Evaluation of the water resources of the Central Luzon Basin, Philippines. Item Type Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic); text Authors Galvez, Jose Alfonso,1943- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 03/10/2021 21:23:29 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191032 EVALUATION OF THE WATER RESOURCES OF THE CENTRAL LUZON BASIN, PHILIPPINES by Jose Alfonso Galvez A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN WATER RESOURCES ADMINISTRATION In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1976 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Jose Alfonso Galvez entitled Evaluation of the Water Resources of the Central Luzon Basin, Philippines be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy AN101-- kmode,-- 10 /9 76 Dissertation,Director- Date Dissertation CO-DireCtor Date As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read this dissertation and agree that it may be presented for final defense. 1'910 ‘7 tf-/ Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense thereof at the final oral examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduc- tion of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Dedicated to Thelma, Mark, and Jan ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to extend his heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Simon Lice whose guidance, suggestions, and assistance were generously given during the course of this work. The writer is greatly indebted to Prof. Theodore G. Roefs who suggested the major idea in this study and showed major interest in its completion. To the members of his degree committee, Dr. Michael D. Bradley, Dr. John W. Harshbarger, Dr. William G. Matlock, and Dr. Delmar D. Fangmeier, who showed concern and reviewed the final draft, the author expresses his appreciation and gratitude. The writer conveys his appreciation and thanks to Prof. Alfredo L. Juinio, the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) Administrator, who made the NIA facilities available for this study. The office space provided by the National Water Resources Council facilitated the work. The unselfish assistance of the various divisions of the Upper Pampanga River Project is acknowledged with gratitude. Special thanks are due the Agricultural Development Division and Project Development Division for their major contributions in the collection of data and drafting. The National Irrigation Administration, the Bureau of Public Works, the National Power Corporation, the National Water Resources Council, the National Pollution Control Commission, the Bureau of Mines, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Seismological Administration, and the National Census and Statistics Office are among the government iv agencies which provided the data base and major Philippine references for this work. To his colleagues and co-fellows in the Civil Decision Quantifi- cation Program, Lino Aldovino, Danny Franco, Leony Liongson, and Pat Ongkingco, who worked with enthusiasm with the author as a team, the writer wishes to convey his appreciation and admiration. The study was made possible by the computer programming skill of Mr. Liongson, who developed the computer program for the statistical analysis and augmenta- tion procedures. To him, the author is greatly indebted. The program which culminated in the completion of this study was financially supported by the Ford Foundation through The University of Arizona. Additional support was extended by the National Irrigation Administration during the final year. The author expresses his profound gratitude to these agencies. To other government organizations and numerous friends who, in one way or another, contributed to the completion of this work, the author conveys his appreciation and thanks. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xv ABSTRACT xviii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Importance of the Work 1 1.2 Scope and Objectives of the Work 3 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 5 2.1 Location and Extent 5 2.2 Physiography 5 2.3 Geology 9 2.3.1 Description of Geologic Units 9 2.4 Climate 13 2.5 Soils and Land Use 14 2.6 Population 20 2.7 Water Resources Development 23 2.7.1 Hydroelectric Power 23 2.7.2 Irrigation 25 2.7.3 The Upper Pampanga River Project (UPRP) 29 2.7.4 Water Supply and Sewerage 31 2.7.5 Flood Control and Drainage 33 2.7.6 Flood Control Projects 33 3. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK 35 3.1 Central Luzon Water Resources 35 3.2 Augmentation of Hydrologic Data 38 4. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION AND METHODOLOGY: STREAMTLOW DATA AUGMENTATION 41 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Augmentation Procedures 45 4.2.1 Percent Deviation Method 45 4.2.2 Matalas-Jacobs Method 48 4.2.3 YOR Method 53 4.2.4 HEC-4 Method 63 vi vii TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page 5. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION AND METHODOLOGY: HYDROLOGIC BUDGET . 68 5.1 Water Balance 68 5.2 Rainfall 71 5.3 Runoff 73 5.4 Evapotranspiration 74 5.4.1 Empirical Method 74 5.4.2 Mass Transfer Methods 76 5.4.3 Energy Budget Method 77 5.4.4 Penman's Equation 78 5.4.5 Other Methods of Estimating ET 79 5.5 Groundwater 80 5.5.1 Equations of Groundwater Flow 82 5.5.2 Well Hydraulics 83 5.5.3 Groundwater Flow 85 5.5.4 Estimation of Recharge 85 5.5.5 Recharge Estimation by the Meyboom Method 88 6. DATA 91 6.1 Data Collection 91 6.1.1 Rainfall and Streamflow Data 93 6.1.2 Other Climatological Data 93 6.2 Data Preparation 105 6.2.1 Rainfall Data 105 6.2.2 Streamflow Data 108 7. COMPARISON OF STREAMFLOW AUGMENTATION METHODS 116 7.1 Description of Gaging Stations 116 7.2 Comparison Criteria 122 7.2.1 Annual Flows 122 7.2.2 Monthly Flows 124 7.3 Scoring System 125 7.4 Results and Discussion 126 7.4.1 Annual Flows 126 7.4.2 Double Mass Analysis 126 7.4.3 Mean Annual Flows 137 7.4.4 Annual Deviations 143 7.4.5 Standard Deviations 150 7.4.6 Monthly Flows 153 7.4.7 Annual Hydrographs 153 7.4.8 Monthly Means 163 7.4.9 Standard Deviations 166 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page 7.5 Summary and Findings 171 7.6 Application of the Augmentation Method 178 7.7 Consistency of Augmented Data 180 8. THE HYDROLOGIC BUDGET 186 8.1 Period of Analysis 186 8.2 Description of Gaging Stations 188 8.2.1 Rainfall 189 8.2.2 Streamflow 189 8.2.3 Groundwater 195 8.2.4 Evaporation 198 8.3 The Water Budget 205 8.4 Recharge Estimation 215 8.5 Summary and Findings 218 9 THE BASIN WATER RESOURCES 220 9.1 Surface Water 220 9.1.1 Rainfall 220 9.1.2 Streamflow 223 9.1.3 Surface Storage 225 9.1.4 Surface Water Quality 226 9.1.5 Linkage of Surface and Sub-Surface Water 230 9.2 Groundwater 231 9.2.1 Chemical Quality of Groundwater 234 9.2.2 Groundwater Potential Productivity . 238 9.3 Water Requirement in the Basin 240 10. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 245 APPENDIX A: HYDROGEOLOGY OF CENTRAL LUZON BASIN, PHILIPPINES 254 APPENDIX B: MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL OF CENTRAL LUZON BASIN, PHILIPPINES 256 APPENDIX C: MONTHLY PERCENTAGE OF DAYTIME HOURS (p) OF THE YEAR FOR LATITUDES 0 TO 65 ° NORTH OF THE EQUATOR 258 APPENDIX D: INVENTORY OF SHALLOW OBSERVATION WELLS, CENTRAL LUZON BASIN, PHILIPPINES 261 APPENDIX E: SAMPLE COMPUTATION OF FULL NATURAL FLOW 268 i x TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page APPENDIX F: CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED PAIRS OF STREAMFLOW GAGING STATIONS 283 APPENDIX G: HISTORICAL DATA AND AUGMENTATION ESTIMATES AT VARIOUS STREAMFLOW GAGING STATIONS, CENTRAL LUZON BASIN, PHILIPPINES 286 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 314 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Average Monthly Rainfall at Selected Stations, Central Luzon Basin, Philippines 15 2.2 Mean Monthly Temperature at Selected Stations, Central Luzon Basin, Philippines 17 2.3 Average Monthly Relative Humidity at Selected Stations, Central Luzon Basin, Philippines 18 2.4 Average Monthly Pan Evaporation at Selected Stations, Central Luzon Basin, Philippines 19 2.5 Land Utilization by Province, Central Luzon Basin, Philippines 21 2.6 Area Planted to Rice and Corn in 1970-1971, Central Luzon Basin, Philippines 22 2.7 Population by Province, 1903 to 1970, Central Luzon Basin, Philippines 24 2.8 Existing Major Hydroelectric Power Projects, Central Luzon Basin, Philippines 26 2.9 Irrigable Area of Existing Irrigation Projects, Central Luzon Basin, Philippines 28 2.10 Actual Irrigated Areas from Typical Irrigation Systems, Central Luzon Basin, Philippines 30 2.11 Existing Water Supply Systems Established by the Government, Central Luzon Basin, Philippines 32 6.1 Rainfall Stations,