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Rebellion Under the Palm Trees: Memory, Agrarian Reform and Labor in the Aguã¡N, Honduras

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Rebellion Under the Palm Trees: Memory, Agrarian Reform and Labor in the Aguã¡N, Honduras City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 5-2015 Rebellion under the Palm Trees: Memory, Agrarian Reform and Labor in the Aguán, Honduras Andres Leon Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1019 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Rebellion under the Palm Trees: Memory, Agrarian Reform and Labor in the Aguán, Honduras by Andrés León City University of New York, Graduate Center A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2015 © 2015 Andrés León All Rights Reserved ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Professor Marc Edelman Date Chair of Examining Committee Professor Gerald Creed Date Executive Officer Professor Kate Crehan Professor Katherine Verdery Supervisory Committee Professor Michael Watts Outside Reader The City University of New York iii Abstract Rebellion under the Palm Trees: Memory, Agrarian Reform and Labor in the Aguán, Honduras by Andrés León Advisor: Marc Edelman On December 9, 2009, the Unified Peasant Movement of the Aguán (Movimiento Unificado Campesino del Aguán; MUCA) occupied over 20,000 hectares of oil palm covered lands in the Aguán region in the Honduran northern coast. This was the latest, and probably most dramatic, chapter in the region´s tumultuous recent history. This dissertation explores this history and the process of creation of the Aguán region from the perspective of a set of impoverished peasant families that migrated from different parts of Honduras towards the Aguán from the 1970s onwards, in search of a better present and future. It asks about the processes by which the region went from supposed “empty” space in the 1960s, to centerpiece of the Honduran agrarian reform in the 1970s and 1980s and the principal location of the country’s palm oil industry in the 2000s and site of one of the most intense agrarian conflicts in Latin America at the same time. I argue that by analyzing at the particular history of the palm oil industry in the region, we are able to look at the ways in which agrarian structure and political power come together. Four are the main threads that hold together this argument: 1. The perspective of passive revolution to approach the process of state formation in postcolonial Central America; 2. The tension between labor capture and flight as a way of approaching the topic of agrarian reform, in the midst of different processes of dispossession and struggle; 3. The consolidation on the ground of the global palm oil assemblage and the move to the center of the region´s life of oil palm monoculture and; 4. The process of creation of historical narratives in the Aguán, as the tension between individual and collective memories. iv For each one of these threads, I combine my own ethnographic observations based on eleven months of fieldwork, with different secondary sources and the broader set of theoretical and scholarly work that deals with the topics of primitive accumulation and dispossession, state formation, political ecology and oral history. v To Neil, who never left A las enanas Alicia y Jimena, para poder disfrutarlas más vi Acknowledgments It feels like a very long time since I decided to move to New York to begin my doctoral studies. Much happened in a relatively short period of time and it would be impossible for me to acknowledge all the intellectual debts and social relations that sustained, nurtured and allowed me to finish this dissertation. I would like to begin by thanking my dissertation committee: Marc Edelman, Katherine Verdery and Kate Crehan. I am deeply grateful of everything they taught me – both in the classroom and outside of it – and the patience, encouragement and trust that they always showed me and my work. Throughout my writing I constantly reminded myself of professor Crehan’s contention that one should try to emulate Gramsci’s mode of enquiring, rather than quoting him every other line. Also, as professor Verdery constantly reminded me, that one should be very careful about not being a victim of the mask of the state and look at the relations, never at the things. Professor Edelman has been more than an advisor in this process. He accompanied me even when he was going through rough paths in his own personal life and provided more support than I could ever have imagined. If in my own work I can be half the professor and advisor that he has been to me, I will be more than happy. I would also like to thank Michael Watts for so generously agreeing to taking on my dissertation as an external reader and writing such an encouraging evaluation. Leaving Costa Rica and moving to New York was not an easy process. However, the vibrant human and intellectual community that I encountered in the Graduate Center made the whole thing worth it. Professors Ruthie Gilmore, Don Robotham, Michael Blim and John Collins were crucial in my process of learning to navigate graduate school and U.S. academia. In his short period of time in New York, Vinay Gidwani was also a constant source of inspiration. A particular space in my heart –and mind– is reserved for Neil Smith. Before his untimely passing Neil was always a friend, quick to ask how I was doing and have a chat. He was also part of my second exam committee and definitely much of the little that I know of vii geography and the uneven development of capitalism came from conversations and reading with him. He will forever be an inspiring and undying presence in my own work. I would also like to thank everyone in the department of anthropology, particularly Ellen DeRiso, whose dedication, good humor and patience – even when confronted with slightly nonsensical queries – was fundamental in the whole process. I also had the luck of getting to know some wonderful fellow students in the CUNY Graduate Center, who always showed easy and unending solidarity and warm friendship. Special thanks to Preeti Sampat, Emily Channell, Margarite Whitten, Neil Agarwal, Saygun Gokariksel, Ahmed Sharif and Mark Drury for sharing smiles and tears and showing with their example that academia, as lonely and endeavor as it can be, can also be very much about sharing and caring for each other. I would also like to mention the Graduate Center Marxist Reading Group, which became an always welcomed haven for wide politically engaged readings, discussions and well deserved drinks afterwards. Mención aparte y en español para mi familia hispanoparlante neoyorquina, que con un ron, una bailada de cumbia o una cena siempre me hizo sentir un poco más en casa. A Andreina Torres, Julio Arias, Irene Osorio y Ryan Mann-Hamilton; pero sobre todo a Rocío Gil y Martín Cobian por haber estado siempre para lo bonito y para lo no tanto y haberme aguantado y ayudado mucho más allá del deber. En Honduras también me encontré las puertas y los brazos abiertos de muchas personas. En Tegucigalpa Gilberto Ríos y las demás personas de FIAN Honduras (Danielito, Nelly, Esteban y Claudia) fueron fundamentales para poder desarrollar mi trabajo. Adelay y Javi siempre me ayudaron con un lugar para dormir y unas muy necesarias salidas a conocer Tegucigalpa de noche. viii En Tocoa me gustaría agradecer el apoyo brindado por Juana Esquivel y todo el equipo de la Fundación San Alonso Rodríguez, así como el del padre Colatto en la Parroquía, al profesor Tifre y al Chele. El centro fundamental de mi trabajo en el Aguán siempre fueron las personas del Observatorio Permanente de Derechos Humanos del Aguán, quienes sin preguntarme mucho me abrieron sus casas, me invitaron a sus comunidades y me regalaron sus historias. Al profe, Rodolfo, Daniel, Rigoberto, Irma, Consuelo, Marta y don Pedro, muchas gracias por hacerme sentir siempre bienvenido; sin ustedes definitivamente no habría tesis y mi conocimiento de Honduras y del Aguán sería muchísimo más limitado. Me sería imposible mencionar a todas las personas que me ayudaron en la Guadalupe Carney, el Mocho, el Despertar, la Nueva Vida y Luzón Palmeras, así que me conformo con mencionar algunos nombres: Odilio, doña Jesus, la familia Morales, la familia Ulloa, Iván, Chago, Marcial, Lastenia y las López. Las palabras no son suficientes para explicar mi agradecimiento, pero espero que este trabajo, de una u otra forma, sea un primer paso en esa dirección. Me gustar’ia también agradecerle a Pedro Marchetti y Jenni Casolo por haberme recibido en su casa en Ciudad de Guatemala, contarme sus historias y darme acceso a tanta información. Creo que encontrarán en estas páginas un reflejo de nuestras discusiones. Finalmente me gustaría agradecerle al excepcional grupo de personas en Costa Rica que en sus relaciones me permitieron llegar hasta aquí y sin quienes sería definitivamente una peor persona, o cuando menos una más aburrida. A Checho, Marito, Jorgito, pero sobre todo a la Adri por siempre estar y acompañarme en todo este trayecto, aun cuando no estaba muy claro que era lo que estaba haciendo. No me queda más que esperar tener la posibilidad de pagarles con la misma moneda. A la familia Herrera por abrirme las puertas y permitirme apadrinar a las enanas; terminar la tesis rápido para ver si las disfruto antes de que crezcan demasiado siempre fue ix parte de mi fuerza para continuar.
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