTRALIA Josephine Charlotte Anne Hyde A thesis submitted in the fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity in the School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide 26th June 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .................................................................................................................. 7 Thesis Declaration ............................................................................................... 10 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1: General Introduction .......................................................................... 13 Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDEs) ................................................ 13 Subterranean groundwater systems in Australia ............................................. 14 The Yilgarn Region of Western Australia ....................................................... 15 Exemplar calcrete aquifers: Sturt Meadows and Laverton Downs ................. 15 Speciation within calcrete aquifers.................................................................. 17 Microbiome research ....................................................................................... 18 References ...................................................................................................... -
Overview of Scorpion Species from China and Their Toxins
Toxins 2014, 6, 796-815; doi:10.3390/toxins6030796 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Review Overview of Scorpion Species from China and Their Toxins Zhijian Cao †, Zhiyong Di †, Yingliang Wu * and Wenxin Li * State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; E-Mails: [email protected] (Z.C.); [email protected] (Z.D.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (W.L.); Tel.: 086-27-68756746. Received: 13 December 2013; in revised form: 16 January 2014 / Accepted: 18 January 2014 / Published: 26 February 2014 Abstract: Scorpions are one of the most ancient groups of terrestrial animals. They have maintained a steady morphology over more than 400 million years of evolution. Their venom arsenals for capturing prey and defending against predators may play a critical role in their ancient and conservative appearance. In the current review, we present the scorpion fauna of China: 53 species covering five families and 12 genera. We also systematically list toxins or genes from Chinese scorpion species, involving eight species covering four families. Furthermore, we review the diverse functions of typical toxins from Chinese scorpion species, involving Na+ channel modulators, K+ channel blockers, antimicrobial peptides and protease inhibitors. Using scorpion species and their toxins from China as an example, we build the bridge between scorpion species and their toxins, which helps us to understand the molecular and functional diversity of scorpion venom arsenal, the dynamic and functional evolution of scorpion toxins, and the potential relationships of scorpion species and their toxins. -
Phylogenetic Studies of Trombidioid Mites
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Effect of Asian Black Scorpion Heterometrus Fastigiousus Couzijn Envenomation on Certain Enzymatic and Hematological Parameters
Effect of Asian Black Scorpion Heterometrus fastigiousus Couzijn Envenomation on Certain Enzymatic and Hematological Parameters Mukesh Kumar C Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Post Graduate College, Gorakhpur-273009, Uttar Pradesh, India *Corresponding author: Mukesh Kumar C, Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Post Graduate College, Gorakhpur- 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India, Tel: 073276 61110; E-mail: [email protected]. Received: August 16, 2017; Accepted: August 30, 2017; Published: September 04, 2017 Abstract In the present study, effect of Heterometrus fastigiousus Couzijn (Family: Scorpionidae) venom on alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) enzyme activity; and red blood cells (RBCs) count, white blood cells (WBCs) count, blood hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma hemoglobin in experimentally envenomed albino mice was studied. Venom was obtained by electrical stimulation and its toxicity was determined in albino mice by subcutaneous envenomation. The LD50 was 18.6 mg kg-1 body weight mice. H. fastigiousus venom caused significant increase in ALP, ACP, LDH and GPT activity in liver tissue of albino mice. This venom reduced RBC count and increased WBC count, blood hemoglobin, MCH, PCV and plasma hemoglobin. Findings of this study will help to understand the mechanism of Asian black scorpion, H. fastigiousus venom toxicity. Keywords: Heterometrus fastigiousus; Scorpion venom; Hemolysis; Envenomation Introduction Accidental scorpion sting is a serious health issue of poor communities in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. Out of 1500 scorpion species distributed throughout the world, only 50 scorpion species have been proved lethal to human [1]. The symptoms of scorpion envenomation depend on species, age, venom composition and the victim’s physiological response. -
Screening and Evaluation of the Anticancer Potential of Scorpion Venoms and Snake Venom L-Amino Acid Oxidase in Gastric Cancer
SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF THE ANTICANCER POTENTIAL OF SCORPION VENOMS AND SNAKE VENOM L-AMINO ACID OXIDASE IN GASTRIC CANCER DING JIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2014 SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF THE ANTICANCER POTENTI AL OF SCORPION VENOMS AND SNAKE VENOM L-AMINO ACID OXIDASE IN GASTRIC CANCER DING JIAN (B.S.c) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY VENOM AND TOXIN RESEARCH PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY YONG LOO LIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to those who give me help during my pursuit of PhD degree for the last four years. It is obvious that this thesis could not be finished in time and with good quality without their support. First, I would thank my supervisor Prof Gopalakrishnakone, P, who introduced this interesting project to me. As a supervisor, Prof Gopal helped me design experiments, guided me to learn the knowledge and skills in toxicology and cancer research, and more importantly encouraged me to be confident and move forward when the project was not going smoothly. His attitudes towards work and life also impressed me and let me know the importance of the balance between these two factors. Second, I would deliver my deep appreciation to my co-supervisor Prof Bay Boon-Huat, Head of Anatomy department, NUS. Prof Bay interviewed me and enrolled me from Zhejiang University, China, to NUS. Furthermore, Prof Bay took me in as a member of team Anatomy and as part of his research group. -
Notes on the Scorpion of Hainan Island
(83) NOTES ON THE SCORPION OF HAINAN ISLAND y Haruo Takashima Yamashina's Institute for Ornithology and Zoology Hainan Island, the largest island of China, locates at the extreme southern coast of China. The area of the island is about 12,000 square miles, being somewhat larger than Formosa. The 20th parallel passes through its north ern extremity. Its vertebrate fauna has been well studied. Of the several Japanese zoologists who studied vertebrates of the island mention should be made of Dr. Kuroda and Dr. R. Tanaka who worked on mammals, Dr. B (84) Hachisuka who studied birds, Dr, Harada who reported on fresh water fishes. Zoogeographically the island belongs to the Indo-China subregion of the Oriental region and its fauna resembles that of Formosa. The presence here of the black gibbon, Hylobates concolor among Mammalia, the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus gallus among Ewes, the Indian python, Python., molurus, the big-headed tortoise, Platysternum niegacephalum among Reptilia, etc shows rather an abundance of species and the element of the Oriental region is more richly represented. In invertebrates, however, there are many groups still lacking in any complete knowledge. With the occupation of the island by Japanese Naval units in an early part of 1939 at the time of Japano-Chinese incident many Japanese found opport unities of going there. Scientific expeditions, medical corps, etc. were also dispatched there so that through the hands of these people the specimens of scorpions were brought back to Japan. It was through the kind generosities of Masao Watanabe, Isao Taki, Hajime Uchida, Michio Chujo, Sataro Kataoka, Hisashige Hatakeyama, Chujiro Tsuji, the late Hironobu Doi, Isokichi Harada and others that the writer had the opportunity of examining 53 specimens of adults and juve niles of Hainan scorpions, all belonging to two different species only.