In Defense of Animals IDOA01 1 11/5/05, 9:01 AM IDOA01 2 11/5/05, 9:01 AM In Defense of Animals The Second Wave Edited by Peter Singer IDOA01 3 11/5/05, 9:01 AM © 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd except for editorial material and organization © 2006 by Peter Singer BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Peter Singer to be identified as the Author of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 1 2006 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data In defense of animals : the second wave / edited by Peter Singer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-1940-5 (hard cover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4051-1940-3 (hard cover : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-1941-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4051-1941-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Animal welfare—Moral and ethical aspects. 2. Animal rights movement. I. Singer, Peter, 1946– HV4711.I6 2006 179′.3—dc22 2005009479 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 10.5/13pt Dante by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com IDOA01 4 11/5/05, 9:01 AM Contents Notes on Contributors vii Introduction 1 Peter Singer Part I The Ideas 1 Utilitarianism and Animals 13 Gaverick Matheny 2 The Scientific Basis for Assessing Suffering in Animals 26 Marian Stamp Dawkins 3 On the Question of Personhood beyond Homo sapiens 40 David DeGrazia 4 The Animal Debate: A Reexamination 54 Paola Cavalieri 5 Religion and Animals 69 Paul Waldau Part II The Problems 6 Speciesism in the Laboratory 87 Richard D. Ryder 7 Brave New Farm? 104 Jim Mason and Mary Finelli v IDOA01 5 11/5/05, 9:01 AM Contents 8 Outlawed in Europe 123 Clare Druce and Philip Lymbery 9 Against Zoos 132 Dale Jamieson 10 To Eat the Laughing Animal 144 Dale Peterson Part III Activists and Their Strategies 11 How Austria Achieved a Historic Breakthrough for Animals 157 Martin Balluch 12 Butchers’ Knives into Pruning Hooks: Civil Disobedience for Animals 167 Pelle Strindlund 13 Opening Cages, Opening Eyes: An Investigation and Open Rescue at an Egg Factory Farm 174 Miyun Park 14 Living and Working in Defense of Animals 181 Matt Ball 15 Effective Advocacy: Stealing from the Corporate Playbook 187 Bruce Friedrich 16 Moving the Media: From Foes, or Indifferent Strangers, to Friends 196 Karen Dawn 17 The CEO as Animal Activist: John Mackey and Whole Foods 206 John Mackey, Karen Dawn, and Lauren Ornelas 18 Ten Points for Activists 214 Henry Spira and Peter Singer A Final Word 225 Peter Singer Further Reading: Books and Organization Websites 228 Index 233 vi IDOA01 6 11/5/05, 9:01 AM Notes on Contributors Matt Ball is co-founder of Vegan Outreach, a U.S.-based organization on the cutting edge of animal advocacy since 1991. An engineer by training, he was a Department of Energy Global Change Fellow and a Research Associate in the Biology Department at the University of Pittsburgh before working full-time for Vegan Outreach. He met his wife, Anne Green, while head of Students for Animal Liberation at the University of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign. They currently live in Pittsburgh with their daughter, Ellen, one of the top leafleters for the Vegan Outreach Adopt a College program. Martin Balluch was born in Vienna, Austria, where he studied mathematics and physics. He worked for twelve years as a research associate and lecturer at the Universities of Vienna, Austria, Heidelberg, Germany, and Cambridge, UK. He has been active for animal rights in Austria and other countries since 1985. In 1997, he dropped out of his academic career and has been a full-time activist in the Austrian animal rights movement since then. He co-founded the Austrian Vegan Society in 1999, and since 2002 has been president of the Austrian Association Against Animal Factories. Paola Cavalieri, who lives in Milan, Italy, is the editor of the international philosophy journal Etica & Animali. She is the author of The Animal Question and the co-editor, with Peter Singer, of The Great Ape Project. Marian Stamp Dawkins is Professor of Animal Behaviour at the University of Oxford and Fellow in Biological Sciences at Somerville College. She is the author of Animal Suffering: The Science of Animal Welfare, Through Our Eyes Only? The Search for Animal Consciousness, Unravelling Animal Behaviour, and, with Aubrey Manning, An Introduction to Animal Behaviour. vii IDOA01 7 11/5/05, 9:01 AM HenryNotes Spira on andContributors Peter Singer Karen Dawn has worked as a researcher and writer for various Australian publications and on ABC’s 7:30 Report. She has written for The Los Angeles Times and The Guardian, and is a contributor to Terrorists or Freedom Fighters, an anthology edited by Steve Best and Anthony Nocella. Her media moni- toring service, DawnWatch.com, helps activists encourage animal-friendly coverage. Dawn hosts and co-produces the recurring series Watchdog, on Los Angeles’ KPFK radio. David DeGrazia is Professor of Philosophy at George Washington Univer- sity in Washington, D.C. He is the author of Taking Animals Seriously: Mental Life and Moral Status, Animal Rights: A Very Short Introduction, and Human Identity and Bioethics. With Thomas Mappes, he has coedited Biomedical Ethics in its fourth and subsequent editions. DeGrazia’s articles have appeared in such journals as Philosophy and Public Affairs, Bioethics, and The Hastings Center Report. Clare Druce co-founded the pressure group Chickens’ Lib (now the Farm Animal Welfare Network) in the early 1970s, to oppose the battery system for laying hens. Since then, she has campaigned against a range of restrictive and abusive forms of animal husbandry. Her book Minny’s Dream, an adven- ture story for children that highlights the deprivation of hens imprisoned in cages, was published in 2004. Mary Finelli is a farmed animal advocacy consultant with a degree in animal science. She has worked for numerous animal protection organiza- tions since 1986, and initiated and wrote Farmed Animal Watch, a weekly news digest, from 2001 to 2004. Bruce Friedrich joined People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in 1996, and is the director of their vegetarian and farmed animal campaigns. Before joining PETA, Bruce ran a shelter for homeless families and the largest soup kitchen in Washington, D.C. He has been a social justice advoc- ate for more than twenty years. Dale Jamieson is Professor of Environmental Studies and Philosophy at New York University, and the author of Morality’s Progress: Essays on Humans, Other Animals, and the Rest of Nature. Philip Lymbery spent a decade working for Compassion in World Farming (CIWF), a leading European farm animal welfare organization. As CIWF’s Campaigns Director, he founded and coordinated the European Coalition for Farm Animals (ECFA). After two years as international animal welfare viii IDOA01 8 11/5/05, 9:01 AM TenNotes Points on Contributors for Activists and campaigns consultant, Philip now works for the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) as Director of Communications. Jim Mason grew up on a Missouri family farm. He is co-author with Peter Singer of Animal Factories: What Agribusiness is Doing to the Family Farm, the Environment, and Your Health. His book An Unnatural Order traces the roots of the dominant worldview of human supremacy over animals and nature. Gaverick Matheny is a Fellow in Agricultural and Resource Economics at the University of Maryland. He also directs New Harvest, a nonprofit research organization developing new meat substitutes (www.New-Harvest.org). Miyun Park directs the Farm Animals and Sustainable Agriculture program of The Humane Society of the United States, in Washington, D.C. She was previously president of Compassion Over Killing (COK), where she focused on ending cruelty to farmed animals and conducted investigations at slaughterhouses, live animal markets, and factory farms. Miyun’s advo- cacy efforts were featured in The New York Times, The Washington Post, The San Francisco Chronicle, and CosmoGirl! magazine, and she was the subject of an hour-length documentary produced by the Korean Broadcasting System. Dale Peterson’s recent books include Eating Apes, Chimpanzee Travels, The Deluge and the Ark, and Storyville, USA. He has also co-authored (with Richard Wrangham) Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence and (with Jane Goodall) Visions of Caliban: On Chimpanzees and People. Richard D. Ryder studied experimental psychology in animal laboratories at Cambridge University and at Columbia University, New York, before becoming a pioneer animal rights advocate in the 1960s. His Victims of Science provoked political debate when published in 1975 and led to new legislation on animal experimentation in the United Kingdom and the European Union in 1986.