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Étude Du Tegument Des Graines Des Genres Cytisus L., Argyrocytisus (Maire) Raynaud, Chamaecytisus Link Et Genista L

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Étude Du Tegument Des Graines Des Genres Cytisus L., Argyrocytisus (Maire) Raynaud, Chamaecytisus Link Et Genista L Acta Botanica Malacitana 24: 53-61 Málaga, 1999 ÉTUDE DU TEGUMENT DES GRAINES DES GENRES CYTISUS L., ARGYROCYTISUS (MAIRE) RAYNAUD, CHAMAECYTISUS LINK ET GENISTA L. (SECTION TELINE MEDIK.) (FABACEAE) AU MAROC Hikmat TAHIRI , Aicha OUYAHYA et Fatima-Ezzahra EL ALAOUI-FARIS RESUME. Etude du tegument des graines des genres Cytisus L., Argyrocytisus (Maire) Raynaud, Chamaecytisus Link et Genista L. (section Teline Medik.) (Fabaceae) au Maroc. La structure tégumentaire des graines de 11 espéces appartcnant aux genres Cytisus L., A rgyrocytisus (Maire) Raynaud, Chamaecytisus Link et Genista L. (section Teline Medik.) a été etudiée au microscope électronique a balayage MEB. Deux types principaux de structures ont a:6 notees (microplissée et réticulée-plissee avec des cellules pentagonales ou hexagonales delimitees par un sillon ou un bord en relief intercellulairc) et discutées selon les taxons considérés et lcur classification infragenérique. La description des strates du tégument et celle de la région hilaire a ¿té également realisee. En coupe, le tégument est constitué de deux couches: l'externe avec des cellules en palissade (assise de Malpighi) et l'interne avec des cellules en sablicr (osteosclereides). La taille de ces deux couches vane enormément a l'intérieur dune meme graine, ce qui ne permet pas de différencier les taxons. Au niveau du hile, la couche palissadiquc est double: l'externe provient du funicule, l'interne étant la continuite de la couche de Malpighi. Au dessus se trouve une bande de tracheides dont les ponctuations sont verruqueuses, suivi dun parenchyme lacuneux. Mots clés. Fabaceae, Cytisus, Argyrocytisus, Chamaecytisus, Genista, MEB, graines, micromorphologie, anatomic, Maroc. RESUMEN. Estudio del tegumento de las semillas de los géneros Cytisus L., Argyrocytisus (Ma/re) Raynaud, Chamaecytisus Link y Genista L. (sección Teline Medik.) (Fabacea) de Marruecos. El estudio del tegumento de las semillas de II especies pertenecientes a los géneros Cytisus L., Argyrocytisus (Maire) Raynaud, Chamaecytisu.s. Link y Genista L. (seccion Teline Medik.) ha sido realizado en el microscopio electrónico a barrido MEB. Dos tipos principales de escultura han sido observadas (microplegada y microplegada con mallas poligonales caracterizada por la existencia de células hexa o pentagonales delimitadas por un surco o resalte intercelular) y discutidas según los taxones. La descripcion de las capas de la testa y la estructura del hilo han sido analizadas. En seccion, la testa muestra dos capas: la externa con células en empalizada (capa de malpighi) y la interna con osteoesclereidas. El grosor de las dos capas de la testa varía enormemente, lo que impide diferenciar los taxones. A nivel del hilo, la capa en empalizada es doble: la externa es derivada del funículo, la interna es la continuidad de la capa de malpighi. Debajo, se encuentra una banda de traqueidas seguida de un parénquirna lagunar. Palabras clave. Fabaceae, Cytisus, Argyrocytisus, Chamaecytisus, Genista, MEB, semillas, micromorfologia, anatomia, Marruecos. INTRODUCTION Legumineuses a fait l'objet de nombreux travaux á la fois á l'échelle de la super-famille L'examen du tegument des graines des Leguminosae (Corner, 1951; Gunn,1981), de la 54 H. Tahiri et al. famille des Fabaceae (Lersten, 1981, 1982; quatre especes á la section Spartopsis Dumort. Saint Martin, 1982, 1986), des tribus (Lersten, (C. arboreus (Desf.) DC., C. megalanthus (Pau 1979) et des genres (Lecompte-Barbet, 1981; & Font Quer) Font Quer, C. grandiflorus (Brot.) Heyn et Herrnstadt, 1977; Godeau, 1977, Cubas DC. et C. maurus Humbert & Maire); une et Pardo, 1988). En plus de l'intérét espece á la section Trianthocytisus Griseb. (C. physiologique dans le controle des échanges villosus Pourr.); une espece á la section hydriques et gazeux de la graine (Citharel, Alburnoides DC. (C. valdesii Talavera & Gibbs) 1986), ces études ont révélé aussi un intérét et enfin une espece á la section Chronanthus taxinomique. Ainsi, Lersten (1981), dans une DC. (C. fontanesii Spach). C. arboreus est une étude de l'ultrastructure des graines de 340 espéce tres polymorphe á large répartition au espéces appartenant á la famille des Fabaceae, Maroc (Rif, littoral de la Méditerranée, Moyen montre que la structure tégumentaire est stable Atlas, Haut Atlas, Maroc atlantique moyen et á l' intérieur de certaines tribus et qu'on pourrait Maroc atlantique nord), les graines etudiées leur associer un type de tégument donné. Mai s, correspondent á l'échantillon d'Herbier RAB ce n'est pas le cas de l'ensemble des 32 tribus 62138 (Moyen Atlas: Taza, Dayat Chiker, de Fabaceae définies par Polhill (1981) selon Tahiri, 61VII198); C. grandiflorus est aussi des criteres morphologiques. De méme, pour bien repandue (Rif, littoral de la Mediterranée, Saint-Martin (1986) qui a étudié 162 especes Moyen Atlas, Haut Atlas et Anti Atlas), les appartenant á 10 tribus de Fabaceae. A graines étudiées correspondent á 1 'échantillon l' exception des genres Ononis, Lupinus et RAB 62125 (Moyen Atlas: Tazekka, 1150 m, Cicer, 1 'autcur a trouvé que les différentes Tahiri, 6/VII/98); C. maurus est une espece structures tégumentaires discriminent de la endémique du Moyen Atlas septentrional, les méme maniere que le font les caracteres graines étudiées correspondent á 1 'échantillon morphologiques définis par Polhill (1981). RAB 62129 (Moyen Atlas: Tazekka, 1150 in, Le but de cette étude est de décrire les Tahiri, 6/VII/97); C. rnegalanthus est une macro et microcaracteres des graines des espece endémique du Maroc localisée dans le especes du genre Cytisus au Maroc. Leurs Rif, les graines etudiées correspondent a caractéristiques pourraient contribuer á clarifier l'échantillon RAB 62119 (Rif: Ikaouen, 1000m, la systématique du genre et notamment celle de Tahiri, 6/VII/98); C. villosus est bien répandue certains complexes d'especes affines dont la (Rif, Littoral de la Méditerranée, Moyen Atlas position systématique est conflictuelle tel que et Maroc atlantique nord), les graines étudiées celui de Chamaecytisus, Argyrocytisus et Genista correspondent á 1 ' echantil Ion RAB 62156 (section Teline) que Maire (1987) avait d' ailleurs (Littoral de la Méditerranée: Jbel Gourougou, inclut dans le genre Cytisus L. La classification 850 in, Tahiri, 27/VII/97); C. valdesii est assez de la tribu des Genisteae adoptée pour cette étude bien répandue (Moyen Atlas et Haut Atlas) les est celle qui cst admise par Bisby (1981). graines étudiees correspondent a l'échantillon Le présent travail s'attache en effet á RAB 62148 (Moyen Atlas: Tizi-n'-Tretten, exploiter la variation du tégument de la graine 2100 m, Tahiri, 61VII/97); C. fontanesii est dans un but essentiellement taxinomique. localisée dans le Nord (Rif et Moyen Atlas) les graines étudiées correspondent á l'échantillon RAB 62146 (Moyen Atlas: 10 Km apres Imouzzer MATERIEL ET METHODE vers 'franc, 1500 m, Tahiri, 27/V11/98). Une espece du genre Chamaecytisus Link Sept especes du genre Cytisus L., ont été a été etudiée: C. mollis (Cav.) Greuter & Burdet, étudiées. Elles appartiennent a quatre sections: endémique du Maroc atlantique moyen et de Fabaceae au Maroc 55 l'Anti Atlas, les graines étudiées correspondent soit, une forme ovofde á subelliptique, comme á l'échantillon RAB 62153 (Maroc atlantique c'est le cas de Chamaecytisus mollis, A. moyen: entre Bir Jdid et Souk el Tnine, Tahiri. battandieri, G. linifolia, Cytisus valdesii, C. I 7/V/98). villosus, C. fontanesii, C. arboreus, C. Une espéce du genre Argyrocytisus megalanthus et C. grandiflorus (fig.1, n°1) (Maire) Raynaud a été étudiée: A. battandieri soit subglobuleuse, C. maurus et G. (Maire)Raynaud endémique du Rif et du Moyen monspessulana. Leurs couleurs varient entre Atlas, les graines étudiées correspondent á le jaune, le vert ou le brun. Elles mesurent de l'échantillon RAB 62153 (Moyen Atlas, entre 2,5 á 4,9 mm de longueur et 2,3 á 4 mm de Azrou et Timandite, 1800m, Tahiri, 20/IX198). largeur. Elles sont légérement asymétriques á Deux espéces appartenant au genre lobe radiculaire plus prononcé par rapport au Genista, section Teline Medik. (G. linifolia L. lobe cotylédonaire. et G. monspesulana (L.) L. Johnson) ont été A l'exception de A. battandieri, les autres étudiées. G. linifolia est localisée dans le espéces sont surmontées d'une arille en forme pourtour nord atlantique (Maroc atlantique de U qui entoure incomplétement le hile. La moyen et Maroc atlantique nord), les graines presence de l'arille est plutét un caractére étudiées correspondent á l'échantillon RAB adaptatif et il n'a pas pour cela de valeur 62158 (Rif, Tanger, Cap Spartel, Tahiri, 29/ taxinomique dans les classifications récentes VI/97); G. monspessulana est localisée au nord (Polhill, 1976). Le hile est presque circulaire du Maroc (Rif et Maroc atlantique nord), les et montre au centre un sillon hilaire et autour graines étudiées correspondent á l'échantillon se trouve l'ourlet de l'arille (rim-aril) qui est le RAB 62161 (Maroc atlantique nord, suberai de reste de l'attachement du funicule au hile (fig.1, Larache, Tahiri, 29/V/98). Les subdivisions n°2). Chez tous les taxons étudies, le micropyle biogéographiques du Maroc sont selon la Flore se trouve collé entre le hile et la limite du lobe Pratique du Maroc (1999). radiculaire. Mais, il est invisible á cause du Les graines n'ont pas subit de traitement surdéveloppement de la radicule (fig. 1, n°2). préalable, elles sont fixées sur le porte-object Lersten (1981) rapporte que la plupart des du microscope électronique á balayage (MEB) tribus primitives des Fabaceae ont un au moyen d'une bande adhesive double face. micropyle qui tend á se séparer du hile alors Elles sont métallisées á l'Or-Palladium avec que chez les tribus plus évoluées, le micropyle une couche de 200 A°, puis observées au est en contact avec le hile. microscope électronique á balayage (MEB) type JEOL T 330. 2. Ornamentation de la surface tégumentaire Les structures tégumentaires sont La surface tégumentaire de toutes les observées au niveau de la region centrale de la graines étudiées apparait lisse et plus ou moms graine.
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