Activated Sludge Process Control Manual
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Water Treatment and Reverse Osmosis Systems
Pure Aqua, Inc.® Water© 2012 TreatmentPure Aqua ,and Inc. ReverseAll Right sOsmosis Reserve dSystems. Worldwide Experience Superior Technology About the Company Pure Aqua is a company with a strong philosophy and drive to develop and apply solutions to the world’s water treatment challenges. We believe that both our technology and experience will help resolve the growing shortage of clean water worldwide. Capabilities and Expertise As an ISO 9001:2008 certified company with over a decade of experience, Pure Aqua has secured its position as a leading manufacturer of reverse osmosis systems worldwide. Goals and Motivations Our goal is to provide environmentally sustainable systems and equipment that produce high quality water. We provide packaged systems and technical support for water treatment plants, industrial wastewater reuse, and brackish and seawater reverse osmosis plants. Having strong working relationships with Thus, we ensure our technological our suppliers gives us the capability to contribution to water preservation by provide cost effective and competitive supplying the means and making it highly water and wastewater treatment systems accessible. for a wide range of applications. Seawater Reverse Osmosis Systems System Overview Designed to convert seawater to potable water, desalination systems use high quality reverse osmosis seawater membranes. The process separates dissolved salts by only allowing pure water to pass through the membrane fabric. System Capacities Pure Aqua desalination systems are designed to provide high -
5. Estimated Capital and Operating Costs
MAYNILAD WATER SERVICES, INC. MWSS Compound, Katipunan Road, Balara, Quezon City E1288 v 12 Public Disclosure Authorized DRAFT FINAL REPORT CONCEPT DESIGN Public Disclosure Authorized Project 7 Sewage and Septage Treatment Plant Public Disclosure Authorized August 2006 Program Management Group Maynilad Water Services Inc. 2nd Floor Engineering Building Old Balara, Katipunan Road, Quezon City Telephone No.: +632.433.6978 Facsimile No.: +632.435.2128 Public Disclosure Authorized Website: http://www.mayniladwater.com.ph Copyright C 2006 by Program Management Group. All rights reserved. The concepts and information contained herein are the property of MWSI. Use or copying of this document in whole or in part without the written permission of MWSI constitutes an infringement of copyright. Project 7Prototype STP/SpTP 8/17/2006 Page i L Document History and Status l Checked/Reviewed Approved by / Date Revision Date Issued Prepared by by Signature Approved A. S. August Draft Final August 2006 Sampiano M. R. Pedron P.N. Rosete 2006 J.C. S. Iglesia F. A. Arellano Distribution of Copies Revision Copy No. Quantity Issued to Draft Final 1 1 MWSI 2 1 DENR 3-: MWSS Printed : 17 August 2006 Last Save : 17 August 2006 Filename : CD:/Project 7 Concept Design Report Author : A.S.Sampiano Office : Water Sources and Wastewater Facilities Development (WSWFD), PMG Managers : (1) M.R. Pedron, Manager -WSWFD, PMG (2) J.C. S. Iglesia, AVP - Program Planning and Design, PMG Support Group : Environment Managernent Dept., Sewerage and Sanitation Dept. Version : Draft Final Project 7Prototype STP/SpTP 8/17Q2006 Page ii Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................. v Section 1. -
A Combined Vermifiltration-Hydroponic System
applied sciences Article A Combined Vermifiltration-Hydroponic System for Swine Wastewater Treatment Kirill Ispolnov 1,*, Luis M. I. Aires 1,Nídia D. Lourenço 2 and Judite S. Vieira 1 1 Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), School of Technology and Management (ESTG), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; [email protected] (L.M.I.A.); [email protected] (J.S.V.) 2 Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (UCIBIO)-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT), NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Intensive swine farming causes strong local environmental impacts by generating ef- fluents rich in solids, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and pathogenic bacteria. Insufficient treatment of hog farm effluents has been reported for common technologies, and vermifiltration is considered a promising treatment alternative that, however, requires additional processes to remove nitrate and phosphorus. This work aimed to study the use of vermifiltration with a downstream hydroponic culture to treat hog farm effluents. A treatment system comprising a vermifilter and a downstream deep-water culture hydroponic unit was built. The treated effluent was reused to dilute raw wastewater. Electrical conductivity, pH, and changes in BOD5, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphorus, and coliform bacteria were assessed. Plants were monitored throughout the experiment. Electrical conductivity increased due to vermifiltration; pH stayed within a neutral to mild alkaline range. Vermifiltration removed 83% of BOD5, 99% of ammonia and nitrite, and increased nitrate by Citation: Ispolnov, K.; Aires, L.M.I.; 11%. -
Package Plants Arrive on Site Virtually Ready to Operate and Built to Minimize the Day-To-Day Attention Required to Operate the Equipment
A NATIONAL DRINKING WATER CLEARINGHOUSE FACT SHEET Package Plants Summary Small water treatment systems often find it difficult to comply with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations. Small communities often face financial problems in purchas- ing and maintaining conventional treatment systems. Their problem is further complicated if they do not have the services of a full-time, trained operator. The Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) requirements have greatly increased interest in the possible use of package plants in many areas of the country. Package plants can also be applied to treat contaminants such as iron and manganese in groundwater via oxidation and filtration. ○○○○○○○○○○ Package Plants: Alternative to Conventional Treatment What is a package plant? How To Select a Package Plant Package technology offers an alternative to Package plant systems are most appropriate for in-ground conventional treatment technology. plant sizes that treat from 25,000 to 6,000,000 They are not altogether different from other gallons per day (GPD) (94.6 to 22,710 cubic treatment processes although several package ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ meters per day). Influent water quality is the plant models contain innovative treatment most important consideration in determining elements, such as adsorptive clarifiers. The the suitability of a package plant application. primary distinction, however, between package Complete influent water quality records need plants and custom-designed plants is that to be examined to establish turbidity levels, package plants are treatment units assembled seasonal temperature fluctuations, and color in a factory, skid mounted, and transported level expectations. Both high turbidity and color to the site. may require coagulant dosages beyond many package plants design specifications. -
Treatment of Sewage by Vermifiltration: a Review
Treatment of Sewage by Vermifiltration: A Review 1 2 Jatin Patel , Prof. Y. M. Gajera 1 M.E. Environmental Management, L.D. College of Engineering Ahmedabad -15 2 Assistant professor, Environmental Engineering, L.D. College of Engineering Ahmedabad -15 Abstract: A centralized treatment facility often faces problems of high cost of collection, treatment and disposal of wastewater and hence the growing needs for small scale decentralized eco-friendly alternative treatment options are necessary. Vermifiltration is such method where wastewater is treated using earthworms. Earthworm's body works as a biofilter and have been found to remove BOD, COD, TDS, and TSS by general mechanism of ingestion, biodegradation, and absorption through body walls. There is no sludge formation in vermifiltration process which requires additional cost on landfill disposal and it is also odor-free process. Treated water also can used for farm irrigation and in parks and gardens. The present study will evaluate the performance of vermifiltration for parameters like BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, phosphorus and nitrogen for sewage. Keywords: Vermifiltration, Earthworms, Wastewater, Ingestion, Absorption Introduction Due to the increasing population and scarcity of treatment area, high cost of wastewater collection and its treatment is not allowing the conventional STP everywhere. Hence, cost effective decentralized and eco-friendly treatments are required. Many developing countries can‟t afford the construction of STPs, and thus, there is a growing need for developing some ecologically safe and economically viable onsite small-scale wastewater treatment technologies. [24] The discharge of untreated wastewater in surface and sub-surface water courses is the most important source of contamination of water resources. -
Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater Sludge (Nazaroff & Alvarez-Cohen, Section 6.E.3)
Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater Sludge (Nazaroff & Alvarez-Cohen, Section 6.E.3) nice, clean water going to disinfection and then to outdoor body of receiving water (stream, lake or sea) sludge in need of further treatment The goal is to reduce the amount of sludge that needs to be disposed. The most widely employed method for sludge treatment is anaerobic digestion. In this process, a large fraction of the organic matter (cells) is broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), and this is accomplished in the absence of oxygen. About half of the amount is then converted into gases, while the remainder is dried and becomes a residual soil-like material. What the equipment looks like The tank is capped - to prevent oxygen from coming in, - to prevent odors from escaping, and - to capture the methane produced. This methane, a fuel, can be used to meet some of the energy requirements of the wastewater treatment facility (co-generation). What the sludge looks like after anaerobic digestion and subsequent drying. It is rich in nitrates and performs well as a fertilizer. (Photos from http://www.madep-sa.com/english/wwtp.html) 1 (Originally from Metcalf & Eddy, 1991) from & Metcalf Eddy, (Originally 6.E.7) Figure Alvarez-Cohen, & (Nazaroff How the system works The treatment of wastewater sludge, from both primary and secondary treatment steps, consists of two main phases. ● In the 1st step, all incoming flows of sludge are combined, and the mixture is heated to a mild temperature (about body temperature) to accelerate biological conversion. The residence time here ranges from 10 to 20 days. -
Recommended Standards for Wastewater Facilities
RECOMMENDED STANDARDS for WASTEWATER FACILITIES POLICIES FOR THE DESIGN, REVIEW, AND APPROVAL OF PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT FACILITIES 2014 EDITION A REPORT OF THE WASTEWATER COMMITTEE OF THE GREAT LAKES - UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BOARD OF STATE AND PROVINCIAL PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGERS MEMBER STATES AND PROVINCE ILLINOIS NEW YORK INDIANA OHIO IOWA ONTARIO MICHIGAN PENNSYLVANIA MINNESOTA WISCONSIN MISSOURI PUBLISHED BY: Health Research, Inc., Health Education Services Division P.O. Box 7126 Albany, N.Y. 12224 Phone: (518) 439-7286 Visit Our Web Site http://www.healthresearch.org/store/ten-state-standards Copyright © 2014 by the Great Lakes - Upper Mississippi River Board of State and Provincial Public Health and Environmental Managers This document, or portions thereof, may be reproduced without permission if credit is given to the Board and to this publication as a source. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................... v 10 ENGINEERING REPORTS AND FACILITY PLANS 10. General ............................................................................................................................. 10-1 11. Engineering Report Or Facility Plan ................................................................................ 10-1 12. Pre-Design Meeting ....................................................................................................... 10-12 -
Sedimentation and Clarification Sedimentation Is the Next Step in Conventional Filtration Plants
Sedimentation and Clarification Sedimentation is the next step in conventional filtration plants. (Direct filtration plants omit this step.) The purpose of sedimentation is to enhance the filtration process by removing particulates. Sedimentation is the process by which suspended particles are removed from the water by means of gravity or separation. In the sedimentation process, the water passes through a relatively quiet and still basin. In these conditions, the floc particles settle to the bottom of the basin, while “clear” water passes out of the basin over an effluent baffle or weir. Figure 7-5 illustrates a typical rectangular sedimentation basin. The solids collect on the basin bottom and are removed by a mechanical “sludge collection” device. As shown in Figure 7-6, the sludge collection device scrapes the solids (sludge) to a collection point within the basin from which it is pumped to disposal or to a sludge treatment process. Sedimentation involves one or more basins, called “clarifiers.” Clarifiers are relatively large open tanks that are either circular or rectangular in shape. In properly designed clarifiers, the velocity of the water is reduced so that gravity is the predominant force acting on the water/solids suspension. The key factor in this process is speed. The rate at which a floc particle drops out of the water has to be faster than the rate at which the water flows from the tank’s inlet or slow mix end to its outlet or filtration end. The difference in specific gravity between the water and the particles causes the particles to settle to the bottom of the basin. -
Sewage Secondary Treatment After Primary Treatment, the Sewage Water Is Subjected to the Next Phase Called Biological Treatment Or Secondary Treatment
Sewage secondary treatment After primary treatment, the sewage water is subjected to the next phase called biological treatment or secondary treatment. Dissolved and suspended biological materials are removed by indigenous microbial decomposition in a managed environment. In this treatment, BOD is reduced up to 90-95%. Biological treatment is carried out in two important phases: 1. Aerobic phase: oxidation lagoons trickling filters, activated sludge 2. Anaerobic phase: sludge digestion A. Oxidation lagoons /oxidation ponds / stabilization ponds 1. It is outdoor, simple, suspension type aerobic treatment. 2. It is suggested for small societies in rural areas where sufficient low lying land of little real state value is available. 3. It is oldest of the sewage treatment systems used in most of developing countries due to its low cost. 4. In this shallow pond is required which should be maximum of 10 feet depth having inlet and outlet. 5. It consists of three different zones as shown in the following diagram: Requirements of Oxidation pond: 1. Presence of algal growth which produces oxygen. 2. Oxygen is also available from atmosphere. 3. Heterotrophic aerobic and anaerobic microbes for decomposing sewage. 4. Sunlight required for photosynthesis, also has bactericidal properties (UV). Advantages of oxidation pond: 1. Simple 2. Inexpensive 3. Low maintenance Disadvantages of oxidation pond: 1. Effected by environment: low temperature, cloudy sky lowers efficiency 2. Takes longer time(Long retention time) 3. Gives bad odour(H2 S) 4. Not hygienic 5. Just lowers BOD by 25%to 60% B. Trickling Filter Method 1. It is also outdoor, aerobic, relatively simple but of film flow type. -
The Biological Treatment Method for Landfill Leachate
E3S Web of Conferences 202, 06006 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020206006 ICENIS 2020 The biological treatment method for landfill leachate Siti Ilhami Firiyal Imtinan1*, P. Purwanto1,2, Bambang Yulianto1,3 1Master Program of Environmental Science, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang - Indonesia 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang - Indonesia 3Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang - Indonesia Abstract. Currently, waste generation in Indonesia is increasing; the amount of waste generated in a year is around 67.8 million tons. Increasing the amount of waste generation can cause other problems, namely water from the decay of waste called leachate. Leachate can contaminate surface water, groundwater, or soil if it is streamed directly into the environment without treatment. Between physical and chemical, biological methods, and leachate transfer, the most effective treatment is the biological method. The purpose of this article is to understand the biological method for leachate treatment in landfills. It can be concluded that each method has different treatment results because it depends on the leachate characteristics and the treatment method. These biological methods used to treat leachate, even with various leachate characteristics, also can be combined to produce effluent from leachate treatment below the established standards. Keywords. Leachate treatment; biological method; landfill leachate. 1. Introduction Waste generation in Indonesia is increasing, as stated by the Minister of Environment and Forestry, which recognizes the challenges of waste problems in Indonesia are still very large. The amount of waste generated in a year is around 67.8 million tons and will continue to grow in line with population growth [1]. -
Sequencing Batch Reactors: Principles, Design/Operation and Case Studies - S
WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES - Sequencing Batch Reactors: Principles, Design/Operation and Case Studies - S. Vigneswaran, M. Sundaravadivel, D. S. Chaudhary SEQUENCING BATCH REACTORS: PRINCIPLES, DESIGN/OPERATION AND CASE STUDIES S. Vigneswaran, M. Sundaravadivel, and D. S. Chaudhary Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Keywords: Activated sludge process, return activated sludge, sludge settling, wastewater treatment, Contents 1. Background 2. The SBR technology for wastewater treatment 3. Physical description of the SBR system 3.1 FILL Phase 3.2 REACT Phase 3.3 SETTLE Phase 3.4 DRAW or DECANT Phase 3.5 IDLE Phase 4. Components and configuration of SBR system 5. Control of biological reactions through operating strategies 6. Design of SBR reactor 7. Costs of SBR 8. Case studies 8.1 Quakers Hill STP 8.2 SBR for Nutrient Removal at Bathhurst Sewage Treatment Plant 8.3 St Marys Sewage Treatment plant 8.4 A Small Cheese-Making Dairy in France 8.5 A Full-scale Sequencing Batch Reactor System for Swine Wastewater Treatment, Lo and Liao (2007) 8.6 Sequencing Batch Reactor for Biological Treatment of Grey Water, Lamin et al. (2007) 8.7 SBR Processes in Wastewater Plants, Larrea et al (2007) 9. Conclusion GlossaryUNESCO – EOLSS Bibliography Biographical Sketches SAMPLE CHAPTERS Summary Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is a fill-and-draw activated sludge treatment system. Although the processes involved in SBR are identical to the conventional activated sludge process, SBR is compact and time oriented system, and all the processes are carried out sequentially in the same tank. -
Troubleshooting Activated Sludge Processes Introduction
Troubleshooting Activated Sludge Processes Introduction Excess Foam High Effluent Suspended Solids High Effluent Soluble BOD or Ammonia Low effluent pH Introduction Review of the literature shows that the activated sludge process has experienced operational problems since its inception. Although they did not experience settling problems with their activated sludge, Ardern and Lockett (Ardern and Lockett, 1914a) did note increased turbidity and reduced nitrification with reduced temperatures. By the early 1920s continuous-flow systems were having to deal with the scourge of activated sludge, bulking (Ardem and Lockett, 1914b, Martin 1927) and effluent suspended solids problems. Martin (1927) also describes effluent quality problems due to toxic and/or high-organic- strength industrial wastes. Oxygen demanding materials would bleedthrough the process. More recently, Jenkins, Richard and Daigger (1993) discussed severe foaming problems in activated sludge systems. Experience shows that controlling the activated sludge process is still difficult for many plants in the United States. However, improved process control can be obtained by systematically looking at the problems and their potential causes. Once the cause is defined, control actions can be initiated to eliminate the problem. Problems associated with the activated sludge process can usually be related to four conditions (Schuyler, 1995). Any of these can occur by themselves or with any of the other conditions. The first is foam. So much foam can accumulate that it becomes a safety problem by spilling out onto walkways. It becomes a regulatory problem as it spills from clarifier surfaces into the effluent. The second, high effluent suspended solids, can be caused by many things. It is the most common problem found in activated sludge systems.