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Could a Masonry Heater Be the Main Heat Source in a Tight House?

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Could a Masonry Heater Be the Main Heat Source in a Tight House? Jonas Kasiliauskas T6616KA COULD A MASONRY HEATER BE THE MAIN HEAT SOURCE IN A TIGHT HOUSE? Bachelor’s Thesis Double Degree Program in Building Services Engineering January 2017 DESCRIPTION Date of the bachelor's thesis Author(s) Degree programme and option JONAS KASILIAUSKAS DOUBLE DEGREE PROGRAMME IN BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERING Name of the bachelor's thesis COULD A MASONRY HEATER BE THE MAIN HEAT SOURCE IN A TIGHT HOUSE? Abstract Masonry heaters are the oldest heating method for one family houses. Earlier houses had high leakage air- flow rates because thermal efficient insulation material was combustible by that time /20/. The masonry heater perfectly fits for air leaky houses. Nowadays, houses are more insulated and have an air tight enve- lope. People don’t want to spend time for supervising heating systems, that’s the reason they choose a heat- ing system with automatism. The main aim of my thesis is to evaluate if it’s possible to use masonry heating in tight envelope houses. With help of the literature sources I consulted and the interview with a professional masonry heater builder I will try to give an answer to that question. The secondary aim is to select a ventilation system to one family house, which has a masonry heater. The example house I will use in this thesis will be a one family house, with a floor area of 95.4 m2 located in Vilnius, Lithuania. I chose this house and location because of the popularity to use gas in this country. I’m going to evaluate installation and ten-year exploitation costs to have more reasonable results. The masonry heater will be compared to hydronic heating system, which is a common use in residential houses. The hydronic heating system will be separated by heating sources one is a wood and gas burning boiler. The other heating source is only a gas-burning boiler. Subject headings, (keywords) MASONRY HEATER, TIGHT ENVELOPE HOUSE Pages Language URN 33 ENGLISH Remarks, notes on appendices Tutor Bachelor’s thesis assigned by PETTERI JÄRVELÄ CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 1 2 AIMS ....................................................................................................................... 1 3 METHODS ............................................................................................................. 2 3.1 One family house ........................................................................................... 2 3.2 Software’s for calculation .............................................................................. 3 4 MASONRY HEATER ............................................................................................ 3 4.1 Background information ................................................................................ 3 4.2 Advantages .................................................................................................... 5 4.3 Disadvantages ................................................................................................ 6 5 VENTILATION SYSTEM ..................................................................................... 6 5.1 Existing system .............................................................................................. 7 5.2 Air flows using Lithuanian regulations ......................................................... 7 5.3 Air flows using Finnish regulations ............................................................... 8 5.4 Special ventilation systems .......................................................................... 10 6 EXISTING HEATING SYSTEM ......................................................................... 10 6.1 Hydronic heating system ............................................................................. 11 6.2 Wood burning boiler .................................................................................... 13 6.3 Gas burning boiler ....................................................................................... 13 7 CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................ 14 7.1 Basic data about location and degree-days. ................................................. 14 7.2 Heating systems installation cost ................................................................. 15 7.2.1 Masonry heater................................................................................. 15 7.2.2 Hydronic heating system.................................................................. 17 7.3 Exploitation and maintenance of heating systems ....................................... 19 7.3.1 Masonry heater................................................................................. 19 7.3.2 Combined wood burning and gas burning boilers ........................... 21 7.3.3 Gas burning boiler............................................................................ 22 8 RESULTS ............................................................................................................. 23 8.1 Masonry heater use as main heat source ...................................................... 23 8.2 Ventilation solutions .................................................................................... 23 8.3 Heating system comparison ......................................................................... 26 8.3.1 Installation cost ................................................................................ 26 8.3.2 Cost of ten-year exploitation heating system ................................... 27 8.3.3 Total ten years heating system evaluation ....................................... 29 9 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 30 10 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 30 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................ 32 FIGURE 1. Pallet boiler construction ............................................................................ 3 FIGURE 2. Masonry heater section of contraflow ........................................................ 4 FIGURE 3. Two-pipe system ....................................................................................... 12 FIGURE 4. Masonry heater with oven /16/ ................................................................. 17 FIGURE 5. Project values for supply air ..................................................................... 24 FIGURE 6. Project values for extract air ..................................................................... 25 FIGURE 7. Price of installation a heating system ....................................................... 26 FIGURE 8. Gas and birch wood price in Lithuania ..................................................... 28 FIGURE 9. Ten-year heating system evaluation by fuel ............................................. 28 FIGURE 10. Cost of heating systems in ten-year term ................................................ 29 TABLE 1. Airflow according to Lithuanian regulations ............................................... 7 TABLE 2. Air flow according to Finnish regulations .................................................... 8 TABLE 3. Correct airflow rates by Finnish regulations ................................................ 9 TABLE 4. Heating Degree Days in Vilnius, Lithuania ............................................... 15 TABLE 5. Masonry heater material price .................................................................... 16 TABLE 6. Gas burning and wood burning boilers system .......................................... 18 TABLE 7. Energy content of logwood ........................................................................ 20 TABLE 8. Annual price for heating using birch wood ................................................ 20 TABLE 9. Wood and gas burning boilers .................................................................... 21 TABLE 10. Gas burning boiler annual cost ................................................................. 22 APPENDIX/APPENDICES 1 Appendix on one page 2 Appendix on several pages 1 1 INTRODUCTION The thesis reviews how the masonry heater can be used in a tight envelope houses. The masonry heater is the oldest method of heating houses. Now new and renovated houses are more energy efficient. Fireplaces and masonry heaters serve a more decorative func- tion instead of guaranteeing a comfortable indoor temperature. Nowadays, heating sys- tems are much better than thirty or forty years ago. Some of the new systems do not need any human help. They use less fuel or renewable sources like solar radiation. The highest cost of a heating system is the installation. In my thesis, I will compare a few heating solutions, which are most common in Lithu- ania. I decided to use it as an example for a couple of reasons. The house’s real location is Vilnius, Lithuania, and this house was built for the predominant climate there. The second reason is the high popularity for using gas heating in Lithuania. Most of the residential houses have a connection to the district gas network. The third reason are the high wood resources and low wood prices. People use about 98 % wood fuel for heating houses therefore it’s the main heat source or secondary source in Lithuanian countryside /3/. The approximate birch wood price in the year 2016 is 31 euros per cubic meter /21/. This wood has an
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