A Layman's Guide to Audio-Visual Jargon

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AUTHOR Pandzik, Michael TITLE A Layman's Guide to Audio-Visual Jargon. PUB DATE 76 NOTE 32p.; Some parts of text may not reproduce clearly due to quality of original document AVAILABLE FROM Michael Pandzik, c/o The Multimedia Forum, 2450 Grand, Crown Center, Kansas City, Missouri 64141 ($4.00)

EDPS PRICE MP-$0.83 Plus Postage. HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Audiovisual Aids; Definitions; *Films; *Glossaries; *Lighting; Media Technology; *Slides; *Television; Television Lighting; Vocabulary

ABSTPACT This glossary was developed to provide the layman with a working vocabulary in the areas of film, television, lighting, and sound/slide presentations. Definitions are given for both technical terms and jargon words. (EMH)

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A Layman's Guide to Audio-Visual Jargon The Multimedia Forum jargon Crown Center. P 0 Box1435 Few vocations have the spread and depth of divisions of media. While Kansas City. Missouri 64141 as that of the audio-visual this glossary of terms is limited to film. television, 64141 and sound/slide presentations, it makes ref 816/274-8311 no pretense of completeness. Itis intended. rather, to serve as a guidea starting pointthrough the land of Broads. BazookaS. Butterflys, andBrutes. Many of the definitions have become"standards" in the industry. while a few terms havebeen included for their delightful obscurity (see "Iron Man"). Because the same words Sometimes haveentirely different meanings in different media. we have divided this compilation into primary categories. Should you fail to find the definition you seek in the most obvious group, you might findclues in one of the others. Failing that, you areprobably on your way to compiling a newglossary of audio- visual jargon.

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Film Lighting Sound/Slide Projection Television a anamorphic lens A lens designed to produce a wide screen image. angle of view The angle formed when two lines are plotted from the center of a lens to the two distant corners of the negative. aperture The lens opening that regulates the intensity of light reaching the film. ASA Refers to American Standard speed which is a system used for rating the speed or sensitivity of film emulsions to light. aspect ratioRefers to the Teti° of width to height of a projected motion picture image. screen, or TV display. b base The film base is the plastic material upon which the photographic emulsion is coated, or the foundation upon which magnetic particles are arranged on audio or video tape. brightness range Variation of light intensities from maximum to minimum. brillianceThe degree of intensity of a color or colors. c color temperature Color temperature refers to the color of a theoretically perfect source of radiant energy which emits light because of its very high temperature. The higher the temperature, the bluer the light; the lower the temperature, the redder the light. crab Abbreviation for crab dolly, a small portable wheeled camera support. cyan A blue-green (minus red) color. d definitionThe ability of an emulsion to record fine detail, or the ability of a lens to reproduce ,fine detail. Also called resolving power or resolution. depth of field The range of distance within which objects are in satisfactory sharp focus. depth of focus The range through which the image plane (the emulsion of the film) can be moved backward and forward with respect to the camera lens. This term is often confused with depth of field and vice versa.

5 dolly 'Any of the various triangular wheeled perforationsRegularly and accurately spaced supports for camera tripods or lighting stands. holes punched throughout the length of motion e exposure The product of time and intensity picture film. Perforations are engaged by the of illumination acting upon photographic teeth of various sprockets and pins by which the filrrf is moved and positioned as it travels material through cameras, processing machines, If.p.s.Frames per second or the number of pictures produced every second as the him printers, projectors, and other types of motion passes in front of the camera aperture. picture machinery. flatDenotes lack of contrast in a print pressure plate A plate in a camera, projector, or a negative. or optical printer which presses on the back focal lengthThe distance between the center of the film in order to keep the emulsion surface of a tens and the point at which the image in the focal plane of the lens. primary colors of a distant object comes into focus. In light, the primary colors are foot-candle The intensity of light falling red. blue, and green. In pigment, the primary colors on one square foot of surface placed onefoot are red, blue. and yellow. In both tight and pigment. away from a light source of one candlepower. white is the presence of all colors and black frame The individual picture on a strip of film. is the absence. f-stop A term denoting lens aperture. q quartz light A general term used to describe g gate The part in the camera mechanism that the tungsten-halogen lamp bulb. Halogen is the holds the film while each frame is exposed. name applied to the classification of elements gray scale A series of densities in definite such as iodine, chlorine, bromine, fluorine. steps from white to black. and astatine. A halogen gas. sealed in the larrip, reduces blackening and maintains I h halogenIodine, fluorine. chlorine, astatine, and bromine are known as halogens. A halogen correct color temperature of the lamp. r raw stockFilm which has not been exposed it combination forms the gas till in a tungsten- . or processed. I halogen lamp. hard A term used to describe excessive s secondary colorsColors formed by the contrast in prints or negatives. combination of two primary colors. Yellow, i incandescent Glowing with heat and emitting magenta, and cyan are secondary colors. light such as the tungsten filament shutter A mechanism for obscuring light from in an incandescent lamp. the film as it moves from one frame to the next. k kilowatt One thousand watts. Abbreviated single frame exposure A method of exposing motion picture film a single frame at a time. Often K or kW.' m magenta A reddish-blue (minus green) color. used to produce animation effect. p perambulator A wheeled, steerable platform slate The rectangular writing surface (usually which typically supports an extendable black chalkboard) on which notations of scene, microphone boom. date, film, take, director, etc., can be entered to tag the beginning of each take. Often combined with a hinged stick for synchronizing picture and sound, it is then sometimes known as a clap-stick. soft A term used to describe prints and negatives with low contrast.

6 spider A triangular strap metalsupport used position the iegs of a cameratripod slick sulaces. applies ttonein cinematography, this usually to the color of a photographicimage or. :ricor:ectly. to 3nydistinguishable shade of gray transmissionThe ratio of light passed through a:7anbiucent object to the light failing onit The tra0 ratio of a lens is normally Opriis.ied in percentage of light passed oy the lens. v vignetteBlurring the boundary portions of the frame and keeping theimage at the center of interest in sharp focus. z zoom lens A lenshaving a focal length that is continuously variablewithin a certain range. It can simulate the effect ofmoving the camera toward or away from its subject. b baby Jargon for 500-750 watt, six-inch Fresnel spotlight. Also known as an ace. back lightIllumination from behind the subject in a direction substantially parallel to a vertical plane with the optical axis of the camera. Enhances the illusion of three dimensions and provides separation of the subject from the background. barn-doorShutters or flaps, usually two or four, which are attached to the front of the luminaire in order to control the shape and spread of the light beam. base lightUniform, diffuse illumination, approaching a shadowless condition, sufficient for a TV picture of technical acceptability and which can be supplemented by other lighting. battenHorizontal pipe on which luminaires or scenery can be hung. bazookaFilm jargon for an arrangement of pipes and clamps which permit lighting fixtures to be suspended over the edge of an overhead catwalk. beam projector A luminaire using a parabolic reflector and clamp which produces a narrow, intense, and soft-edged beam of light. black body A theoretical body possessing the properties of a perfect radiator and which, therefore, at any given temperature radiates at all wavelengths the maximum amount of energy which any radiator could radiate at the same temperature. The color value of a light source is often quoted as its "color temperature." that is to say. the absolute temperature (in IC) at which a black body would emit radiation giving the same impression on the human eye as does the light source under consideration. boom An adjustable, tubular steel support apparatus used for positioning a microphone or lighting fixture over an area inaccessible by a traditional stand or tripod support. borderlightA row of lights mounted above the acting area. brut*Film jargon for a 225-Amp DC Arc Fresnel spotlight.

8 butterflyA tub,Iar frame ( usually rectangular) color media Any colored transparent material ,.,h,C.n is supported one or more layers that can be placed in front of an instrument to color of 'ice-71 material Tne butterfly is used over the the light These are often referred to as "gels- S.:t-,it t a he phr.ito:jraphed to control the (forgelatin). but glass and Plastic materials are also used. cameo A i,grir.nsituation in TV production when color temperatureRefers to the -warmness" or., 'r.e,3regr4t.ini.1 is illuminated The background or' coolness'. of color rendition of lights. The .s c ick and urTi-,jrited Also see limbo higher the color temperature tin degrees Kelvin). candlepower A term tnat is sometimes used the cooler (blue-white) the light appears ,;1:). ice ofintensity. to the eye. The overhead walk-way in a film catwalk cross lightEqual illumination in front of the or TV :stud:o which permits technicians easy .subject from two directions at substantially equal access to mounting and adjusting lighting fixtures opposite angles with the optical axis of the suspended from it camera and a horizontal plane. c-clamp A cast metal clamp. fitted with a screw- cyclorama A vertical surface which is used type binder and adapter. by means of wnich ft. to form the background for a theatrical-type a iighting fixture may be suspended from setting. Although it can be fabricated of a solid an overhead pipe grid. material, which is referred to as a hard cyc, usually century combination . A combination floor stand/ it is made of heavy cloth which is drawn taut in both support arm which allows precise placement the horizontal and vertical planes in order of the various materials used by film makers to achieve a smooth, flat surface. Gives the illusion to control ambient light. Types of materials used of great depth with no visible horizon line. include flags, cutters. scrims. black net. lavenders. cyclorama strip lightsA row of lights mounted and silks The century allows the control of various horizontally at the top or bottom of a cyclorama patterns. light density. low-key illumination, light to fight it in a smooth or uniform manner. Also cut-off. and diffusion effects for both indoor known as cyc and outdoor filming d diffuseA type of surface from which reflected/ chrome key A television special effect which transmitted light is distributed uniformly in all electronically uses a monochromatic color directions. When used in reference to light. background to key the insertion of another it indicates a soft light. background picture. Deep ultramarine blue dimmer A device used for controlling the amount commonly is used for the background when the of light radiated from a luminaire. Common types foreground involves people. This process are: resistance, auto-transformer. magnetic is analogous to the traveling-matte systems used amplifier, silicon controlled rectifier or semi- in motion picture photography. conductOOtiy-ratron, and iris type dimmers. cluster Any of the various sheetrYtKai enclosure e ellipsoidal spotlight A luminaire embodying lighting fixtures utilizing a group of (usually six) a lamp, a reflector, a framing device, and a single bare lamps and sockets. Normally hung by cable or compound lens system. together with provisions for toplighting of film sets. for accommodating a pattern holder and patterns. color frame A metal frame used to support Produces a hard-edged beam of light with colored. transparent material at the front a smooth, flat field. of a luminaire.

9 instrument A name applied to theatrical type eye lightIllumination on a person to produce luminaires: reflection from the eyes land teeth) iris An arrangement of thin plates that form without adding a significant increase in light an opaque area with a circular opening in the to tne Subject center. The size of the circular opening ffader A term applied to master dimmers is adjustable. As an example of its application, control Ing many dimming circuits. an iris diaphragm commonly is used in follow till lightSupplementer/ illumination to reduce spots to vary the size of the beam. Also known " i;nadow or contrast range. as iris diaphragm. fixtureA name applied to luminaires, j juniorJargon for 1000-2000 watt, eight-inch foot-candle A unit of illumination. One foot- Fresnel spotlight. Also known as a deuce. candle equals one lumen per square foot. Formerly k KelvinThis is the unit of temperature used the amount of light produced by one candle falling to designate the color temperature of a light on one square foot of surface positioned one source. foot away. key light The apparent principal source Fresnel lens A spotlight lens with stepped risers of directional illumination falling upon a subject on its convex side. Produces a soft-edge beam or area. of light. Also see Fresnel spotlight. kicker A side or back light often near lens Fresnel spotlight A luminaire embodying a lamp height; used to rim faces and profile shots. Fresnel and a Fresnel lens with a reflector. which has a soft spotlights usually perform this function. beam edge. The field and beam angles Ilighting control consoleThe assembly, usually can be varied by changing the spacing between a desk-type housing, used to contain the controls the lamp and the lens. required for adjusting the production lighting, such g gator gripA sheet metal. spring-loaded "giant as dimmer, non-dim, and other control functions. clothespin" which has a mounting spud for lighting gridA fixed structure of either aluminum a lighting fixture. The gator grip allows a lighting or steel members, such as pipe, which is located fixture to be quickly attached to doors, ladder above the studio floor for the purpose rungs, desk tops, etc. of supporting luminaires and required electrical gelSee color:media. outlets. Alternate-term for lamp, envelope, or tube globe limbo A black background having no detectable (light bulb). detail. h hard lightA light that produces hard or sharply low-key lighting A type of lighting which results defined shadows. in a picture with gradations from middle gray high-key lightingA type of lighting which r sults to black and comparatively limited areas of light in a picture with gradation falling primarily grays and whites. between gray and white; dark grays and black lumen A unit of light intensity. are present, but in very limited areas. luminaire A complete lighting unit consisting iinkyJargon for 100-250 watt, three-inch Fre el of a lamp or lamps together with the parts designed spotlight. Also known as inky - dinky, midget. to distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps, and to connect the lamps to the power supply. Alternate terms: fixture, instrument.

10 luminance A measure of the light (flux) per unit area leaving a surface in a particular direction. seniorJargon for 5000 watt 12" Fresnel spotlight. set-light The unit is the footlambert. This quantity was Separate illumination of background or set other than that provided for principal formerly known as brightness. . m modeling-lightIllumination on the subject from subjects or areas. side back-light a direction opposite to that of the key-light. Fresnel Illumination from behind, Spotlights are typically used for this purpose. the subject in a direction not parallel to a vertical Also known as counter-key. plane with the optical axis of the camera. silk n non-dim circuitA circuit supplying electrical One type of scrim; a sheer, translucent power to a luminaire by means of a switch fabric material used in various manners in film- or a relay in order to permit an on/off function making for the control of ambient light. sled rather than a dimming function. Film jargon for a tubular steel frame with p pantograph A hanger assembly having a scissor- a mounting spud (socket) which can be hung down type mechanical action which permits variable the surface of a wall to allow a lighting fixture height adjustment and which is counter-balanced to be positioned against a vertical set wall or any with tension springs and friction devices. Typically vertical surface. Also known as wall sled. soft-light used for suspending lighting fixtures A well-diffused light source which or TV monitors. produces soft or poorly defined shadows. Usually patch panel A plug and jack assembly which used for fill lighting purposes. specular permits studio outlets to be temporarily connected Description of a or-likesurface. to various dimmer and non-dim output circuits. The reflector in a lighting fixtthas a specular s scoop A luminaire consisting of only a lamp surface. When used to describe a light. it implies a hard light. and bowl-shaped reflector; generally. the reflector spud has a brushed aluminum finish and is typically Refers.to a device which adapts a lighting fourteen to eighteen inches in diameter. Also fixture to an attachment device such asa C-clamp. known as floodlight. striplight A luminaire with a number of lamps scrim A flag made of translucent materiatluch arranged in a line. Often, each lamp is in an individual compartment. There may as gauze or glass fabric, and used to diffuse or soften light. The term is also applied be a reflector behind the lamp and /ora colon to gauze-like theatrical curtains. When properly media in front of the lamp. Striplights are normally wired in three or four circuits. lighted from the front. this curtain can appear t tener opaque. When lighted from behind, the scrim Jargon for 10,000 watt, sixteen-inch Fresnel spotlight. becomes transparent. trapezeFilm jargon for a tubular steel device S.E.D.Abbreviation for spectral energy distribution. or the relative amounts of energy which supports two lighting fixtures from at different wavelengths emitted by a radiator extensions; the trapeze is then hung by a rope or cable from a position over the set. at a given temperature. trombone Film jargon for a tubular steel clamping device which, when hooked over the top ofa set piece, allows positioning one or more lighting fixtures attached to it. tungsten-halogen A type of lampdesign incorporating a tungsten filamentsuspended to a q:ass envelope witha gas fill including one of the nalogen gases (bromine.iodine. etc.) As the filament heats. the tungstenatoms set free are chemically combined with the halogenparticles and are re-deposited on the filament.This produces a lamp of extremely longlife and stable coo(' temperature. since blackening typical of incandescent lamps doesnot occur. u unit A term applied to theatrical-typeluminaires. baically (argon for a lighting fixture.Alternate term is instrument. w wavelength The distance betweencorresponding points kitt.vo consecutive waves. work lightsA general lighting system permanently installed in a studioor stage production area which provides sufficient diummation for moving scenery andgeneral work when the production lightingsystem is not in use.

12 a ac Abbreviation for alternating current. A handy formula for figuring the wattage drawn by an electrical device when the voltageand 4 amperage is known is the "West Virginia Formula," W = VA. Common household current is115 volts ac. .altA function button present on some A/V programming devices allowing a change inthe active status from one projector to another. Abbreviation for alternate. ambient light The existing level of illumination in any given environment. analysis The capability tomove the film through the projector at varying speeds so the viewer can "analyze" the action or the details ofthe nt image. See also stop motion, and freezeframing in other sections. animation When applied to slide presentations, refers to a series of two or more still-pictures which give an illusion of movementwhen used in sequence. Often employedas a novelty effect to inject a bit of humor into a presentation. aperture width, aperture heightThe actual frame dimensions of a particular format as it is mounted and projected in a slideor movie projector. Some common formats havethe following dimensions: Aperture Aperture Format Width Height Super 8 mm .211 inches .158 inches 16 mm Motion Picture .380 inches .284 inches 2" x 35 mm Slide 1.346 inches .902 inches 2" x 2" Instamatic 1.043 inches1.043 inches arc lamp One of the four general types of projection lamp configurations. Modernarc systems are typically about four times brighter than traditional incandescent lamps of thesame wattage. Ideal for larger audiences or where ambient light conditions are quite high.See also xenon, incandescent, and tungsten-halogen. aspect ratioThe ratioof image width to image color-patchSubstituting a color media gel for he grit The aspect ratioof some common formats the black-out slide for fade-in and fade-out are as follows effects. Combinations of color-patches and textures are sometimes used for extended periods Format Aspect Ratio (W/H inches) when slides are not required. Si..per 8 Motion Picture1 33 cut An instantaneous change from one scene 16 mm Motion Picture -I 33 to another without a transition. It is used to move 2' x 2 35 mm Slide 1.49 rapidly from one visual idea to another. Relevant Formulas: d dissolve A scene change in which the out- Image Width = Image Height x Aspect Ratio going and incoming visual images overlap. Image Width or blend together for a discernable period of time Image Height as one scene fades out and the other fades Aspect Ratio in. The lap dissolve provides an even flow to slide Audio/ Visual Equipment DirectoryThe annual visual materials in a manner previously obtainable publication of the National Audio-Visual only through-the medium of motion pictures. Association which categorizes and presents most Duration of effect categorizes the slow, medium, of the -professional- A/V equipment currently or fast lap dissolve. Also known as lap dissolve. available. e exciter lamp The small lamp which projects its automatic advance A/V projectors that utilize illumination through the optical sound track inaudible pulses on the record/tape to cal: up the on 16 mm film. The varying light patterns are next visual automatically, instead of the familiar "read" by the projector sound head and converted audible bell or beep required by manual systems. to electronic signals fed to an audio amplifier. A/VAbbreviation for audio-visual (literally, exotic effectsBroad term applied to fade-in, sound-sight). Refers generically to slide-and- fade-out. pan-in, pan-out, zoom-in, zoom-out, sound presentations, although the proper pop-on, pop-off, multiple disclosures, definition would include any media combination superimpositions, animation, and similar effects utilizing both sight and sound in its presentation, in A/V presentations. b beaded One of the four general types of front f fade-in projection screens. Has good brightness and A gradual fade from a dark screen to the first visual image. high light return, but beads rub off, the thickness fade-out A fade from the final visual image of the beads makes the image slightly off-focus, to a dark screen. and this type has a narrower viewing angle than fade-out & fade-in A combination move, fading matte white. See also matte white, lenticular, and super bright. to and from a dark screen between visual images. Fast-FoldTrade name, but generally used beat effectsSynchronizing visual action to the to denote a projection screen that folds into rhythm of the accompanying music in a slide a carrying case for portability. presentation. flash c cassetteIn A/V slide presentations. generally The technique of "blinking" a slide on and off of an otherwise dark screen. Primarily used refers to the audio tape format in self-contained to add emphasis to a visual. two-reel form, with a tape speed of Re per second. cold splicer A precision mechanical device used to splice motion picture film scenes together. Utilizes a binder or cement after a small portion orthe emulsion surface has been scraped away.

14 focal length, determination of k keystoning The distortion of a projected image, Whereas: F = Focal Length of Lens in Inches caused by an indirect angle of the projector D = Projection Distance in Feet in relation to the screen. Cured by using a keystone A =Aperture Width in Inches eliminator, a little arm which juts forward from W = Image Width in Feet the top of the standard supporting the screen. DxA F x W DxA At the end of this arm is a hook, attached to the top Then F = D W - --- W A of the screen which tilts the screen forward (Note: For very long lenses or very short throws, so the image doesn't keystone. other formulas are needed.) I lamp lifeThe quantitative number given to help focus effectManipulating the focusing controls anticipate the number of hours of useful life one of two slide projectors so that the incoming slide may expect of a particular projection lamp. This projector is brought out of focus during a lap number is derived from the testing of many lamps. dissolve. Then, during the dissolve, the incoming and denotes the average point at which half of the slide may be brought into focus. lamps in the test will already have failed. front screen projectionUtilizes an image It is no assurance by any means that all lamps of any projected on the forward surface of a light- given type will automatically deliver the lamp life reflecting screen from a projector within figure. or behind the audience area. lapAlternate term for dissolve. g gaffer's tapeNormally refers to the 2" wide leader White or colored plastic tape' wide, aluminized fabric tape which has many uses often spliced into a magnetic 1/4" soundtrack to aid in anchoring cables to the floor, etc. Also known in cueing tapes or to provide "holes" where as duct tape and racer's tape. no audio signals will be fed to the sound/speaker h hot splicerAn electrically-heated precision device system. used to splice motion picture film scenes together lenticular One of the four general types of front utilizing a binder orcement after a small portion projection screens. Has good brightness and of the emulsion has been scraped away. returns light with sharpness equal to beaded hotspotsSplashes of brilliance on the screen screen, also rejects ambient light. Has some usually in the center. problem with light "fall -off" for audiences on side i IA/VAAbbreviation for the Industrial Audio-Visual angles from screen. See also matte white, beaded. Association, and super bright. incandescent lamp One of the four general types m matte white One of the four general types of front of projection lamp configurations. Incandescent projection screens. Is the most accurate in terms lamps have nearly been replaced by the use of rendering image sharpness and color, but has of tungsten"- halogen lamps because of the lower a comparatively low light return factor. See also cost per hour and longer life of T-H lamps. beaded, lenticular. and super bright. The "warmest" type with reference to color mix rendition. See also tungsten-halogen, arc, 1) The repetitive. alternating projection of two and xenon. different slides on the screen. Used primarily to add emphasis to a visual. Sometimes a mix is used to make comparisons between two slides. 2) Abbreviation for media mix in the utilization of more than one media.

15 measurement (usually multiple disclosuresComes from the overhead projection distance The projector to the screen. Exact pro;-,:ution medium, andrefers to a transparency in feet) from the the focal plane (where filch is partially maskedwhen first projected dimensions are taken from steps, positioned) to the front surface and is subsequentlyrevealed in a series of the film or slide is synchronized with theaccompanying narration. of the projection screen. four-channel, etc.)A four- Often used instead of pop-on. q quad (four-track. Abbreviation for the NationalAudio-Visual channel audio tape recorderor recording system. n NAVA presentations. the generallyaccepted Association. An audio-visualmanufacturers' and For AIV slide left and right stereo dealer" association.Address. 3150 Spring Street, convention is to put the soundtrack on the two"rear" tracks (2 & 4), mixing Fairfax. Virginia 22030. left" track (1), noise Any unwantedsignal. a mono soundtrackon the -front on the "frontright" o overhead projector-Places an image on a screen and the programming cues tape will then be compatible by passing light through atransparent acetate. track (3). This 4-track projector. stereo playback tapemachine, or other cell, whichlies on the face of the on a conventional puts the soundtrack OP's commonly have a10" x 10" projection surface since accepted convention with channel, and cues on the"right" (the stage), butfrequently use transparencies on the "left" usually only in the horizontal a 7.5" x 9.5" opening channel (1 8 3). With reference to slide position. r random access through use of a series to the automatic P pan -inThe effect obtained projectors, this term refers sequence that simulates selection of visuals forprojection in any sequence of slides dissolving in placement order in the slide moving the camera from along shot to a close-up desired, regardless of generally involves tray. in a single scene. A pan . three to five slides. rear screen projectionUtilizes an image a sequence of surface of a semi-translucent pan-out The effectobtained through use projected on the back between the viewer andthe of a series of slidesdissolving in sequence that screen placed from a clOse-up projector. Mirrors intowhich the projector simulates moving the camera normal single scene. A pan generally is aimed, and whichreverse the image for to a long shot in a are a typical involves a sequence ofthree to five slides. viewing in front of the screen, pop-off A series of two ormore slides which component of rear screensystems. Refers to the precise progressively delete originalartwork in one or more registration (of images) that nearly duplicate stepS. The effect may be cutout, or dissolved out alignment of visual images

rapidly or slowly. See pop-on. each other in content. . . Used to back up the pop-on A series oftwo or more slideswhich reverse lap dissolve slide in the sequence progressively add additional copyor art to the presentation to the previous of review original visual material.The effect may be cut when it is required for purposes or slowly. Seepop-off. or to make acomparison. in, or dissolved in rapidly projection, rear screen programming equipmentRefers to the broad s screensSee front screen beaded, matte white,and category of solid-state orelectro-mechanical projection, super bright, devices that allow program cuesto be fixed in their lenticular. proper sequence.Systems normally use reading 1'4" magnetic tape orpunched paper tape devices.

16 screen distance The distance between the tricolor effectsCombining the sequential projection screen and the front row of the dissolving of two or more color-patches so that audience To.avoid eye fatigue and discomfort, "third" colors are produced at the midway point tne nearest viewer should be two screen widths of the dissolve. Very effective (with careful planning) away from the proiection screen when used with title slides in conjunction with setup A function button present on some A/V pop-on and pop-off copy. programming devices allowing the lamps of all tungsten-halogen lamp One of the four general projectors used to simultaneously light so that types of projection lamp configurations. T-H lamps accurate screen registration of all images hold their color temperature throughout their life. may be achieved. Color rendition is "cooler" than Incandescent, x a' slidesRefers to the three general film but "warmer" in tone than either arc or xenon formats available for mounting in the popular systems. Longer lamp site can be expected over x2 slides. incandescent lamps of the same wattage. See also arc. xenon, and incandescent. Form at Mounted Size of Image u UL Abbreviation for Underwriter's Laboratories, 135 (35 mm film) 22.9 mm x 34.2 mm a national testing and evaluating organization. 126 (lcstamatic) 26 5 mm x 26.5 mm v Visualmaker ® A registered trademark device Super-Slide 38 mm x38 mm manufactured by Eastman Kodak Co. referring sparesLoosely refers to the back-up equipment to a self-contained copy stand lnstamatic Camera and accessories which the A/V professional useful for making slides from original artwork, normally carries with him. The most basic of these graphics, books, etc.. at low cost. are extra lamps, extra fuses, additional electrical x xenon lamp One of the four general types extension cords, and three-prong adaptor plugs. of projection lamp configurations. Modern xenon stage The glass-face writing surface systems are many times brighter than traditional of an overhead projector. incandescent lamps of the same wattage. Whites Abbreviation for superimposition. super are very clean and very "cool" in rendition. Ideal super bright One of the four general types of front for larger audiences or where ambient light proiection screens. Is the brightest type, and can intensity is high. See also arc, incandescent, even be used in some outdoor daylight conditions. and tungsten-halogen. Has the narrowest viewing angle of all, and viewing z zoom-in The effect obtained through use clarity from the sides falls off sharply. See also of a rapid series of slides dissolving in sequence beaded. matte white. and lenticular. that simulates moving the camera quickly from Refers to the technique superimpositions a long shot to a close-up in a singlescene. A zoom of superimposing two visual images on a screen usually consists of only two slides, a long shot at the same time. Most commonly used when and a close-up. See pan-in. mixing artwork and scenic slides with title zoom-out The effect obtained through use or copy slides. of a rapid series of slides dissolving in sequence t time lapsesRefers to the technique that simulates moving the camera quickly from of compressing an action or movement of extremely a close-up to a long shot in a single scene. A zoom long duration into a fraction of the original lapse usually consists of only two slides, a song shot of time. Used to make readily discernible action and a close-up. See pan-out. or movement whiCh otherwise would be too slow to observe.

17 a academy leaderPiece of film with special markings (numbers ranging from eleven tothree and cross-marks) used for cueing up andfocusing the attached film in the projector and for image S alignment. AD Abbreviation for assistant directoror associate director. ADA Abbreviation for audio distribution amplifier. ad libImpromptu action or speech not provided for in the script (literally, "at liberty"). amplifierApparatus capable of producing a magnified version of an input signal without undue distortion of its basic form. ann. or anncr.Abbreviation for announcer. arcSlightly curved dolly-in or out. See dolly. aspect ratioThe ratio of height to width of a television picture, which is 3:4. 4 attenuatorElectrical network used to deliberately reduce the input signal to a piece of electronic equipment. automatic gain controlA circuit capable of automatically increasing or decreasing the amount of amplification of an incoming signal so that the output level remains constant despite fluctuations in incoming signal strength. Abbreviated AGC. b back-timingTiming of a program from the end of the program to the beginning. Bach- tithing helps the director and talent to pace the show properly and finish it at the scheduled time. balance A pleasing picture composition a satisfying distribution of objects within the television frame. Salop 1) Balopticon, a television opaque projector. (Now obsolete.) 2) Opaque or transparent slide used in the Salop e® machine.

18 banding A visible difference in the reproduced c cable A series of conductors insulated from characteristics in that portion of a picture each other and arranged in a variety of patterns associated with one head channel when compared to perform the transmission,.control, audio, and with adjacent areas associated with other head criannels. In quadruplex recorders these power-supply systems. Single conductor coaxial cable is designed to pass a wide range d,fferences occur in horizontal bands of sixteen of frequencies. to seventeen scanning lines when reproducing camera a 525/60 signal. In television, a unit that contains an optical system and a light-sensitive pick -up tube barn doorsMetal flaps mounted in front that converts a visual image into electronic of a spotlight to control the spread of the light impulses. beam. camera cards BOA Abbreviation for burst distribution amplifier. Cards, usually 11"x 14", containing beep A brief audio signal placed on the sound information and/or illustrations to be included in a TV program. track of videotape as a cue for editing purposes. BG Background; an audio term, ''music to BG" camera chain The television camera, its cables, video controls, and power supply. means to fade the music and/or hold under camera left and right as a background effect. Directions given from thq camera's point of view. Opposite to stage left blanking A process of cutting off the beam of the and right, which are directions given from the picture tube while it is returning to begin a new actors' point of view (facing the audience scanning line. Horizontal blanking is that period or camera). when the beam is cut off or turned down between cap; lens cap A rubber or metal cap placed scanning lines, Vertical blanking is that period in front of the lens to prevent light or dust from when the beam is cut off or turned down between fields. hitting the lens. Some cameras are designed with electronic capping circuits. blockingWorking out the physical movement of performers and all mobile television equipment. capstan The driven spindle in a tape machine, book sometimes the motor shaft itself, which rotates in contact with the tape and meters the tape 1) TV scenery referring to a twofold flat. across the tape transport. 21 To decrease the angle of an open twofold. cartridge boom up or down See pedestal. Generally represents one reel. Typically break-up Image distortion. used as a distribution rather than a production format. See cassette. broads A square-shaped floodlightgenerally cassette used in the motion picture industry and television A pre-packaged self-enclosed tape industries. format; generally designates two-reel module. Typically used as a distribution rather than burn-inImage retention of the camera tube; a production format, See cartridge. if a camera is focused too long on an object with CCU Abbreviation for camera control unit. strong contrast, the picture tube retains a negative channel image of this object, although another object In television, the spectrum space, is being photographed. usually six Megahertz wide, used for the transmission of associated video and audio signals. bus Rows of buttons on a switching panel. cheatVarying the positions of actors to achieve busy A cluttered picture on the television screen. a better TV picture. Two people may not actually buy A term used in video production to mean be facing each other, but may "cheat" a little acceptance of a scene take. to face more towards the camera for a better effect.

19 control trackThe area on a video tape containing chrome controlControl for adjusting color a recording used by a servomechanism primarily saturation (amount of white) in reproduced video to control the speed of the tape passing over picture.. the video head. chrome key Same as key insert except that keying conversionProcedure where video tape of one signal is derived from one color If the color camera vidtn is transferred to tape of another width, is keyed to a particular color. it can refuse" usually to facilitate editing or program distribution. to transmit the color. Thus. an electronic hole cookieSee cucalorus. is created in the image. Usually the color key copyAll material to be read on the air. is blue since there are virtually no blues in skin count down The marked time (usually ten tones. Often used in newscasts to place the seconds) built into a tape or film immediately reporter in front of a picture or film of the story. preceding its starting point. It is a cue to the station cinchingFolded or buckled tape caused technician to assure that the production will appear by sudden stoppage of the reels. exactly on time and from its beginning. See clogged head A build-up of oxide on the video academy leader. recorder head that causes noise, breakup. or loss cover shot Wide angle shot giving basic of picture orientation of place and action. Covers a great area. coax One cable concentrically shielded Often one camera in a multiple-camera production by another cable; short for coaxial cable. Coax will be reserved for the cover, or safety. shot. This is used to carry television signals. practice is widely used in fast moving location color programs such as rodeos, ski racing, and other 1) Atmosphere;' -color shots" are intended sports events. to acquaint the television audience with crawlGraphics (usually credit copy) that move the atmosphere of the happening. Color shots slowly up the screen; usually mounted on a drum, of pretty girls (at football games. for example) which can also be called a "crawl." Now the crawl are known as -honey shots!" effect is often achieved by using an electronic 2) Color television. character generator. composite video signal The complete video creditsList of names of persons (usually signal consisting of the picture signal and the displayed at the conclusion) who participated blanking and synchronizing signals. When properly in the creation and performance of a program. adjusted. the composite video signal should consist crop The camera framing of a picture which of 0.7 volts picture and 0.3 volts sync. excludes part of the subject. contrast The difference of intensity between crossfade A transition utilizing rapid fade tne light and the dark areas of a picture. High to black, then fade into the next scene (symbolized contrast refers to pictures having deep blacks X). Sometimes a selected color, rather than black and brilliant whites with little differences between is used in the interval. the gray tones. Low contrast pictures are crosstalk The penetration of signal transmission predominately gray with little black and white areas. from one channel to another and the resulting Pictures with normal contrast have good rendition confusion of messages. of black. white, and all tones of gray between them. cucalorusAlso referred to as "cookie." Shadow pattern projected on a scenic background by means of a special cut-out placed in front of a strong spotlight.

20 cue A signal by sight or sound tod,rect the start dolly 1)To move the entire camera assembly toward music narration. or action. of or away from the subject beingtelevised. A card p'aced off camera so that the cue card Dolly-in means to move the camera toward the can read his lines or cues. Also known set, dolly-out means to move the camera away as la.ot cards Certain portions of a program that can from the set. This movement provides the effect cushion that the camera is moving in or out, asopposed be eliminated. if necessary. to insure theshow to a zoom that provides the effect that thesubject en-Ji on time Pogo known as a pad. is moving in or out. cut 2) The mobile mounting for a television camera. 1 j instantaneous switch from one camera double system soundPicture and sound portion to the other are photographed on separate filmsand later Dire.ctor s signal to interrupt action (used during combined on one film through printing. rehearsal or a videotaping session). relative loudness down-and-under Instructions given to a musician d decibel A unit for measuring the (or sound-effects man) to lower volume andallow of sounds. Equal to the smallestdegree detectable for speech to be heard; the opposite is up-and-over, of difference of loudness ordinarily ends. includes where music volume is increased as speech by the human ear, whose average range downstage Toward the stage apron or the camera. about 130 decibels on a scale beginning with one dress for the faintest audible sound dead Equipment not turned on or notfunctioning, 1) What people wear on camera, 2) Dress rehearsal; Final camera rehearsal. such as a "dead mike' or a dead camera." The term used in photography, 3) Set dressing: Necessary set properties. depth of field 4)To neatly arrange cables laying on the floor. television, etc . referring to the area between Large, painted piece of canvas used for the point closest to the lens which is in focus drop to the point farthest from the camera whichis also backing. dropout A term applied to missing scanlines in focus. playback. Magnetic information put down of video information during video tape disc recording Missing lines are usually seen as one-line white on 3 video disc rather than tape. caused Parabolic reflector for microwave streaks in the picture. Dropouts are typically dish by physical damage to the video tape.Extreme transmitting or receiving unit. sometimescalled multiple series of dropouts are known as showers. dish-pan. Rehearsal without cameras and, usually, dissolve An overlapping fade-out of one picture dry run without any other electronic equipment. and the fade-in of another. Dissolves may be produced slowlyoropidly. dub a) TO make a copy of a recording byre-recording. b) A copy. dupe From the word duplicate, a film or atape which has been printed from an original, or sometimes a copy of an original.

21 dutchman fieldsEither of the two groups of scanning lines 1) A strip of canvas pasted over the hinges ofa flat to hide the seam. that make up the complete television frame 2) A strip of wood hinged into a threefold so that in a 2:1. interlaced system. In the United States, the flat can be properly folded. 262':2 lines make up one field every 1/60th e ECU or EXU Extreme close-up. of a second. fill electronic beam The electronic stream emitted Additional program material incase the show by tne electron gun in a cathode-ray tube or pick-up runs short. film chain tube. The beam control on a TV camera turns Film camera and associated this beam up or down in intensity. equipment, including film and/orslide projector(s), electronic editingIn video tape. a process mounted in place on a stationarypedestal along in which different picture and sound elements with a multiplexer. Also knownas a film island. film clip hive or pre-recorded) are edited together without Short piece of film usuallyrun within a live show. physically cutting the tape. film loop electronic focus The adjustment on a TV camera Piece of film with its ends splices which pinpoints the beam that scans the tube's together. This loop runs through theprojector faceplate. It is used as a final adjustment continuously and can be used forspecial effects to sharpen the picture. or for dubbing. flare eraseElectronically degaussing (wiping clean Dark flashes caused by light reflectionsfrom polished objects. of all pictures and sound) a tape. Removes all flat previously recorded signals so the tape can Referring to backdrop sections ontowhich be used again scenery is painted or otherwise supported.In the essential areaPicture area that shows on a theatre it is usually made of canvasstretched over television receiver. a wooden frame. For television, flatsare made establishing shotOrientation,shot, usually of hardboard, paper, plastic, styrofoam,and other a long shot. materials, depending on the needfor mobility. flip card exciter lampElectric lamp which provides Title cards of same size that can the beam of light which is subsequently modulated be changed by flipping one after the otheroff at audio frequency for producing the sound track an easel, Flip cards are typically 11"x 14'. Also on a motion picture film. known as camera cards. fly extender An auxiliary lens which. when placed Objects and scenery hanging from above. in the primary lens system of a television camera, hying-spot scanner Device for translating serves to increase the effective focal length the light variations over the surface ofa picture of the primary lens. Typical extender magnificationp into a train of electrical signals, as requiredfor are 1 5X, 2X. and 3X in power. When using television, by scanning the original picturewith an extender, the effective lens aperture is multiplied a small, but intensely bright, light spot. to the same power as the magnification of the focal focal length The distance from the diaphragm length. (or roughly the center of the lens) tothe film plane f fade A transitional effect. Fade out to black, or the faceplate of the camera tube when thelens is focused at infinity. or fade in from black to normal scene density. fax rehearsalRehearsal with cameras and associated equipment.

22 format Type of television script indicating h head the major programming steps; generally contains 1) The camera without lens. a fully scripted opening and closing. 2) The pan-tilt device on whicha camera is mounted. frame The complete television image containing head clogging The accumulation ofdebris (in the United States system) 525 lines or two on the head, the usual result of which isa loss interlaced fields. In the United States this frame of signal during playback, degradation,or failure frequency is thirty times per second. to record during the record mode. freeze frame To continuously reprint a single head room The space between thetop of the frame so that it appears the scene has stopped screen and the framed object. in motion. headset -The combination headphone- f-stop Calibration on lens indicating the microphone worn by productioncrews to tie into diaphragm opening, the larger the f-stop, the intercom (intercommunications)system. the smaller the iris opening; the smaller the f-stop, (Headsets are sometimes knownas "cans".) the larger the iris opening. Hertz Term for unit frequency(abbreviation Hz) g gainRatio of the output of an amplifier to its meaning one cycle per second. input, usually expressed in decibels. hotHot microphone or hot camera.Instruments gen lockLocking. the synchronizing generators are turned on. from two different origination sources, such hot spotUndesirable concentration of light inone as remote and studio; prevents rolling of picture spot. Especially noticeable in the middleof a rear during cuts. screen projection. ghost A shadowy or weak image in the received hue The attribute of color perceptionthat picture. offset either to the left or to the right determines whether it appears red, yellow,green, of the primary image the result of transmission blue, purple, etc. conditions which create secondary signals that lconoscope Old model television pickuptube; are received earlier or later than the main no longer in use, or primary signal. idiot cards Cue cards on whicha script is written Gigahertz A frequency of 10' (or one billion) for a performer. cycles per second. image orthicon One type of pick-uptube gobo A scenic foreground piece through which in a television camera,now obsolete. the camera can shoot, thus integrating foreground Abbreviated I/O. and background. in phaseSaid of two alternating currents go to blackPicture is gradually faded out; same or voltages which are not only of thesame as fade to black. frequency but reach their positive andnegative gray scaleIn a television system. a scale maximums at the same instant of time. of brightness values ranging from light gray insert to black. 1) A matted portion of a picture. green room Dressing room. 2) An additional shot added toa scene later. group shot Camera framing to include a group in sync When sound and pictureare synchronized of people. Also known as a wide shot. or matched perfectly; for example, whensomeone guard band That portion of a magnetic tape which mouths words and they are heard exactlyaccording exists between the bands of recorded signals to the lip movement (lip sync), and serves to separate and prevent one signal from interfering with another. intercomIntercommunication system among kill studio and control room personnel. 1) Colloquial expression for switchihg off studio in the can A term borrowed fromthe film industry lights or other equipment. to describe a scene or programwhich has been 2) Eliminate certain parts or actions. completed. Kilohertz A frequency of one thousand cycles interchangeabilityCompatibility of various tapes per second. (Formerly kilocycle.) with other tape machines of the sameformat. kine (pronounced "kinnie," from Kinescope) interlaceTelevision line-scanning in which the A film recording of a television picture, tape. image is alternately scanned intwo sets of lines or live program. Also referred to as a"transfer." in successive frames. Inpositive interlace, the lines Ilapel or lavaliere microphone Small microphone of the Second field fall exactlybetween the lines worn around the neck. of the first field. In randominterlace, the lines of the level second field, as well as the lines of thefirst field, 1) Audio: voice level (volume). vary with every field sprayedand fall at random. 2) Video: white and black picture level, measured interlockSynchronizing two or more sounds in volts. and/or picture sources together.Allows lip sync previewing a completed audio andvideo program 1)The recording of picture and sound before it is actually committed to itsfinal release simultaneously. form. 2)The recording of subject mouthing words iron man European term used todescribe to pre-recorded audio, such as a song. Also a TV camera which is somounted that it can referred to as "post-sync." be moved from its normal positionin the studio live When what the viewer sees is actually taking to other points for scanningstill pictures such place on television at the very same moment. as captionboarh, diagrams, etc. A production which is telecastsimultaneously Hack with its performance, versus videotaped orfilmed 1) Stage brace to hold up a flat. production which is prepared prior to telecast. 2) Microphone or earphonefemale connector. location A shooting site other than a studio, jeepedSlang term used to describe aTV receiver remote or removed from the studio. See remote. that has been modified to accept a75 ohm video lock or lock-down To tighten the pan and tilt input signal. adjustments on a camera head so that camera jitterThe TV picture appears tobounce up and will not "drift" when left unattended. down. logo A specific video and/or audio symbol k key insert Anelectronically-controlled matting characteristic of one particular show or sponsor. process in which key pictureinformation previously Also known as a signature. recorded can be inserted into a secondrecording loop A circuit with an "in" and "out" pathway, to produce a compositepicture. In a typical use, such as a video monitor with "Video In" and the keying signal triggers aswitch when the "Video Out" terminals which will pass along the brightness of one image exceeds acertain level. signal received. White letters can be positioned on asecond image, LS Long shot. Includes a large field of view. not by superimposition.but by switching out that Also wide shot. portion of the second imageduring scan.

24 montage m mask The frame mounted in front of a television 1) A composite picture made by combining several picture tube to limit the viewing area of the screen. separate pictures. master The original videotaped recording 2)The production of a rapid succession of images or filmed production of a finished program. to illustrate an association of ideas. master monitor A video monitor that shows only MS- Medium shot (between close-up and long the pictures that go out on the air. Also known shot). as the line monitor. multiplexerSystem of movable mirrors or prisms mattes, mattingInserting a picture from one that directs images from several projection sources source into that of another. As used in the film into one stationary film camera. industry, an area is masked during the filming n no-fax rehearsalRehearsal without cameras or printing and new picture information is then and associated equipment. inset into the previous matted area. A travelling nose room The space between the talent's nose matte masks several portions corresponding with and the side of the television frame when the constantly changing position of the subject he is being shot in profile. matter within those areas. NTSC National Television Standards Committee. MC An industry group responsible for standardization 1) Master of ceremonies. of American broadcast transmission and receiving 2) Master control. systems. Megahertz A frequency of one million cycles nanosecond One billionth of a second. per second. (Formerly Megacycle.) non-composite signalTelevision signal with microphone boom A pivoted arm from which video information but no sync information. is suspended a microphone, which can be swung o off-camera Performance or action that is not to any position in a television studio clear seen on camera, such as narration over film. of scenery, lights, cameras, actors, etc. on the nose microsecond One millionth of a second. 1) On time. mixing Combining audio or audio sources. 2) Correct. moire A wavy or satiny effect within a TV picture, open-reelRefers to audio or video tape formats Usually a product of unwanted frequencies. where the tape is wound on open reels rather than monitor A television set connected to a camera being enclosed in containers as are tape cartridges or switcher output which receives a video and cassettes. frequency signal by means of cable. A true monitor optical focus The visual focus of a lens onto does not incorporate channel selector components a focal plane. The lens on a television camera or audio components. has a focus ring which is marked off in feet monitor-receiver A TV set designed to accept or meters. This focus ring should be set to the both 75 ohm video inputs and equipped with mark corresponding to the distance from the a tuner and amplifier/speaker to demodulate camera to the subject. broadcast TV transmissions. Also known optical trackOptical sound track. Variations as video/RF monitor: of black and white photographed on the film and monochrome Describes the images reproduced converted into electrical impulses to make up the on a black and white television system.The picture audio portion of a sound-on-film motion picture. appears in black and white with graduations of gray.

25 oscilloscopeElectronic measuring device Origination of picture and sound displaying certain electronic patterns of time pickup by television cameras and microphones. duration and amplitude. Used in servicing and Sharpening of the lighting beam by pulling trouble-shooting many types of electronic pin the light bulb reflector assembly away from the equipment. iens. Also known as spotting. out-take The taped or filmed scenes which are Piumbicon cameraTelevision camera pick-up not used in the f'nal program tube of high sensitivity. p PAPublic address loudspeaker system porch When a television picture is represented paceOver-all speed of performance. on a waveform monitor. the blanking line appears paintingFine adjustment of the chrome (color) as "front and back porches" since the camera's tint in the television picture. electron gun remains blanked after the sync pulse pan To rotate the camera horizontally on the and begins blanking before the following sync . tripod or pedestal Pan left means to move the lens pulse. assembly to the left; pan right means to move previewViewing a performance. or a section the lens assembly to the right. of a performance, before it is released on the air. patch A plug-in connection between two lines. primary movement Movement in front of the pantographExpandable hanging device for camera. Also see secondary movement and tertiary lighting instruments. movement. PDA Abbreviation for pulse distribution amplifier. print-through The unintentional transfer pede:tal of a recorded signal from one layer of magnetic 1)To move the entire camera assembly up or down tape onto adjacent layers. in relation to the floor. The command for this process shot Photographing foreground objects movement is pedestal up or pedestal down. against a background projection. (An alternate command is boom up or boom propsProperties. Objects used for set down ) decorations or handled by actors or performers. 2)Tne white level of a television picture pulse Another term for impulse. It denotes a brief as it is displayed on a video waveform monitor. rise or fall of voltage or current. pedestal level The distance from the darkest pylonTriangular set piece, similar to a pillar. part of a television picture, as represented q quadruples recorder A video tape recorder with on a waveform monitor, to the blanking lines. a revolving head wheel assembly which contains Under proper conditions, the pedestal level should four record and playback heads over which tape take up about 7112% of the distance between zero is transported. The equally spaced heads take volts (the blanking line) and 0.7 volts (peak white). turns recording. Two-inch tape is used. Two periaktos A triangular piece of scenery that can additional heads record an audio track and be turned on a swivel base. a control track along the length of tape. This persistence of vision The phenomenon whereby method of recording provides a higher degree the eye retains an image for a short time (about of image resolution and color quality control than ',ith of a second) after the field of vision has that obtained with single recording heads actually disappeared. in helical scan equipment. perspective 1) All visual lines converging in one point. 2) Sound perspective: Far sound must go with far picture, close sound with close picture.

26 quick studyActor or performer who can run-throughRehearsal. See cover shot. accurately memorize complicated lines and s safety shot A single continuous line that btocking within a very short :tale. Especiarty scanning line 13 traced by the scanning of the narrow electron ,mportant for television talent. r racking beam inside a displayed TV picture tube. 1) Changing lenses on turret-type cameras. scoopTelevision floodlight. Alternate term for cut or stop-the-action. 2) Operating the focus knob on the camera. scrub it secondary movement Movement of the camera. tnereby racking the camera tube closer or farther Also see primary movement and tertiary movement. away from the stationary lens Also known segue The bridge between two audio passages as mechanical focus. wide focus or camera focus or video segments. semi-scripted show Type of television script radio frequency (RF)Part of the electromagnetic spectrum where bands of frequencies, or channels. indicating only the approximate dialogue and are allocated for radio or television use. action for a particular show. Adjusting the television picture contrast An electrical energy frequency capable of being Shading (controlling black and white levels). radiated into space. raster The illuminated area produced by the shotgun microphone Microphone designed for long-range pickup. Name derived from the tubular scanning lines on a television picture tube. "shotgun- form such microphones often take. rear screenTranslucent screen onto which single system Sound recording device frequently slides are projected from the rear and viewed from used for television news film; sound and picture the front. are simultaneously recorded on one film. reel signal-to-noise ratio The proportion between the 1) Film spool. magnitude (amplitude) of the received television 2) Film on spool. signal and that of the noise or interference resolutionThe ability of a television system generally accompanying it. Typically expressed to distinguish and reproduce fine detail in the in decibels (dB). subject picked up by the camera. silicon diode An extremely sensitive type retraceThe period during which the electron of television pick-up tube. Often used in cameras gun returns back to spray the next line (horizontal designed for very low light-level use. retrace) or the next field (vertical retrace) skewingZig-zag pattern on a TV picture screen on a TV screen. typical of improper head alignment. returnNarrow flat lashed to a wider flat slant trackAlternate term for helical scan video at approximately a 90- angle. tape recorder. reverse polarityThe process of adjusting slow motion, speeded motion, reverse motion a television camera to reproduce blacks as whites Fields previously recorded are presented in a new and whites as blacks. time frame or sequence. Usually a video disc riserSmall platform. recorder is involved rather than a video tape rollAn upward or downward movement of a television picture resulting from a lack recorder. smear A term used to describe a picture condition of vertical synchronization. in which objects appear to be extended RP Rear screen projection. running time Continuous time from the beginning horizontally beyond their normal boundaries in a blurred or smeared manner. to the end of a show.

27 superSuperimposition of one scene or copy Byer snow White spots in a television picture another. The two scenes exist with nearly equal indicating a level of internal noise that is high exposure. in relation to the strength of the received signal. supply reelA reel from which the tape Typically caused by a low signal-to-noise-ratio. is unwound during the record, reproduce, or fast - SOF Sound on film. forward. modes. solarizationA reversal effect. Electronically. sweep color is removed and image converted to a high 1) Curved piece of scenery. contrast or negative image. Unnatural color 2) Electronic scanning. of varying intensity is then added sweep reversalElectronic scanning reversal. spikeTape or chalk marks on the studio or stage Results in a mirror image (horizontal sweep floor to assist in positioning actors. scenery, reversal) or in an upside-down image (vertical or properties during a production. sweep reversal). split screenField is divided into a number switches' of areas horizontally, vertically, or both. Often used 1) Engineer who is doing the switching from in sports telecasting where. for example, camera to camera. a quarterback and his intended receiver are shown 2) A pan& with rows of buttons that allows simultaneously on a vertically split screen. switching from one camera to another. spot sync rollVertical rolling of a picture caused 1) Short commercial. by switching from remote to studio, thereby 2) Lighting instrument that produces a sharp beam momentarily losing synchronization. Also of light (contrary to floodlight). noticeable on a bad video tape edit. To enlarge the light beam by pushing the spread synchronization The process of keeping the light bulb reflector assembly toward the lens. electron beam of the television picture tube in step stock shotFilm or photographs of well-known with the scanning beam of the camera tube. landmarks. Also a collection of actions frequently t take used in film work such as a traffic shot, moving 1) Signal for a cut from one camera to the other. clouds, crowded streets. 2) Motion picture expression, now used stop motionFields are presented frame by frame. in television recording. Good take, the Freeze motion shows one frame only. successful completion of the recording of the storyboard A number of drawings and show or part of the show; bad take, unsuccessful accompanying text indicating the major points recording. of a proposed show. Especially useful in analyzing take-up reelA re& onto which the tape is wound the flow and continuity of a proposed commercial during the forward movement of the tape. or motion picture. talentCollective name for all television streakingA term used to describe a picture performers and actors. condition in which objects appear to be extended talkbackSpeaker system that connects the horizontally beyond their normal boundaries. control room with the studio. stretchSlow down. tally lightsSmall red lights on the camera, usually strikeRemove certain objects between scenes. visible to both talent and cameraman, which Remove scenery after the show. indicate when the camera is on the air. tape guidesRollers or posts used to position the tape correctly along its path on the tape transport. transfer characteristicThe TC of a camera is the The control on a camera which affects the target relationship between changes in the input level sensitivity of the faceplate of a television camera and changes in the output video level. tube. traveler A large curtain, similar to a theater TO Technical director; usually does the video curtain, which opens horizontally from the middle switching during a telecast. or from one side. tearing A term used to describe a picture Trinicon )4.) Anew type of television pick-up tube condition in which groups of horizontal lines are developed by the Sony Corporation which utilizes displaced in an irregular manner. a -one-gun" design. TelePromptert Brand name of a mechanical Trinitron ff A new type of television picture tube prompting device. Paper roll with copy is mounted display design developed by the Sony Corporation in front of the camera, easily visible to the talent. utilizing a -one-gun' principle. tempo Speed of individual show segments within truckTo move the entire camera assecay left the over-all show pace. or right relative to the direction the lens is pointing. terminatorPassive electrical device used The command for this movement is truck left to deliberately stop the output signal of some piece or truck right. of apparatus. Framing that includes two people tertiary movement Movement created two-shot or objects. by a sequence of shots from two or more cameras, u UHF Abbreviation for ultra high frequency. Also see primary movement and secondary Standardized interchangeable scenery. movement. unit set v VOA Abbreviation for video distribution amplifier. test pattern A printed card displaying a series vectorscope A special type of television of charts. graphs, wedges, and gray scales used monitoring device which electronically displays to determine a television system's resolution and the color phasing information present in a color to aid in picture alignment. television signal. tightenAlternate term for zoom-in. velocityRate of change of position expressed tiltTo move the camera lens up (tilt-up) or down in terms of the distance travelled in unit time, . (tilt-down) causing the camera body to tilt. e.g.. cm/sec. A velocity compensator is a device time base errorA term applied to picture which keeps the rate of movement of video tape instability in video tape playback. The three major passing across the heads at a constant: desired mechanical factors which affect time base stability speed. are drum velocity. tape velocity. and tape tension. VHF Abbreviation for very high frequency. titlesAny graphic material shown on camera. videoVisual portion of a TV Program. More specifically, studio title cards. video engineerPerson who controls the camera tone pictures before they are sent on the air; also called 1 j Strictly speaking, a sound having one definite the shader. frequency. The term is now often applied video frequency The frequency of a signal.which to a more compleX sound having a constant conveys picture information. It is the range fundamental frequency. obtained from scanning by a television tube. It does 2) A pure color hue with white or black added. not include provision for sound (audio) tongue A complex camera movement combining components. a dolly out and pedestal up (or the reverse) in one video gainThe control on a television camera sweeping motion. used to adjust the amplitude of a video signal. video tape recorder A device capable of recording both the audio and the video signals of a television production on a special magnetic tape which can be played back to reproduce the entire program. vidicon camera A TV camera of less sensitivity than a Plumbicon Adequate for most instructional closed-circuit requirements. viewfinderSrnall television set on top of the camera (or built-in) in which the cameraman can se,...tne picture he is photographing. VT Abbreviation for video tape. VTR Videotape recording, or video tape recorder. w walk-throughType of television rehearsal. usually preceding the camera rehearsal, where production and engineering crews and talent briefly walk through major actions. warm-upGetting the studio audience in the proper spirit, usually done by entertainers, musicians, or comedians. waveform monitorAbbreviated WFM. A special type of television monitoring device which electronically displays the video picture, except all aspects of color phase information. white-peak clipWhite-peak clip is a television camera control which stops the camera from accepting any signal stronger than a pre-selected level. wing itTo follow un-scripted or un-rehearsed action. wipe One screen is gradually replaced by another. Both scenes receive full exposure during the transition. Many stock wipes are generated by special effects generators. writing speed The velocity with which the continuous train of signal information is laid down on video tapes as it passes across the video heads. The new IVC 9000 Z' Helical Scanle VTR format, for example. has a tape speed of 8" per second, but a writing speed of 1,500" per second. x XCU Extreme close-up. Same as ECU.

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