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For Educational Purposes Only ONLY PURPOSES EDUCATIONAL FOR ONLY PURPOSES Lincoln: A Very Short Introduction EDUCATIONAL FOR Very Short Introductions available now: AFRICAN HISTORY CONTEMPORARY ART John Parker and Richard Rathbone Julian Stallabrass AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY AND ELECTIONS L. Sandy Maisel Simon Critchley THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY COSMOLOGY Peter Coles Charles O. Jones THE CRUSADES Christopher Tyerman ANARCHISM Colin Ward CRYPTOGRAPHY ANCIENT EGYPT Ian Shaw Fred Piper and Sean Murphy ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Julia Annas DADA AND SURREALISM ANCIENT WARFARE David Hopkins Harry Sidebottom DARWIN Jonathan Howard ANGLICANISM Mark Chapman THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE John Blair Timothy Lim ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia DEMOCRACY Bernard Crick ANTISEMITISM Steven Beller DESCARTES Tom Sorell APOCRYPHAL GOSPELS DESIGN John Heskett Paul Foster DINOSAURS David Norman ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn DOCUMENTARY FILM ARCHITECTURE Andrew Ballantyne Patricia Aufderheide ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes DREAMING J. AllanONLY Hobson ART HISTORY Dana Arnold DRUGS Leslie Iversen ART THEORY Cynthia Freeland THE EARTH Martin Redfern THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY ECONOMICS Partha Dasgupta Michael Hoskin EGYPTIAN MYTH Geraldine Pinch ATHEISM Julian Baggini EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN AUGUSTINE Henry Chadwick Paul Langford Autism Uta Frith THE ELEMENTS Philip Ball BARTHES Jonathan Culler EMOTION Dylan Evans BESTSELLERS John Sutherland EMPIRE Stephen Howe THE BIBLE John Riches PURPOSESENGELS Terrell Carver THE BRAIN Michael O’Shea ETHICS Simon Blackburn BRITISH POLITICS Anthony Wright THE EUROPEAN UNION BUDDHA Michael Carrithers John Pinder and Simon Usherwood BUDDHISM Damien Keown EVOLUTION BUDDHIST ETHICS Damien Keown Brian and Deborah Charlesworth CAPITALISM James Fulcher EXISTENTIALISM Thomas Flynn THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe FASCISM Kevin Passmore CHAOS Leonard Smith FEMINISM Margaret Walters CHOICE THEORY Michael Allingham THE FIRST WORLD WAR CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson Michael Howard CHRISTIANITY Linda Woodhead FOSSILS Keith Thomson EDUCATIONALCitizenship Richard Bellamy FOUCAULT Gary Gutting CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY FREE WILL Thomas Pink Helen Morales THE FRENCH REVOLUTION CLASSICS William Doyle FOR Mary Beard and John Henderson FREUD Anthony Storr CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard FUNDAMENTALISM Malise Ruthven THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon galaxies John Gribbin CONSCIOUSNESS Susan Blackmore GALILEO Stillman Drake GAME THEORY Ken Binmore THE MARQUIS DE SADE John Phillips GANDHI Bhikhu Parekh MARX Peter Singer Geography MATHEMATICS Timothy Gowers John Matthews and David Herbert The meaning of life GEOPOLITICS Klaus Dodds Terry Eagleton GERMAN LITERATURE MEDICAL ETHICS Tony Hope Nicholas Boyle MEDIEVAL BRITAIN GLOBAL CATASTROPHES John Gillingham and Ralph A. Griffiths Bill McGuire Memory Jonathan K. Foster GLOBAL WARMING Mark Maslin MODERN ART David Cottington GLOBALIZATION Manfred Steger MODERN CHINA Rana Mitter THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE MODERN IRELAND Senia Pasˇeta NEW DEAL Eric Rauchway MOLECULES Philip Ball HABERMAS James Gordon Finlayson Mormonism HEGEL Peter Singer Richard Lyman Bushman HEIDEGGER Michael Inwood MUSIC Nicholas Cook HIEROGLYPHS Penelope Wilson MYTH Robert A. Segal HINDUISM Kim Knott NATIONALISM Steven Grosby HISTORY John H. Arnold Nelson Mandela Elleke Boehmer TheHistoryofLife MichaelBenton THE NEW TESTAMENT AS History of Medicine LITERATURE Kyle Keefer William Bynum NEWTON RobertONLY Iliffe The History OF TIME NIETZSCHE Michael Tanner Leofranc Holford-Strevens NINETEENTH-CENTURY HIV/AIDS Alan Whiteside BRITAIN Christopher Harvie HOBBES Richard Tuck and H. C. G. Matthew HUMAN EVOLUTION Bernard Wood NORTHERN IRELAND HUMAN RIGHTS Andrew Clapham Marc Mulholland HUME A. J. Ayer nuclear weapons IDEOLOGY Michael Freeden Joseph M. Siracusa INDIAN PHILOSOPHY Sue Hamilton THE OLD TESTAMENT INTELLIGENCE Ian J. Deary PURPOSESMichael D. Coogan INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION PARTICLE PHYSICS Frank Close Khalid Koser PAUL E. P. Sanders INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PHILOSOPHY Edward Craig Paul Wilkinson PHILOSOPHY OF LAW ISLAM Malise Ruthven Raymond Wacks JOURNALISM Ian Hargreaves PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE JUDAISM Norman Solomon Samir Okasha JUNG Anthony Stevens PHOTOGRAPHY Steve Edwards KABBALAH Joseph Dan PLATO Julia Annas KAFKA Ritchie Robertson POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY KANT Roger Scruton David Miller EDUCATIONALKIERKEGAARD Patrick Gardiner POLITICS Kenneth Minogue THE KORAN Michael Cook POSTCOLONIALISM Robert Young law Raymond Wacks POSTMODERNISM LINCOLN Allen Guelzo Christopher Butler FOR LINGUISTICS Peter Matthews POSTSTRUCTURALISM LITERARY THEORY Jonathan Culler Catherine Belsey LOCKE John Dunn PREHISTORY Chris Gosden LOGIC Graham Priest PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY MACHIAVELLI Quentin Skinner Catherine Osborne PSYCHIATRY Tom Burns Sexuality Ve´ronique Mottier PSYCHOLOGY SHAKESPEARE Germaine Greer Gillian Butler and Freda McManus SIKHISM Eleanor Nesbitt THE QUAKERS Pink Dandelion SOCIAL AND CULTURAL QUANTUM THEORY ANTHROPOLOGY John Polkinghorne John Monaghan and Peter Just RACISM Ali Rattansi SOCIALISM Michael Newman THE RENAISSANCE Jerry Brotton SOCIOLOGY Steve Bruce RENAISSANCE ART SOCRATES C. C. W. Taylor Geraldine A. Johnson THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR RELATIVITY Russell Stannard Helen Graham Religion in America SPINOZA Roger Scruton Timothy Beal STATISTICS David J. Hand ROMAN BRITAIN Peter Salway STUART BRITAIN John Morrill THE ROMAN EMPIRE TERRORISM Charles Townshend Christopher Kelly THEOLOGY David F. Ford ROUSSEAU Robert Wokler TRAGEDY Adrian Poole RUSSELL A. C. Grayling THE TUDORS John Guy RUSSIAN LITERATURE Catriona Kelly TWENTIETH-CENTURY THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION BRITAIN Kenneth O. Morgan S. A. Smith united Nations SCHIZOPHRENIA Jussi M. HanhimaONLY¨ki Chris Frith and Eve Johnstone THE VIKINGS Julian Richards SCHOPENHAUER WITTGENSTEIN A. C. Grayling Christopher Janaway WORLD MUSIC Philip Bohlman Science and religion THE WORLD TRADE Thomas Dixon ORGANIZATION SCOTLAND Rab Houston Amrita Narlikar Available soon: PURPOSES Biography Hermione Lee The Soviet Union Free Speech Nigel Warburton Stephen Lovell Modern Japan The Vietnam War Christopher Goto-Jones Mark Atwood Lawrence EDUCATIONAL FOR For more information visit our website www.oup.co.uk/general/vsi/ Allen C. Guelzo Lincoln A Very Short IntroductionONLY PURPOSES EDUCATIONAL FOR 3 3 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright # 2009 by Allen C. Guelzo Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 www.oup.com ONLY Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Guelzo, Allen C. Lincoln: a very short introduction / Allen C. Guelzo. p. cm.—(VeryPURPOSES short introductions) Includes bibliographical references. Summary: ‘‘Abraham Lincoln was a fatalist who promoted freedom; he was a classical liberal who couched liberalism’s greatest deed—emancipation of the slaves—in the unliberal language of divine providence; he was a religious doubter who became a national icon bordering on religion; and he was a rights-oriented liberal who appealed to natural law when confronting slavery’’ —Provided by publisher. ISBN 978–0–19–536780–5 1. Lincoln, Abraham, 1809–1865—Philosophy. 2. Lincoln, Abraham, 1809–1865—Political and social views. 3. Lincoln, Abraham, EDUCATIONAL1809–1865—Religion. 4. Presidents—United States—Biography. I. Title. E457.2.G874 2009 973.7092—dc22 FOR [B] 2008041654 135798642 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Contents List of illustrations viii Maps ix Introduction 1 ONLY 1 Equality 9 2 Advancement 24 3 Law 38 PURPOSES 4 Liberty 56 5 Debate 72 6 Emancipation 90 7 Reunion 108 Epilogue 124 EDUCATIONALReferences 129 Further reading 135 FOR Index 143 List of illustrations 1 Lincoln in 1863 3 6 Stephen Arnold Douglas 75 Library of Congress, Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-121301 LC-USZ62-110141 2 Earliest known photograph 7 Lincoln beforeONLY speaking at of Lincoln 20 Cooper Union 87 Library of Congress, Library of Congress, LC-USZC4-2439 LC-USZ62-5803 3 A lock on the Illinois and 8 Lincoln’s inauguration Michigan Canal 32 ceremony 95 Library of Congress, HAER Library of Congress, ILL,99-LOCK,2-7 PURPOSESLC-USZ62-22734 4 The courthouse at Mount 9 Gardner’s portrait of Lincoln Pulaski, Illinois 44 in 1863 111 Illinois Historic Preservation Library of Congress, Agency LC-USZ62-13016 5 Mary Todd Lincoln 51 10 The presidential box at Ford’s Library of Congress, Theatre 123 LC-USZ6-2094 Library of Congress, HABS DC,WASH,421-3 EDUCATIONAL FOR Maps 1 States and Territories of the United States at the Time of the Kansas-Nebraska Act 68 2 Secession and Civil War 92 ONLY PURPOSES EDUCATIONAL FOR ONLY PURPOSES This page intentionally left blank EDUCATIONAL FOR Introduction No man could have loved fame more than Abraham Lincoln. ‘‘Oh, how hard [it is] to die and not be able to leave the world any better for one’s little
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