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Bakalářská Diplomová Práce Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav klasických studií Bakalářská diplomová práce 2011 Petronela Bazakasová Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta 1 Ústav klasických studií Novořecký jazyk a literatura Petronela Bazakasová Karyotakis a jeho dílo Bakalářská diplomová práce Vedoucí Mgr. Nicole Votavová Sumelidisová 2011 2 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury ........................................................................................... 3 Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala vedoucí mé bakalářské diplomové práce Mgr. Nicole Votavové Sumelidisové za cenné rady a připomínky. Obsah: 1. Úvod..................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Život K.G. Karyotakise...................................................................................................... 8 1.1. Maria Polydouri........................................................................................................... 9 3. Tvorba................................................................................................................................... 14 3.1. Poezie............................................................................................................................. 17 3.1.1. Rané básně (νεανικά ποιήματα)...................................................................... 17 3.1.2. Soužení člověka a předmětů (Ο πόνος του ανθρώπου και των πραμάτων)............................................... 22 3.1.3. Utišující žal (Νηπενθῆ)...................................................................................... 29 3.1.4. Žalozpěvy a satiry (Ἐλεγε ῖ α κα ὶ Σάτιρες)...................................................... 36 3.1.5. Poslední básně (τα τελευταία ποιήματα)...................................................... 43 3.2. Próza............................................................................................................................. 46 4. Karyotakis a jeho vzory...................................................................................................... 50 4.1. Rozdíly mezi Karyotakisem a řeckými vzory.......................................................... 50 4.2. Rozdíly mezi Karyotakisem a cizími vzory.............................................................. 55 5. Kritika jeho děl.................................................................................................................... 58 6. Karyotakismus …................................................................................................................ 63 4 7. Závěr..................................................................................................................................... 67 8. Resumé (Περίληψη)........................................................................................................... 70 9. Seznam použité literatury.................................................................................................. 72 1. Úvod Za téma své diplomové práce jsem si zvolila tvorbu novořeckého spisovatele Kostase G. Karyotakise, charakteristickou svým úzkým propojením s autorovým životem. Jeho díla plná zoufalství a nespokojenosti byla zdrojem vášnivých diskuzí jako málokterá jiná. Hlavním cílem práce tak bude představit Karyotakisovu tvorbu, přiblížit způsob, jakým autor tvořil, a nejdůležitější osobnosti, jimiž se při své práci nechal inspirovat. Práci jsem rozdělila do několika částí. V úvodní kapitole se soustředím především na Karyotakisův život, jeho vývoj a způsob, jakým jej ovlivnilo onemocnění syfilidou. Pozornost věnuji také jeho postavení ve společnosti a postoji, který k ní zaujímal, stejně jako vztahu s mladou básnířkou Mariou Polydouri. V této souvislosti uvádím několik básní, v nichž Maria vykresluje svou platonickou, nikdy nenaplněnou lásku ke Karyotakisovi. Druhá kapitola se soustředí již přímo na Karyotakisovu tvorbu, a to zejména na jeho díla básnická. Kapitolu jsem rozdělila do pěti podkapitol s ohledem na tematické zaměření básní a motivy v nich převládající, což vždy dokládám příkladem. Okrajově se zde věnuji i dílům prozaickým, spadajícím z velké části do posledních let Karyotakisova života. Na autory, kteří Karyotakisovu tvorbu ovlivnili, se zaměřuje kapitola třetí, rozdělená podle původu autorů na část pojednávající o vzorech řeckých a část představující vzory zahraniční. 5 Závěrem uvádím některé z kritik a reakcí na Karyotakisovu tvorbu. Pro úplnost jsem do své práce, i když pouze okrajově, zahrnula představení myšlenkového směru karyotakismu, jenž vznikl po náhlé Karyotakisově smrti. V závislosti na použitých pramenech uvádím ukázky i citace buď v monotonickém, nebo polytonickém systému. V poznámkovém aparátu bych chtěla upozornit na totožný název dvou použitých pramenů: Karyotakis, K.G. Ποιήματα και πεζά, Athina 2009 Karyotakis, K.G. Ποιήματα καὶ πεζ ὰ , Athina 2004 Z tohoto důvodu uvádím vždy vedle těchto pramenů rok vydání. 2.. Život K. G. Karyotakise 6 Kostas Karyotakis či K. G. Karyotakis, jak se obvykle podepisoval, je typickým představitelem athénské školy novoromantismu a novosymbolismu, kam se řadí mnohé významné osobnosti řecké meziválečné poezie. Jeho verše působily tak intenzivně, že je považován za zakladatele nového myšlenkového směru - karyotakismu. Karyotakisovy verše vyjadřovaly mentalitu a postoj zatrpklé generace, která v největším rozletu mládí prožila ztrátu ideálů a hodnot Velké myšlenky. Mladí lidé se po jeho vzoru obraceli k nihilismu, prožívali pocit marnosti, toužili po smrti jako jediném východisku. Navzdory těmto skutečnostem byl Karyotakisův význam pro řeckou literaturu až do 70. let 20. století z ideologických důvodů nedoceněn. Řečtí idealisté stejně jako zástupci levicových hnutí mu vyčítali pesimismus a dekadentnost. Někteří spisovatelé (F. Skouras, A. Papadimas) jej považovali za neurotického a snažili se bagatelizovat výrazný vliv, který měl na mladší generaci. Dnešní literární kritika mu však přiznává významnou úlohu při formování moderní řecké poezie.1 Kostas Karyotakis se narodil 30. října 1896 jako druhé ze tří dětí stavebnímu inženýru Georgiosi Karyotakisovi, který pocházel z městečka Sykia v okolí Korintu, a Aikaterini Skagianni. V Tripolisu, v rodném městě svém i své matky, nikdy trvale nebydlel. Zaměstnání jeho otce bylo důvodem k neustálému stěhování rodiny. Gymnázium dokončil v krétské Chanii2. V 17 letech začal v Athénách studovat právnickou fakultu, kde koncem roku 1917 úspěšně složil státní zkoušku. Ze začátku se snažil samostatně podnikat jako právník. Pro nedostatek zakázek byl donucen požádat o zaměstnání ve státní správě a byl jmenován ministerským tajemníkem v Thessaloniki. Nastoupil vojenskou službu, ze které po pár měsících odešel, protože byl přijat ke studiu na filozofické fakultě. Krátkou dobu pracoval na okresním úřadě ostrova Syros, několik měsíců působil jako ředitel okresního úřadu v Artě. Podařilo se mu dosáhnout přeložení na okresní úřad oblasti Attiki do Athén3. Zde se seznámil s Mariou Polydouri, se kterou prožil nešťastný milostný vztah4. Po výpovědi z ministerstva vnitra byl přeložen na pozici referenta na ministerstvo sociální péče. Karyotakis hodně cestoval. Mimo jiné pobýval v roce 1924 měsíc v Německu, pár dní se také zdržel v Neapoli, Římě a Benátkách. Roku 1926 navštívil Rumunsko. Jeho předposledním působištěm 1 Více viz Stergiopoulos, K. Η ελληνική ποιήση, Athina 2000, s. 311. 2 Karyotakis měl v této době vztah s Annou Skordyli. Viz Savvidis, G. P. Σχεδίασμα χρονογραφίας. In Karyotakis, K.G. Άπαντα τα ευρισκόμενα Β΄, Αthina 1979, s. 260-261. 3 Stergiopoulos, K. Η ελληνική ποιήση, s. 311. 4 Více viz Zografou, L. Κώστας Καρυωτάκης Μαρία Πολυδούρη και η αρχή της αμφισβήτησης, Αthina 1996, Polydouri, M. Ημερολόγιο-Μόνο γιατί με αγάπησες, Athina 2004. 7 bylo peloponéské město Patra. Celou tuto dobu jej sužoval syfilis5. Po návratu z poslední cesty do Paříže v květnu 1928 byl přeložen do Prevezy6, kde si 21. července téhož roku vzal život7. 2. 1. Karyotakis a Polydouri Současnicí Kostase Karyotakise byla mladičká básnířka Maria Polydouri. Seznámili se v roce 1922 na okresním úřadě v oblasti Attiki. Jejich vztah byl plný zoufalé, nenaplněné lásky. Oba patřili k mladé básnické generaci, která v prvních desetiletích 20. století opustila tradiční linii, navazující na folklórní kořeny bezvýhradně oslavující „národ“, a začala čerpat z bohatství evropského myšlení. O šest let mladší Maria byla spontánní a plná života, Karyotakis byl pesimistou a melancholikem. I když každý jinak, oba byli vyděděnci své doby. Přecitlivělého Karyotakise, poznamenaného ztrátou ideálů a hodnot Velké myšlenky, zaujala žena, která celý život věřila v idylickou radost a spokojenost. Maria Polydouri si do svého deníku těsně před seznámením s Karyotakisem napsala, že netouží ani po sňatku, ani aby byla milována, jen touží věřit v člověka, který dá smysl jejímu životu.8 Po pouhých dvou měsících se svému deníku vyznává z lásky ke Karyotakisovi Είναι αυτό ίσως το πάθος που δεν εγνώρισα.9 Možná toto je ta vášeň, kterou jsem nepoznala. Když se Karyotakis Marii svěřil se svou první pubertální láskou, kterou měl stále ve své mysli, hluboce to Mariu zasáhlo. Karyotakis se poté rozhodl Marii dále nevídat. Ta jej ve své platonické zamilovanosti dopisem požádala o ruku. Karyokatis nechtěl lhát a tvrdit, že ji nemiluje, proto odhalil Marii pravdu o své pohlavní nemoci. Maria mu však neuvěřila. Cítila se ponížena. Hrdost ji bránila dát najevo zklamání
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