Mouse P2rx4 Knockout Project (CRISPR/Cas9)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mouse P2rx4 Knockout Project (CRISPR/Cas9) https://www.alphaknockout.com Mouse P2rx4 Knockout Project (CRISPR/Cas9) Objective: To create a P2rx4 knockout Mouse model (C57BL/6N) by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering. Strategy summary: The P2rx4 gene (NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_011026 ; Ensembl: ENSMUSG00000029470 ) is located on Mouse chromosome 5. 12 exons are identified, with the ATG start codon in exon 1 and the TGA stop codon in exon 12 (Transcript: ENSMUST00000031429). Exon 2~4 will be selected as target site. Cas9 and gRNA will be co-injected into fertilized eggs for KO Mouse production. The pups will be genotyped by PCR followed by sequencing analysis. Note: Homozygous mutation of this gene results in hypertension, abnormal artery morphology, abnormal nitric oxide homeostasis, and impaired flow induced vascular remodeling and vasodilation. Exon 2 starts from about 11.6% of the coding region. Exon 2~4 covers 25.17% of the coding region. The size of effective KO region: ~4175 bp. The KO region does not have any other known gene. Page 1 of 9 https://www.alphaknockout.com Overview of the Targeting Strategy Wildtype allele 5' gRNA region gRNA region 3' 1 2 3 4 12 Legends Exon of mouse P2rx4 Knockout region Page 2 of 9 https://www.alphaknockout.com Overview of the Dot Plot (up) Window size: 15 bp Forward Reverse Complement Sequence 12 Note: The 2000 bp section upstream of Exon 2 is aligned with itself to determine if there are tandem repeats. Tandem repeats are found in the dot plot matrix. The gRNA site is selected outside of these tandem repeats. Overview of the Dot Plot (down) Window size: 15 bp Forward Reverse Complement Sequence 12 Note: The 556 bp section downstream of Exon 4 is aligned with itself to determine if there are tandem repeats. No significant tandem repeat is found in the dot plot matrix. So this region is suitable for PCR screening or sequencing analysis. Page 3 of 9 https://www.alphaknockout.com Overview of the GC Content Distribution (up) Window size: 300 bp Sequence 12 Summary: Full Length(2000bp) | A(27.95% 559) | C(22.7% 454) | T(27.05% 541) | G(22.3% 446) Note: The 2000 bp section upstream of Exon 2 is analyzed to determine the GC content. No significant high GC-content region is found. So this region is suitable for PCR screening or sequencing analysis. Overview of the GC Content Distribution (down) Window size: 300 bp Sequence 12 Summary: Full Length(556bp) | A(23.02% 128) | C(29.14% 162) | T(23.74% 132) | G(24.1% 134) Note: The 556 bp section downstream of Exon 4 is analyzed to determine the GC content. No significant high GC-content region is found. So this region is suitable for PCR screening or sequencing analysis. Page 4 of 9 https://www.alphaknockout.com BLAT Search Results (up) QUERY SCORE START END QSIZE IDENTITY CHROM STRAND START END SPAN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- browser details YourSeq 2000 1 2000 2000 100.0% chr5 + 122712400 122714399 2000 browser details YourSeq 582 795 1557 2000 91.0% chr15 - 37064304 37065301 998 browser details YourSeq 582 793 1541 2000 92.4% chr1 - 44971148 44971959 812 browser details YourSeq 577 796 1531 2000 92.4% chr1 - 23936773 23937762 990 browser details YourSeq 519 343 1351 2000 91.8% chr11 - 52357134 52357803 670 browser details YourSeq 519 793 1458 2000 93.7% chr19 + 3747449 3748222 774 browser details YourSeq 509 795 1499 2000 92.3% chr16 + 23097854 23098609 756 browser details YourSeq 506 796 1405 2000 93.8% chr13 - 114593712 114594434 723 browser details YourSeq 506 298 1339 2000 90.4% chr12 - 114464469 114465422 954 browser details YourSeq 502 796 1358 2000 94.7% chr13 + 21900950 21901514 565 browser details YourSeq 501 298 1338 2000 89.5% chr16 + 4797907 4798614 708 browser details YourSeq 500 794 1351 2000 94.9% chr14 - 10168973 10169530 558 browser details YourSeq 496 796 1351 2000 94.7% chr1 - 156404923 156405478 556 browser details YourSeq 495 794 1351 2000 94.5% chr3 - 55106639 55107197 559 browser details YourSeq 494 796 1351 2000 94.5% chr14 - 76241735 76242290 556 browser details YourSeq 490 796 1349 2000 94.3% chr17 + 34310285 34310838 554 browser details YourSeq 489 794 1351 2000 94.1% chr17 - 72479216 72479777 562 browser details YourSeq 489 778 1536 2000 89.3% chr16 - 47700299 47701111 813 browser details YourSeq 489 795 1351 2000 94.9% chr7 + 86873384 86873955 572 browser details YourSeq 488 796 1353 2000 93.7% chr5 + 20472749 20473304 556 Note: The 2000 bp section upstream of Exon 2 is BLAT searched against the genome. No significant similarity is found. BLAT Search Results (down) QUERY SCORE START END QSIZE IDENTITY CHROM STRAND START END SPAN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- browser details YourSeq 556 1 556 556 100.0% chr5 + 122718575 122719130 556 browser details YourSeq 25 163 187 556 100.0% chr16 - 46486992 46487016 25 browser details YourSeq 25 165 192 556 96.5% chr1 - 87843395 87843437 43 browser details YourSeq 25 163 193 556 90.4% chr1 - 39714641 39714671 31 browser details YourSeq 25 158 184 556 96.3% chr7 + 27423021 27423047 27 browser details YourSeq 24 158 181 556 100.0% chrX + 73720051 73720074 24 browser details YourSeq 24 159 182 556 100.0% chr17 + 67755609 67755632 24 browser details YourSeq 24 166 229 556 68.8% chr10 + 67131266 67131329 64 browser details YourSeq 23 160 182 556 100.0% chrX - 155296924 155296946 23 browser details YourSeq 23 160 182 556 100.0% chr6 - 29460369 29460391 23 browser details YourSeq 23 159 181 556 100.0% chr13 - 75824659 75824681 23 browser details YourSeq 23 159 181 556 100.0% chr6 + 40242380 40242402 23 browser details YourSeq 23 160 182 556 100.0% chr1 + 63380476 63380498 23 browser details YourSeq 22 159 180 556 100.0% chrX - 36897125 36897146 22 browser details YourSeq 22 160 181 556 100.0% chr8 - 25828576 25828597 22 browser details YourSeq 22 160 181 556 100.0% chr2 - 35308696 35308717 22 browser details YourSeq 22 160 181 556 100.0% chr12 + 84977176 84977197 22 browser details YourSeq 22 160 181 556 100.0% chr11 + 49667006 49667027 22 browser details YourSeq 22 380 402 556 100.0% chr10 + 123472405 123472434 30 browser details YourSeq 22 158 180 556 100.0% chr1 + 191215507 191215531 25 Note: The 556 bp section downstream of Exon 4 is BLAT searched against the genome. No significant similarity is found. Page 5 of 9 https://www.alphaknockout.com Gene and protein information: P2rx4 purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel 4 [ Mus musculus (house mouse) ] Gene ID: 18438, updated on 10-Oct-2019 Gene summary Official Symbol P2rx4 provided by MGI Official Full Name purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel 4 provided by MGI Primary source MGI:MGI:1338859 See related Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000029470 Gene type protein coding RefSeq status VALIDATED Organism Mus musculus Lineage Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus Also known as P2X4; AI504491; AW555605; D5Ertd444e Expression Ubiquitous expression in colon adult (RPKM 57.8), lung adult (RPKM 28.0) and 23 other tissues See more Orthologs human all Genomic context Location: 5 F; 5 62.53 cM See P2rx4 in Genome Data Viewer Exon count: 12 Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location 108 current GRCm38.p6 (GCF_000001635.26) 5 NC_000071.6 (122707518..122729739) Build 37.2 previous assembly MGSCv37 (GCF_000001635.18) 5 NC_000071.5 (123157566..123179053) Chromosome 5 - NC_000071.6 Page 6 of 9 https://www.alphaknockout.com Transcript information: This gene has 9 transcripts Gene: P2rx4 ENSMUSG00000029470 Description purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel 4 [Source:MGI Symbol;Acc:MGI:1338859] Gene Synonyms D5Ertd444e, P2X4 Location Chromosome 5: 122,707,544-122,729,738 forward strand. GRCm38:CM000998.2 About this gene This gene has 9 transcripts (splice variants), 202 orthologues, 6 paralogues, is a member of 1 Ensembl protein family and is associated with 13 phenotypes. Transcripts Name Transcript ID bp Protein Translation ID Biotype CCDS UniProt Flags P2rx4- ENSMUST00000031429.13 2702 388aa ENSMUSP00000031429.7 Protein coding CCDS19654 Q9Z257 TSL:1 201 GENCODE basic APPRIS P1 P2rx4- ENSMUST00000081554.12 1887 361aa ENSMUSP00000080269.6 Protein coding CCDS80393 Q9Z256 TSL:1 202 GENCODE basic P2rx4- ENSMUST00000142664.2 1111 366aa ENSMUSP00000117193.2 Protein coding CCDS80392 D3Z5U5 TSL:1 206 GENCODE basic P2rx4- ENSMUST00000139631.7 1030 339aa ENSMUSP00000118163.2 Protein coding - D3YYR5 TSL:5 204 GENCODE basic P2rx4- ENSMUST00000198560.1 810 52aa ENSMUSP00000142849.1 Nonsense mediated - A0A0G2JEP2 TSL:5 209 decay P2rx4- ENSMUST00000195963.1 3895 No - Retained intron - - TSL:NA 208 protein P2rx4- ENSMUST00000152337.5 711 No - Retained intron - - TSL:3 207 protein P2rx4- ENSMUST00000132062.1 513 No - Retained intron - - TSL:3 203 protein P2rx4- ENSMUST00000139712.1 476 No - lncRNA - - TSL:2 205 protein Page 7 of 9 https://www.alphaknockout.com 42.20 kb Forward strand 122.70Mb 122.71Mb 122.72Mb 122.73Mb Genes (Comprehensive set... P2rx4-201 >protein coding P2rx4-208 >retained intron P2rx4-203 >retained intron P2rx4-207 >retained intron P2rx4-205 >lncRNA P2rx4-209 >nonsense mediated decay P2rx4-202 >protein coding P2rx4-206 >protein coding P2rx4-204 >protein coding Contigs < AC115728.11 Genes < Gm10064-201processed pseudogene < Camkk2-201protein coding (Comprehensive set... < Camkk2-211protein coding < Camkk2-204protein coding < Camkk2-203protein coding Regulatory Build 122.70Mb 122.71Mb 122.72Mb 122.73Mb Reverse strand 42.20 kb Regulation Legend CTCF Open Chromatin Promoter Promoter Flank Gene Legend Protein Coding merged Ensembl/Havana Ensembl protein coding Non-Protein Coding pseudogene processed transcript RNA gene Page 8 of 9 https://www.alphaknockout.com Transcript: ENSMUST00000031429 22.20 kb Forward strand P2rx4-201 >protein coding ENSMUSP00000031... Transmembrane heli... Low complexity (Seg) TIGRFAM P2X purinoreceptor Prints P2X purinoreceptor P2X4 purinoceptor Pfam PF00864 PROSITE patterns P2X purinoreceptor PIRSF P2X purinoreceptor PANTHER PTHR10125 PTHR10125:SF18 Gene3D P2X purinoreceptor extracellular domain superfamily 1.10.287.940 All sequence SNPs/i..
Recommended publications
  • Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Phosphate Damages Tight Junctions and the F-Actin Architecture by Activating Calpain-1 Via the P2RX7/Ca2+ Signaling Pathway
    cells Article Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Phosphate Damages Tight Junctions and the F-Actin Architecture by Activating Calpain-1 via the P2RX7/Ca2+ Signaling Pathway Sun Woo Jin y, Gi Ho Lee y, Hoa Thi Pham, Jae Ho Choi and Hye Gwang Jeong * College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; [email protected] (S.W.J.); [email protected] (G.H.L.); [email protected] (H.T.P.); [email protected] (J.H.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-42-821-5936 These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 14 November 2019; Accepted: 22 December 2019; Published: 24 December 2019 Abstract: Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p), a member of the polymeric guanidine family, has strong antimicrobial activity and may increase the risk of inflammation-associated pulmonary fibrosis. However, the effect of PHMG-p on the barrier function of the bronchial epithelium is unknown. Epithelial barrier functioning is maintained by tight junctions (TJs); damage to these TJs is the major cause of epithelial barrier breakdown during lung inflammation. The present study showed that, in BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells, exposure to PHMG-p reduced the number of TJs and the E-cadherin level and impaired the integrity of the F-actin architecture. Furthermore, exposure to PHMG-p stimulated the calcium-dependent protease calpain-1, which breaks down TJs. However, treatment with the calpain-1 inhibitor, ALLN, reversed the PHMG-p-mediated impairment of TJs and the F-actin architecture. Furthermore, exposure to PHMG-p increased the intracellular Ca2+ level via P2X purinoreceptor 7 (P2RX7) and inhibition of P2RX7 abolished the PHMG-p-induced calpain-1 activity and protein degradation and increased the intracellular Ca2+ level.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Approach to Chronic Cough
    Moksliniai darbai ir apžvalgos Novel approach to chronic cough NAUJAS POŽIŪRIS Į LĖTINĮ KOSULĮ LAIMA KONDRATAVIČIENĖ, KRISTINA BIEKŠIENĖ, SKAIDRIUS MILIAUSKAS Department of Pulmonology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Summary. Cough is the most common symptom for which people seek medical advice. A multitude of reasons can cause it. In clinical practice, a new term “Cough hypersensitivity syndrome“ was proposed, which defines unaccountable reasons for cough and different groups of patients with chronic cough. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a driver of chronic cough is the most important target in nowadays clinical trials. Extracellular ATP activates P2X purinoreceptor 3 (P2X3) receptor channels, which are expressed in sensory neurons. New treatment methods that block P2X3 receptors are being developed. Keywords: chronic cough, cough hypersensitivity syndrome, adenosine triphosphate, novel treatment options. Santrauka. Lėtinis kosulys yra dažniausias skundas, dėl kurio pacientai kreipiasi į gydytojus. Kosulį sukelia įvairios priežastys ir sutrikimai. Klinikinėje praktikoje vartojamas naujas terminas „Kosulio hiperjautrumo sindromas“, kuris apima neaiškos kilmės kosulio priežastis bei skirtingas pacientų, besiskundžiančių lėtiniu kosuliu, grupes. Adenozino trifosfatas (ATP), kaip vienas pagrindinių kosulį sukeliančių veiksnių, šiuo metu yra dažniausiai klinikiniuose tyrimuose tiriama cheminė medžiaga. ATP aktyvuoja P2X purino receptoriaus 3 (P2X3) jonų kanalus, kurie yra išreikšti jutiminiuose neuronuose. Nauji
    [Show full text]
  • Sugar Causes Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Mice Independently of Sweet Taste
    Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 319: E276–E290, 2020. First published June 23, 2020; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00529.2019. RESEARCH ARTICLE Sugar causes obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice independently of sweet taste Ana Andres-Hernando,1 Masanari Kuwabara,1 X David J. Orlicky,2 Aurelie Vandenbeuch,3,4 Christina Cicerchi,1 Sue C. Kinnamon,3,4 Thomas E. Finger,4,5 X Richard J. Johnson,1 and X Miguel A. Lanaspa1 1Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; 2Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; 3Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; 4Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and 5Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado Submitted 5 December 2019; accepted in final form 16 June 2020 Andres-Hernando A, Kuwabara M, Orlicky DJ, Vandenbeuch caloric sweeteners has skyrocketed over the last several cen- A, Cicerchi C, Kinnamon SC, Finger TE, Johnson RJ, Lanaspa turies, from an intake (based on sales) of ~4 pounds per capita MA. Sugar causes obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice indepen- per year in 1700 to over 150 pounds per capita per year in 2000 dently of sweet taste. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 319: E276– E290, 2020. First published June 23, 2020; doi:10.1152/ajpendo. (12). Today nearly 70% of processed foods and beverages in 00529.2019.—Intake of sugars, especially the fructose component, is US supermarkets contain these sweeteners, including many strongly associated with the development of obesity and metabolic foods that one might initially not consider to contain such syndrome, but the relative role of taste versus metabolism in driving additives (30).
    [Show full text]
  • Ion Channels and Transporters in Lymphocyte Function and Immunity
    REVIEWS Ion channels and transporters in lymphocyte function and immunity Stefan Feske1, Edward Y. Skolnik2 and Murali Prakriya3 Abstract | Lymphocyte function is regulated by a network of ion channels and transporters in the plasma membrane of B and T cells. These proteins modulate the cytoplasmic concentrations of diverse cations, such as calcium, magnesium and zinc ions, which function as second messengers to regulate crucial lymphocyte effector functions, including cytokine production, differentiation and cytotoxicity. The repertoire of ion-conducting proteins includes calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels, P2X receptors, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, potassium channels, chloride channels and magnesium and zinc transporters. This Review discusses the roles of ion conduction pathways in lymphocyte function and immunity. Ion channels and ion transporters function as gateways Store-operated calcium channels Ion channels 2+ Pore-forming transmembrane for charged ions that cannot freely diffuse across lipid Ca is a well-established second messenger in lympho­ proteins that enable the flow of membrane barriers. They regulate the intracellular cytes that regulates proliferation, gene expression, motil- ions down an electrochemical concentration of various ions, such as calcium (Ca2+), ity and other functions. Similarly to in other mamm­alian gradient. magnesium (Mg2+) and zinc (Zn2+). The movement of cell types, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in unstim- Ion transporters these cations across the plasma membrane depends on ulated B and T cells is maintained at ~50–100 nM, which 4 2+ Pore-forming transmembrane electrical gradients that are maintained in turn by potas- is ~10 -fold lower than the Ca concentration in the proteins that carry ions sium (K+), sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) channels.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhibition of P2X4R Attenuates White Matter Injury in Mice After
    Fu et al. Journal of Neuroinflammation (2021) 18:184 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-021-02239-3 RESEARCH Open Access Inhibition of P2X4R attenuates white matter injury in mice after intracerebral hemorrhage by regulating microglial phenotypes Xiongjie Fu†, Guoyang Zhou†, Xinyan Wu†, Chaoran Xu, Hang Zhou, Jianfeng Zhuang, Yucong Peng, Yang Cao, Hanhai Zeng, Yin Li, Jianru Li, Liansheng Gao, Gao Chen* , Lin Wang* and Feng Yan* Abstract Background: White matter injury (WMI) is a major neuropathological event associated with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). P2X purinoreceptor 4 (P2X4R) is a member of the P2X purine receptor family, which plays a crucial role in regulating WMI and neuroinflammation in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Our study investigated the role of P2X4R in the WMI and the inflammatory response in mice, as well as the possible mechanism of action after ICH. Methods: ICH was induced in mice via collagenase injection. Mice were treated with 5-BDBD and ANA-12 to inhibit P2X4R and tropomyosin-related kinase receptor B (TrkB), respectively. Immunostaining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were performed to detect microglial phenotypes after the inhibition of P2X4R. Western blots (WB) and immunostaining were used to examine WMI and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Cylinder, corner turn, wire hanging, and forelimb placement tests were conducted to evaluate neurobehavioral function. Results: After ICH, the protein levels of P2X4R were upregulated, especially on day 7 after ICH, and were mainly located in the microglia. The inhibition of P2X4R via 5-BDBD promoted neurofunctional recovery after ICH as well as the transformation of the pro-inflammatory microglia induced by ICH into an anti-inflammatory phenotype, and attenuated ICH-induced WMI.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Information
    Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Molecular BioSystems. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Supplementary Information High-throughput synthesis of stable isotope-labeled transmembrane proteins for targeted transmembrane proteomics using a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system Nobuaki Takemori a*, Ayako Takemori a, Kazuhiro Matsuoka ab, Ryo Morishita c, Natsuki Matsushita d, Masato Aoshima e, Hiroyuki Takeda ab, Tatsuya Sawasaki ab, Yaeta Endo b, and Shigeki Higashiyama a a Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan b Cell-Free Science and Technology Research Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan, c CellFree Sciences Co., Ltd., Ehime, Japan, d Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan, e K.K. AB SCIEX, Tokyo, Japan * Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Contents • Experimental Procedure • Supplementary Results • Supplementary Figures (5 figures) Fig. S1: Highly effective incorporation of stable isotope (SI)-labeled amino acids in a bilayer cell-free system. Fig. S2: A workflow diagram for the bilayer cell-free synthesis of transmembrane proteins. Fig. S3: SDS-PAGE images of mouse transmembrane proteins. Fig. S4: Western blot analysis of mouse GRIA3 in six brain regions. Fig. S5: Expression profiles of endogenous neurotransmitter receptors in six brain regions. • Supplementary Tables (7 tables; see “Supplementary Table.xlsx”) 1. Experimental Procedure 1.1 Concurrent synthesis of SI-labeled TMPs using WG-CFS We selected 263 cDNA clones encoding TMPs of interest from the Functional Annotation of Mouse (FANTOM) full-length cDNA library (DNAFORM, Yokohama, Japan). Split-primer PCR was performed using specific primers to produce DNA templates for in vitro transcription, as described previously.24 A peptide tag sequence (MGPGGRAIIIRAAQAGTVR) was designed to measure the absolute amount of synthesized TMPs using the tryptic fragment AIIIR; the specific nucleotide sequence of the tag peptide was fused to each targeted TMP cDNA at the 5ʹ end.
    [Show full text]
  • ION CHANNEL RECEPTORS TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011 Ion Channel Receptors
    Manifestation of Novel Social Challenges of the European Union in the Teaching Material of Medical Biotechnology Master’s Programmes at the University of Pécs and at the University of Debrecen Identification number: TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011 Manifestation of Novel Social Challenges of the European Union in the Teaching Material of Medical Biotechnology Master’s Programmes at the University of Pécs and at the University of Debrecen Identification number: TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011 Tímea Berki and Ferenc Boldizsár Signal transduction ION CHANNEL RECEPTORS TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011 Ion channel receptors 1 Cys-loop receptors: pentameric structure, 4 transmembrane (TM) regions/subunit – Acetylcholin (Ach) Nicotinic R – Na+ channel - – GABAA, GABAC, Glycine – Cl channels (inhibitory role in CNS) 2 Glutamate-activated cationic channels: (excitatory role in CNS), tetrameric stucture, 3 TM regions/subunit – eg. iGlu 3 ATP-gated channels: 3 homologous subunits, 2 TM regions/subunit – eg. P2X purinoreceptor TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011 Cys-loop ion-channel receptors N Pore C C C N N N N C C TM TM TM TM 1 2 3 4 Receptor type GABAA GABAC Glycine g a b p2 p1 b a Subunit diversity a1-6, b1-3, g1-3, d,e,k, and q p1-3 a1-4, b TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011 Vertebrate anionic Cys-loop receptors Type Class Protein name Gene Previous names a1 GABRA1 a2 GABRA2 a3 GABRA3 EJM, ECA4 alpha a4 GABRA4 a5 GABRA5 a6 GABRA6 b1 GABRB1 beta b2 GABRB2 ECA5 b3 GABRB3 g1 GABRG1 GABAA gamma g2 GABRG2 CAE2, ECA2, GEFSP3 g3 GABRG3 delta d GABRD epsilon e GABRE pi p GABRP
    [Show full text]
  • Lipid Raft Microdomains and Neurotransmitter Signalling
    REVIEWS Lipid raft microdomains and neurotransmitter signalling John A. Allen*, Robyn A. Halverson-Tamboli* and Mark M. Rasenick*‡ Abstract | Lipid rafts are specialized structures on the plasma membrane that have an altered lipid composition as well as links to the cytoskeleton. It has been proposed that these structures are membrane domains in which neurotransmitter signalling might occur through a clustering of receptors and components of receptor-activated signalling cascades. The localization of these proteins in lipid rafts, which is affected by the cytoskeleton, also influences the potency and efficacy of neurotransmitter receptors and transporters. The effect of lipid rafts on neurotransmitter signalling has also been implicated in neurological and psychiatric diseases. The classic Singer–Nicolson fluid mosaic model of the nature, enrichment in glycosylphosphatidylinositol cell membrane describes the lipid bilayer as a neutral (GPI)-anchored proteins, cytoskeletal association two-dimensional solvent in which proteins diffuse and resistance to detergent extraction. Caveolae are freely1. This membrane concept has been modified small, flask-shaped invaginations of the membrane substantially since it was first proposed, as membrane that contain caveolin proteins. Caveolins are a major compartmentalization has been shown to occur through component and marker of caveolae, and are widely lipid–lipid, lipid–protein and membrane–cytoskeletal expressed in the nervous system in brain micro- interactions2. Similarly, the notion that a neurotransmit- vessels, endothelial cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ter receptor, once activated, initiates a signalling cascade Schwann cells, dorsal root ganglia and hippocampal by randomly colliding with other membrane proteins neurons5. Caveolins and caveolae are absent from has given way to the view that signalling molecules are most neurons and neuroblastoma cells; however, arranged in stable, possibly preformed, complexes at neurons possess planar lipid rafts and flotillin, a protein the membrane3.
    [Show full text]
  • Action of MK-7264 (Gefapixant) at Human P2X3 and P2X2/3 Receptors and in Vivo Efficacy in Models of Sensitisation
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of East Anglia digital repository Fountain Sam (Orcid ID: 0000-0002-6028-0548) Brock James (Orcid ID: 0000-0002-1381-1983) Action of MK-7264 (Gefapixant) at human P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors and in vivo efficacy in models of sensitisation Richards, D1., Gever, J.R2., Ford, A.P2. and Fountain, S.J1. 1Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ. 2Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA Running title: action of MK-7264 at P2X3 receptors ABSTRACT Background & purpose The P2X3 receptor is an ATP-gated ion channel expressed by sensory afferent neurons, and is as a target to treat chronic sensitisation conditions. The first-in-class, selective P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor antagonist, the diaminopyrimidine MK-7264 (Gefapixant), has progressed to Phase III trials for refractory or unexplained chronic cough. We have used patch-clamp to elucidate the pharmacology and kinetics of MK-7264 and rat models of hypersensitivity and hyperalgesia to test efficacy in these conditions. Experimental approach Whole-cell patch-clamp of 1321N1 cells expressing human P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors was used to determine mode of MK-7264 action, potency and kinetics. The analgesic efficacy was assessed using paw withdrawal threshold and limb weight distribution in rat models of inflammatory, osteoarthritic and neuropathic sensitisation. Key results MK-7264 is a reversible allosteric antagonist at human P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors with IC50 values of 153 and 220nM, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of a Novel Pharmacological TRPC3-Activator
    Diplomarbeit Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Magister der Pharmazie an der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Characterization of a Novel Pharmacological TRPC3-Activator Eingereicht von Mohamad-Ali Baradaran Graz, Jänner 2016 Der experimentelle Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde im Zeitraum von September 2014 bis Februar 2015 am Institut für Biophysik der Medizinischen Universität Graz durchgeführt. Ich möchte mich bei Prof. Dr. Klaus Groschner für die Themenstellung und die freundliche Betreuung, sowie für die Korrektur meiner Arbeit recht herzlich bedanken. Für die Einführung in die praktische Arbeitstechnik und als Ansprechpartner für Probleme während der Durchführung der Arbeit gebührt mein Dank Herrn Dr. Michael Poteser. Außerdem bedanke ich mich bei Frau Dr. Michaela Lichtenegger für die freundliche Hilfe im Laboralltag. Des Weiteren danke ich allen Mitarbeitern des Instituts für das angenehme Arbeitsklima. Zu guter Letzt danke ich meiner Familie für die jahrelange Unterstützung. 2 Table of Content 1) Introduction 4 1.1 TRP Channels 4 1.2 TRPC Channels 7 1.3 TRPC3 9 1.4 TRPC3-Activation 11 1.4.1 Activation-Mechanisms 11 1.4.2 Carbachol 16 1.4.3 GSK1702934A 16 1.5 Physiological / Pathophysiological Roles of TRPC3 17 1.5.1 Cardiovascular System 17 1.5.2 Nervous System 21 1.6 Pore structure and gating processes in TRPCs – the TRPC3G652A mutation 22 2) Aim 23 3) Material and Methods 25 3.1 Patch-Clamp Technique 25 3.2 Cell Culture 31 3.2.1 HEK-293 Cells 31 3.2.2 Cell Culture Performance 32 3.3
    [Show full text]
  • Expression of P2x3 and Its Colocalization with Trpv1 in the Human Dental Pulp
    대한치과보존학회지: Vol. 32, No. 6, 2007 EXPRESSION OF P2X3 AND ITS COLOCALIZATION WITH TRPV1 IN THE HUMAN DENTAL PULP Young Kyung Kim, Sung Kyo Kim* Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea ABSTRACT The purinoreceptor, P2X3 is a ligand-gated cation channel activated by extracellular ATP. It has been reported that ATP can be released during inflammation and tissue damage, which in turn may activate P2X3 receptors to initiate nociceptive signals. However, little is known about the contribu- tion of P2X3 to the dental pain during pulpal inflammation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of P2X3 and its colocalization with TRPV1 to understand the mecha- nism of pain transmission through P2X3 in the human dental pulp with double labeling immunofluo- rescence method. In the human dental pulp, intense P2X3 immunoreactivity was observed throughout the coronal and radicular pulp. Of all P2X3-positive fibers examined, 79.4% coexpressed TRPV1. This result suggests that P2X3 along with TRPV1 may be involved in the transmission of pain and potentiation of noxious stimuli during pulpal inflammation. [J Kor Acad Cons Dent 32(6):514-521, 2007] Key words : P2X3 receptor, Immunofluorescence method, Human dental pulp, TRPV1, Transmission of pain - Received 2007.8.14., revised 2007.9.30., accepted 2007.10.22.- Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION receptor TRPV1 are 2 key molecules in pain mechanism1,2). P2X3 receptor is one of the many ligand-gated Nociceptors express ion channels and receptors ion channels and is activated by extracellular that respond to noxious stimuli and so are ATP3). To date, 7 P2X receptor subunits have involved in the initiation of pain.
    [Show full text]
  • Roles of Panx1 Channels in Larval Zebrafish: from Genes to Visual
    ROLES OF PANX1 CHANNELS IN LARVAL ZEBRAFISH: FROM GENES TO VISUAL-MOTOR BEHAVIOR NICKIE SAFARIAN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN BIOLOGY YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO APRIL 2021 © NICKIE SAFARIAN, 2021 ABSTRACT Pannexin1 (Panx1) forms ATP-permeable single membrane channels that play a role in the (patho)physiology of the nervous system. Two independent copies of panx1 (i.e., panx1a and panx1b) have been identified in the zebrafish. To evaluate each panx1 copy’s role in the visual system, we developed zebrafish panx1 knockout models (i.e., panx1a-/- , panx1b-/-, and panx1a-/-/panx1b-/- double knockout; DKO) using TALEN technology. The RNA-seq analysis of 6 days post-fertilization larvae was confirmed by Real-Time PCR and paired with testing visual-motor behaviors. Results demonstrated that both Panx1s contribute to the retinal OFF pathways function, though through different signaling pathways. Panx1a proteins specifically affect the expression of gene classes representing the development of the visual system and visual processing. The molecular and behavioral findings also provide for the first-time evidence that the ablation of panx1a alters dopaminergic signaling and that adenosine signaling links Panx1a proteins to the dopaminergic pathway. Indeed, altered visuomotor behavior in the absence of functional panx1a was simulated through D1/D2 receptor agonist treatment, and rescued applying either D2 receptor antagonist, haloperidol, or adenosine receptor agonist, adenosine. The Panx1b protein emerged as a modulator of the circadian clock system; thereby, affecting diverse biological processes from metabolic pathways to cognition.
    [Show full text]