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Forced Labour in North Korean Prison Camps
forced labour in North Korean Prison Camps Norma Kang Muico Anti-Slavery International 2007 Acknowledgments We would like to thank the many courageous North Koreans who have agreed to be interviewed for this report and shared with us their often difficult experiences. We would also like to thank the following individuals and organisations for their input and assistance: Amnesty International, Baspia, Choi Soon-ho, Citizens’ Alliance for North Korean Human Rights (NKHR), Good Friends, Heo Yejin, Human Rights Watch, Hwang Sun-young, International Crisis Group (ICG), Mike Kaye, Kim Soo-am, Kim Tae-jin, Kim Yoon-jung, Korea Institute for National Unification (KINU), Ministry of Unification (MOU), National Human Rights Commission of Korea (NHRCK), Save the Children UK, Tim Peters and Sarangbang. The Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation kindly funded the research and production of this report as well as connected activities to prompt its recommendations. Forced Labour in North Korean Prison Camps Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Background 2 2. Border Crossing 3 3. Surviving in China 4 Employment 4 Rural Brides 5 4. Forcible Repatriation 6 Police Raids 6 Deportation 8 5. Punishment upon Return 8 Kukga Bowibu (National Security Agency or NSA) 9 Yeshim (Preliminary Examination) 10 Living Conditions 13 The Waiting Game 13 6. Forced Labour in North Korean Prison Camps 14 Nodong Danryundae (Labour Training Camp) 14 Forced Labour 14 Pregnant Prisoners 17 Re-education 17 Living Conditions 17 Food 18 Medical Care 18 Do Jipkyulso (Provincial Detention Centre) 19 Forced Labour 19 Living Conditions 21 Inmin Boansung (People's Safety Agency or PSA) 21 Formal Trials 21 Informal Sentencing 22 Released without Sentence 22 Arbitrary Decisions 22 Kyohwaso (Re-education Camp) 24 Forced Labour 24 Food 24 Medical Care 25 7. -
Great Food, Great Stories from Korea
GREAT FOOD, GREAT STORIE FOOD, GREAT GREAT A Tableau of a Diamond Wedding Anniversary GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS This is a picture of an older couple from the 18th century repeating their wedding ceremony in celebration of their 60th anniversary. REGISTRATION NUMBER This painting vividly depicts a tableau in which their children offer up 11-1541000-001295-01 a cup of drink, wishing them health and longevity. The authorship of the painting is unknown, and the painting is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea. Designed to help foreigners understand Korean cuisine more easily and with greater accuracy, our <Korean Menu Guide> contains information on 154 Korean dishes in 10 languages. S <Korean Restaurant Guide 2011-Tokyo> introduces 34 excellent F Korean restaurants in the Greater Tokyo Area. ROM KOREA GREAT FOOD, GREAT STORIES FROM KOREA The Korean Food Foundation is a specialized GREAT FOOD, GREAT STORIES private organization that searches for new This book tells the many stories of Korean food, the rich flavors that have evolved generation dishes and conducts research on Korean cuisine after generation, meal after meal, for over several millennia on the Korean peninsula. in order to introduce Korean food and culinary A single dish usually leads to the creation of another through the expansion of time and space, FROM KOREA culture to the world, and support related making it impossible to count the exact number of dishes in the Korean cuisine. So, for this content development and marketing. <Korean Restaurant Guide 2011-Western Europe> (5 volumes in total) book, we have only included a selection of a hundred or so of the most representative. -
Masonry Heating on the Internet
Volume 9 Number 1 Spring 1996 Masonry Heating on the Internet browsers should encounter minimal delays in MHA in Cyberspace downloading information. It is hoped that images will be storable at a high enough resolution to enable magazine by Norbert Senf publishers to get masonry heater images electronically HA voting members will soon find their for publication. No more waiting for your slides to be creations displayed on the Internet. The returned by magazine writers. executive has agreed to fund an MHA site on M The MHA page will also provide links to members who the World Wide Web that will tentatively have the have their own sites. These links are the essence of the address http://MHA-Net.org. Net surfers will initially Internet. By simply pointing to an item with a mouse find an interactive homepage that will have links to a and clicking the mouse button, you are taken almost membership list, an archive of back issues of MHA instantaneously to whichever computer the information News, as well as information about individual members. happens to reside on. It could be on the same machine, Your editor will be the “webmaster” administering the or on a machine on another continent. This feature is site. Members are each requested to send one high completely transparent to the user and is what has quality color photo, which will be scanned in as a high largely been responsible for the explosive growth of the resolution image that will be available online to any one “Web” in the last year. of the estimated 30,000,000 computers that currently Members who wish to set up their own sites will be able have Internet access. -
(RIA) for Proposed Residential Wood Heaters NSPS Revisions
Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) for Proposed Residential Wood Heaters NSPS Revision Final Report January 2014 EPA-452/R-13-004 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air and Regulation Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Health and Environmental Impacts Division The EPA wishes to acknowledge the contributions of the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International in the preparation of the industry profile and economic impact analysis, and EC/R, Inc. in the preparation of the emissions and cost estimates included in this report. CONTENTS Section Page Section 1 Executive Summary ............................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Analysis Summary ............................................................................................... 1-3 1.2 Organization of this Report .................................................................................. 1-5 Section 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 2-1 2.1 Background for Proposed Rule ............................................................................ 2-1 2.2 Room Heaters....................................................................................................... 2-1 2.3 Central Heaters: Hydronic Heaters and Forced-Air Furnaces ........................... 2-10 2.4 New Residential Masonry Heaters ..................................................................... 2-16 Section 3 Industry Profile ..................................................................................................... -
Consumer Guide Home Heating 121211
The Alaska Consumer Guide to HOME HEATING An introduction to safe, efficient, and cost-effective heating systems. Alaska Housing Finance Corporation 4300 Boniface Parkway ● Anchorage, Alaska 99504 ● P.O. Box 101020 ● Anchorage, Alaska 99510 907-338-6100 or 800-478-AHFC (2432) ● www.ahfc.us This document was funded by the Alaska Housing Fi- nance Corporation, located in Anchorage, AK. It is the mission of AHFC to provide Alaskans access to safe, quality, affordable housing. www.ahfc.us This document was authored by the Cold Climate Housing Research Center, located in Fairbanks, AK. It is the mission of CCHRC to promote and advance the development of healthy, durable, and sustainable shelter for Alaskans and other circumpolar people. www.cchrc.org The decision to purchase or upgrade a heating system depends on many factors including the availability of fuel, building specifics, costs, and personal preferences. This Consumer Guide presents information on several types of heating appli- ances, distribution systems, hot water heaters and controls. It does not constitute an endorsement or approval for any of these systems. 2 The Alaska Consumer Guide to Home Heating TABLE OF CONTENTS ools for Homeowners What is a heating system? p. 4 How safe is my heating system? p. 5 How efficient is my heating system? p. 6 How much will my heating system cost me? p. 12 Is my heating system the correct size for my house? p. 15 Should I replace my existing heating system? p. 17 How do I choose a contractor? p. 19 Heating Systems Furnaces p. 20 Solar Thermal p. -
Part 1:Peace and Unification
Part 1:Peace and Unification Q1 A138th On June 25th the KPA army crossed the 38th parallel with tanks and artillery and quickly started to overrun South Korea. The southern ROK forces were not as well for war and quickly. The North Koreans would have probably secured the peninsula if UN forces had not intervened. The US interest in Korea was mostly to keep Japan secure and limit the USSR’s. Initially, UN forces were driven back until they occupied only a small of the peninsula in South Korea. Eventually, the UN forces were able to the tide and almost took control of the entire peninsula until China decided to 1 The Korean Armistice Agreement was between the United Nations Command, the Korean People’s Army for North Korea and the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army. The Armistice Agreement supposed to be drafted soon after the Armistice Agreement was signed. However, a peace treaty still has not been reached and North and South Korea are still technically at war. Also, South Korea’s president Rhee never signed the Armistice Agreement because he not accept Korea as being divided. Rhee wanted to completely unify the peninsula but would be unable to do so without the support of the UN forces. Kim Il-Sung also did not want to sign an armistice, to cease. Another provision in the Q3 Armistice was the swapping of prisoners of war. A3 Korean The Joint Security Area was established as the place for negotiation to take place and it is the only place that the North Korean and UNC forces meet face to face. -
Ex Oriente Lumina Historiae Variae Multiethnicae
EX ORIENTE LUMINA HISTORIAE VARIAE MULTIETHNICAE Festskrift tillägnad Juha Janhunen på hans 61. födelsedag 12.2.2013 EX ORIENTE LUMINA HISTORIAE VARIAE MULTIETHNICAE Festskrift tillägnad Juha Janhunen på hans 61. födelsedag 12.2.2013 Edited by Tiina Hyytiäinen, Lotta Jalava, Janne Saarikivi & Erika Sandman Studia Orientalia 113 EX ORIENTE LUMINA HISTORIAE VARIAE MULTIETHNICAE Festskrift tillägnad Juha Janhunen på hans 61. födelsedag 12.2.2013 Edited by Tiina Hyytiäinen, Lotta Jalava, Janne Saarikivi & Erika Sandman Helsinki 2013 Ex Oriente Lumina: Historiae variae multiethnicae Edited by Tiina Hyytiäinen, Lotta Jalava, Janne Saarikivi & Erika Sandman Studia Orientalia, vol. 113, 2013 Copyright © 2013 by the Finnish Oriental Society Societas Orientalis Fennica c/o Department of World Cultures P.O. Box 59 (Unioninkatu 38 B) FI-00014 University of Helsinki FINLAND Editor Lotta Aunio Co-Editors Patricia Berg Sari Nieminen Advisory Editorial Board Axel Fleisch (African Studies) Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (Arabic and Islamic Studies) Tapani Harviainen (Semitic Studies) Arvi Hurskainen (African Studies) Juha Janhunen (Altaic and East Asian Studies) Hannu Juusola (Semitic Studies) Klaus Karttunen (South Asian Studies) Kaj Öhrnberg (Librarian of the Society) Heikki Palva (Arabic Linguistics) Asko Parpola (South Asian Studies) Simo Parpola (Assyriology) Rein Raud (Japanese Studies) Saana Svärd (Assyriology) Typesetting Lotta Aunio Cover photo Tiina Hyytiäinen & Repe Reilin ISSN 0039-3282 ISBN 978-951-9380-82-7 WS Bookwell Oy Jyväskylä 2013 CONTENTS -
Innovation and Its Role in the Evolution of Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems
Brian M. Ford Brian M. Ford Innovation and Its Role in the Evolution of Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems. Agenda • Evolution of Radiant Heating & Cooling Systems through the ages • Emergence of Radiant Panels • Recent Innovations & Looking Forward Popular Mechanics Issue: Sep, 1949 Chinese Kang & Dikang • The Chinese kang (bed-stove) is said to be derived from the concept of a heated bed floor called a huoqiang found in China in the Neolithic period, according to analysis of archeological excavations of building remains in Banpo Xi'an. However, archeleogical sites in Shenyang, Liaoning, show humans using the heated bed floor as early as 7,200 years ago. • Typically, a kang occupies one-third to one half the area the room, and is used for sleeping at night and for other activities during the day. A kang which covers the entire floor is called a dikang (literally "ground kang"). Chinese Kang & Dikang • "The interior of an inn". In illustration in H.E.M. James book. It is followed by a couple of pages where he described an inn in the Hunjiang River valley east of Tonghua, in an area that was very much a "frontier" of Chinese settlement. Note a long kang (bed-stove) along the wall, shared by the guests. Korean Ondol • An ondol, also called gudeul, in Korean traditional architecture, is underfloor heating which uses direct heat transfer from wood smoke to the underside of a thick masonry floor. The earliest use of ondol has been found at an archaeological site in present-day North Korea. A Bronze Age archaeological find, 1000 BC, discovered in Unggi, Hamgyeongbuk-do, in present-day North Korea Roman Hypocaust • A hypocaust (Latin hypocaustum, Greek hypocauston) was an ancient Roman system of underfloor heating. -
An Overview of Korean Wooden Architecture1
An Overview of Korean wooden architecture1 Plenary speech by Architect CHO, In-Souk I. Opening remarks One of the challenges we face today in architectural design is to find a globally sustainable design approach. Yet another challenge, when considering the complexity of the rich heritage of Asia and its local wisdom, would be how to differentiate it from other places on earth. The topic of today’s sub- theme is how these two challenges are incorporated or not in the architecture of the region. Besides globalization in general, urbanization and curbing climate change seem to be the two global megatrends that will have the greatest impact on our future. Both will also play an extremely important role in architectural design. The principal function of a house was protection against the weather. The earlier forms of human habitats were crude structures without significant distinguishing characteristics. As human lifestyles diversified and the functions of shelters expanded to accommodate individual and social needs and activities, houses began to assume national, regional and individual characteristics. The natural environment, along with such cultural elements as people’s lifestyles and customs, also played an important role in the evolution of architectural styles. Korean houses, as domestic architecture does in all cultures, showcased people’s everyday activities as well as their history and culture. This presentation will focus on the Korean Perspective regarding the dimensions of a sustainable design approach, examining the Korean traditional house of wooden structure:2 hanok. II. Understanding hanok (Grammar of Hanok) Common considerations incorporated into the design works to be elaborated on later are as follows: careful survey of site condition and location; proper adoption of hierarchy of buildings and courtyards; 1 This is a part of the presentation to “the 15th Asian Congress of Architects” introducing my own design works under the title <Designing Hanok, the Korean Organic House: contemporary Challenges> in Bali, Indonesia October 29. -
The Heat-Kit Planning Guide
The Heat-Kit Planning Guide Masonry Heating 2 What’s a Masonry Heater? 2 The Benefits of Radiant Heating 3 Environmental Benefits 5 The Heat-Kit System 7 Introduction 7 Description 7 Components 7 Gas flow 8 Technical Features 9 Options 10 Domestic Bakeoven 10 Domestic Hot Water 11 Layout Guide 15 Standard dimensions 15 Clearances 15 Heater 15 Chimney 15 Layout Examples 16 Heated Benches 16 Examples of high output systems 18 Completing Your System 19 Working with a local mason 19 Foundation plans 20 Frequently asked questions 21 Finding More Information 23 Our Products and Services 24 Products 24 Services — consulting and design 24 Costs 24 Masonry Stove Builders Norbert and Leila Senf, proprietors Voice 819.647.5092 Fax 819.647.6082 e-mail [email protected] RR 5, Shawville, Québec J0X 2Y0 Visit our website at www.heatkit.com printed on 8/25/2010 The Heat-Kit Planning Guide Masonry Heating What’s a Masonry Heater? masonry heater allows you to heat your home with wood in a unique way. It’s main distinction is the ability to store a large amount of heat. This means that you can rapidly burn a large charge of wood without Aoverheating your house. The heat is stored in the masonry thermal mass, and then slowly radiates into your house for the next 18 to 24 hours. You get a number of benefits, described in more detail below. If you burn wood fairly rapidly, it is a clean fuel. If you try to burn it too slowly, the fire will change from flaming to smoldering combustion. -
History of Radiant Heating & Cooling Systems
This article was published in ASHRAE Journal, January 2010. Copyright 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Posted at www.ashrae.org. This article may not be copied and/or distributed electronically or in paper form without permission of ASHRAE. For more information about ASHRAE Journal, visit www.ashrae.org. Remains of an ondol found in North Okjeo (now Russia’s Maritime Province).12 Part 1 History of Radiant Heating & Cooling Systems By Robert Bean, Member ASHRAE; Bjarne W. Olesen, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE; Kwang Woo Kim, Arch.D., Member ASHRAE adiant floor heating began thousands of years ago. Often, credit is given This two-part article describes the main historical milestones in the global Rto the ancient Romans for giving life to these systems, but archeology evolution leading up to modern embed- ded radiant heating and cooling systems. and research into ancient texts show Asia to be the earliest known developer of Asia these systems, preceding the Romans by thousands of years. Beginning with Looking into the northern areas of ancient China, including the northeast the excavated floor flues of ancient Korea and moving on to the Greek and Ro- Manchuria region and northern Korea archeologists find early forms of radiant man hypocausts and similar systems used in the Middle East1 and then to the About the Authors subsequent disappearance of European systems post-Roman Empire and to the Robert Bean is a registered engineering technolo- gist (building construction) with Healthy Heating in continual evolution in Asia and radiant floor heating’s rebirth by the French and Calgary, AB, Canada. -
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Free World, Cheap Buildings: U.S. Hegemony and the Origins of Modern Architecture in South Korea, 1953-1960 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8r90w2cb Author Park, Dongmin Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Free World, Cheap Buildings: U.S. Hegemony and the Origins of Modern Architecture in South Korea, 1953-1960 By Dongmin Park A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture in the Graduate Division Of the University Of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Andrew Shanken, Chair Professor Greg Castillo Professor Margaret Crawford Professor Michael Southworth Spring 2016 Abstract Free World, Cheap Buildings: U.S. Hegemony and the Origins of Modern Architecture in South Korea, 1953-1960 by Dongmin Park Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture University of California, Berkeley Professor Andrew Shanken, Chair This dissertation examines the role of U.S.-aided construction projects as an instrument of power and legitimacy in the rebuilding of South Korea after the Korean War through the Eisenhower years, by situating them in the socio-political context of the Cold War. It specifically addresses two intertwined historical questions: (1) How did the United States, portraying its image as an anti-imperialist nation, quickly establish a powerful hegemony in South Korea? (2) What influence did those construction projects have on the development of modern architecture in South Korea? This study argues that, in a war-ravaged Korea, construction projects were America’s core hegemonic projects in the making of a democratic, capitalist society.