Index

A Holtzman inkblot technique, 136-170 inkblots, 113-114 Acting Out Scores (AOS) , 479-480 Rorschach, 113-135 Adaptation level theory, 49-52 Associative chaining, 22 application to projective techniques, Associative processes, 5 49-52 on psychological tests, 554-558 Adaptation of projective methods, 61l- Attacks Auditory Apperception Test (AA T) , 629; see also Special projective 250-252 methods B Adience-abience, 408-409 measuring degree of, 416 Behavior, 15, 82 Administration of tests, 53 correlations of tests with HIT scores, Adolescence, 68 156-157 Affect system, 90 projective tests for predicting special Aggression behavior, 617-619 delinquents, 89-90 projective theories and, 19-30, 617-619 Hand Test, 479-481 Bellak, Leopold, 18, 224-228 Alcoholics, drawings by, 370-371 Bender-Gestalt Test, 79, 80, 397-420 Alcoholism, 160 administration as , 403- American Psychiatric Association, 563 407 American Psychological Association association phase, 406-407 Standards for Educational and Psy• copy phase, 404-405 chological Tests and Manuals, 86, elaboration phase, 405-406 87 application and use, 418 Annual Review of , 81 historical perspective, 397-400 Anxiety, 78, 155 Hutt Adaptation, 412-414 Sarason's Test Anxiety Scale for Chil• increased use of, 398 dren, 155 interpreting, 407-418 Assessment of personality, 64-84 categories proposed by Hutt, 410-411 diagnostic, 67-69 clinical-intuitive method of analysis, doll play, 341-347 407-408 intelligence test in, 421-460 configurational method of analysis, process phenomena and, 71-75 415-416 psychopathology and, 64, 66-75 development of perceptual behavior, configurations of responses and, 408 67-71 inferential analysis, 408 psychotherapy and, 64, 76-82 perceptual-motoric behavior, 408-409 prediction of therapeutic changes, materials, 400-403 77-79 projective use of, 397-420 use of projective tests, 79-82 scoring, 399 techniques for, 7-8 method based on projective hypothe• Association techniques, 12, 32, ll3-114 sis, 416-418

INDEX 627 test stimuli, 400-403 Completion methods, 12, 263 Blacky Pictures Test, 38, 95, 239-243, 620 sentence completion techniques, 274-288 Blum, Gerald S_, 14, 38, 239-243 story completion methods, 290-324 Brain damage word associations, 264-273 Bender-Gestalt Test for, 418 Computers for scoring tests, 164 Bruner, J. S., 39-40, 42, 120-129, 133 Condensation, 37 Conflict, 20, 23-24 approach-avoidance, 26, 29 c freedom from, 82 tests to delineate content areas, 69 Cartoon Situations Test (CST), 617 Conformity-deviance, 57 , 95-96 Connors, C. K., 160 Cattell's Junior Personality Quiz, 155 Constriction of inner experiences, 31 Children's Apperception Test, 615 Constructive techniques, 12 Children's Appreciation Test (CAT), Control, 82 224-228 Convergence, principle of, 383 Children's Insight Test, 301 Correlation coefficients Chi-square tests product-moment, 107-108 validities, I 05 -I 07 "Tau" coefficient, 107 Choice or ordering techniques, 12, 31, 44 Criteria situations, 19-20 Clinic, psychological, 574-577 Cronbach, L. J., 46-49, 72, 137 Clinical case studies Cues, 25 communicating test results, 542-548 Cultural studies, 15 avoidance of abstractions, 545-547 HIT correlated with, 160-162 avoidance of vagueness and uni• Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement, 502 versality, 542-543 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 482, 492-493 importance of clarity of style and language, 547-548 D incorporating other data, 543-545 extent of, 527-532 Daydreams, 37, 600-604 impact of report on readers, 524 Deaf-retarded population, use of Bender• inclusion of projective tests, 548-551 Gestalt Test, 416-417 integration of projective techniques, Decision theory, 44, 46-49, 558-563 532-552 definition of, 560-563 multi-level interpretation of person- Defense mechanisms, 38 ality, 527-532 perception theory, 41-43 Level I, 527 structured story technique used to Level Ia, 527-528 study, 308-309 Level II, 528 Delinquents, assaultiveness of, 89-90 Level III, 528-531 Depersonalization process, drawings in• Rorschach, 532-537 dicating, 380 Sentence Completion Test, 537-542 Depression, 68-69 prediction of future behavior, 525-526 diagnosis of, 159 projective material drawings by narcotic addict with, 373 multi-level interpretations, 527-532 psychotic, 90 projective techniques Developmental theory, 54-55 levels measured by, 532-542 application to projective techniques, purpose of, 523-527 54-55 understanding of the patient, 525 Developmental trends use of proper language, 524 correlation of HIT scores with, 157-158 Cognitive theory and projective tech• Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 491-492 niques, 44-49 Diagnostic testing, 23, 30, 67 Communications theory model, 58 on basis of figure drawings, 383, 385

628 INDEX differential Draw-A-Family procedure, 366, 390 Hand Test, 478-479 Draw-A-Person-in-the-Rain, 366 Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement, Draw-a-Person test, 80 500-501 Draw-An-Animal approach, 366, 390 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 486-489 Drawing Completion Technique (DCT) , Szondi test, 470-472 366, 368, 502-5ll doll play and puppetry, 360 expressive motor activity, 502 use of HIT, 158-160 history and theory, 502-503 Displacement, 23, 37 Horn-Hellersberg (HH) test, 505, 509 Doll play, 327-365 materials and instruction, 505 absence of father, 347-348 for personality appraisal, 502 administration, 329-332 recording and scoring, 506-510 structured presentations, 330-331 research and clinical applications, 508- types of incomplete problems, 331- 510 332 technical adequacy, 503-505 unstructured presentations, 329-330 "wideband techniques," 504-505 Driscoll Play Kit, 329 Drawings, projective, 366-393; see also emotional disturbance, 346-347 Projective drawings fantasy aggression, 344-346 Dreams, 37, 600-604 history, 327-328 symbolism, 91 identification and parent preference, 341-343 E illness and physical handicaps, 348-349 materials, 328-329, 334-335 Education parent-child interactions, 343-344 psychologists contributions to, 572-574 personality assessment, 341-347 role of psychological testing, 572-574 racial awareness and racial differences, Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, 349-350 155, 156 recording and interpretation, 332-334 Ego identity, 36, 38 research, 334-351 Ego psychology, 30 age levels, 336 Ego strength, 57 doll family constellations, 335 Elgin Prognostic Scale, 158 experimental conditions, 340-341 Emotional disturbance, 160 experimenter-child interaction, 339- doll play, 346-347 340 Environment, field theory, 52-54 influence of situational factors, 346- Examiners 351 examiner-child interaction, 339-340 manipulation of environmental vari• objectivity of, 33-34, 36 ables, 339-341 role of, 33, 36 methodological studies, 334-339 sex of, 339 number and length of sessions, 335- Exhibitionists, drawings by, 372-373, 376 336 Existentialism, 56-57 personality assessment, 341-347 Expectancy theory, 24-25, 50-51 quantification of observations, 337- Expressive techniques, 12 338 reliability, 338 F sex differences, 336-337 Facial photographs sex of examiner, 339 projective use of, 461-472 validity, 338-339 Szondi test, 462-472 socioeconomic status, 350-351 Family interaction studies, 578, 606 Structured Doll Play Test (SDP) , 329, Family Relations Test, 578 332, 348, 349 Fantasy activity, 24, 51, 95-96, 600-601 Dramatic Production. tests, 8 coding, 96-97

INDEX 629 doll play, 344-346 sex content indicators, 481 relationship between overt behavior technical adequacy, 476-478 and, 29 HIT; see Holtzman Inkblot Technique relationship of projective technique Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) , and, 37 136-170 Father, absence of, 347-348 administration, 136, 140-142 Feeble-minded, 127 group method, 163-165 Field theory, 52-54 variations in standard method, 163- application to projective techniques, 165 52-54 Austin-Mexico City project, 158, 160- Figure Drawing techniques, 69, 80-81, 161 366-367 based on psychometric principles, ll4 Films and motion pictures clinical applications, 162-163 puppet shows, 358-359 comparison with Rorschach, 136-137, Fisher's Exact Test, 105 152-153 Forer Structured Sentence Completion correlations of inkblot scores, 153-162 Test, 279, 283 with behavioral measures, 156-157 Four Picture Test (Van Lennep) , 5, with cognitive and perceptual mea• 246-247 sures, 154-155 Franck Drawing Completion Test, 503 with cross-cultural studies, 160-162 criterion categories, 508 with developmental trends in chil• masculinity-feminity, 510 dren, 157-158 Freud, S., 6, 10, 91, 99 differential diagnosis, 158-160 with personality tests, 155-156 G development, 136, 137-138 inkblots, 136, 138 Games, theory of, 46, 558-559 psychological meaning, 150-152 Generalization, 20, 22 interpretation, 167 Gestalt psychology, 132 literature, 167 Gestures and body movements, 252-253 research studies, 165-166, 588-589 Glueck Prediction tables, 573 scoring, 136, 137-138, 143-146 Graphoscopic scale, 503 correlates of, 153-162 Gratification, 39 dimensions present in, 150-152 psychoanalytic theory of delayed, 594- reliability of, 146-150 596 split-half, 149 Guilford's tests of divergent thinking, 154 use of computers, 164 stimulus material, 114 H test material, 139 test-retest design, 136, 138 Habits, 20 validity studies, 137 emotional, 19 Homosexuals, 71, 531 stimulus summation, 22 drawings by, 371-372, 376 Hand Test, 472-481 Horn Art Aptitude Scale, 503 clinical applications, 478-481 Horn-Hellersberg (HH) test, 505, 509 differential diagnosis, 478-479 House-Tree-Person Drawing device expressive movement, 473 (H-T-P) , 366-367, 390 history and theory, 472-474 Human face test, 461-472 materials and instructions, 474-475 history and theory, 461-462 recording and scoring system, 475-477 materials and instructions, 463-465 research studies, 478-481 other facial photographs, 472 aggressive behavior, 479-481 recording and scoring system, 465-471 evaluating employee work perform· research studies, 466-470 ance, 481 Szondi test, 462-472

630 INDEX technical adequacy, 461 Kent-Rosanoff Free Association Test, Human Figure Drawing Test, 69, 80-81, 130, 264-265 366-367 word association list, 266 Hutt Adaptation of Bender-Gestalt Kibbutz in Israel, personality research, 286 (HABGT) , 69, 70, 79 Kinget Drawing Completion Test, 502- 51 I I L Id-Ego-Superego test, 472 Learning theories, 19-30 Identification, 341-343 stimulus-response terms, 21-24 Illness and physical handicaps Legal process, psychologists' contributions doll play, 348-349 to, 569-572 Imagination Levels of personality, 527-532 projective test results and, 598-600 Rorschach, 532-537 TAT and, 596-598 Sentence Completion Test, 537-542 use of projective techniques, 589-590 Life space, 52 Incomplete sentence blank (ISB) , 276 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 481-493 Index of Differentiation (ID) , 285 history and theory, 48!-482 Information processing theory, 44-46 inter-cultural differences, 482 Inhibitory reactions, 23 materials and instructions, 482-483 Inkblots, 113-114 recording and scoring system, 483-484 experiments with, 3-5 research and clinical applications, 486- historical background, 3-5 489 Holtzman inkblot technique, 136-170 developmental studies, 491-492 Rorschach techniques, 113-135 differential diagnosis, 486-489 Insight mental retardation, 489-490 Children's Insight Test, 301 personality factors, 492-493 Sargeant's Test of Insight, 297-298 technical adequacy, 485-486 Intelligence tests attacks on, 554 M correlations with HIT scores, 154-155 role in personality assessment, 421-460 Machover's Figure Drawings techniques, Stanford Binet Scale, 72-73 69, 366-367 Make-A-Picture Story (MAPS), 236-239 J Make-A-Sentence Test (MAST), 273-274 Masculinity-feminity, measure of, 503, 510 journal of Projective Techniques and Masochism, drawings revealing, 376 Personality Assessment, 7 Matching tests, validities, 85, 103-105 Juvenile delinquents, identification of Mental retardation, 70, 159 potential, 573 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test and, 489-490 Mexico, cross-cultural research, 158, 160- K 161 Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement Miale-Holsopple Sentence Completion (KTSA), 492-502 Test, 281-282 history and theory, 493-494 Michigan Picture Story Test, 615 materials and instructions, 494-495 Michigan Pictures Test (MPT), 232-236 recording and scoring, 495-499 Michigan Sentence Completion Test research and clinical application, 500- (MSCT) , 282-283 502 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality In• cultural differences, 502 ventory, 81, 155, 156 differential diagnosis, 500-501 Moral standards technical adequacy, 499-500 development of concepts about, 307-309 Karon, B_ P., 85-111 story completion methods, 307-309

INDEX 631 Mosaic Test, 481-493; see also Lowenfeld sonality Mosaic Test definition, II Most Unpleasant Concept Test, 382-383 doll play, 346 Motive strength, 24, 29 dynamics, 80 Murray, Henry, 7-8, 172; see also Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 492-493 Thematic Apperception Test multi-level interpretation of, 527-532 (TAT) projective tests for revealing under- Musical reverie test, 8 lying features, 5, 64-82 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 156 structure of, 80 theory of, 7 N use of projective tests in therapeutic management, 79-82 Narcotics addict, drawings by, 373 Personality inventories, 130 Neurotics, 159 Personality tests, correlation with HIT, Neutralization, 37 155-156 Non-verbal projective tests, 69 Phantasie Test, 502-503 Bender-Gestalt Test, 418 Physicians, psychiatrists as, 566-567 Non-visual methods, 616-617 Picture Arrangement Test (PAT), 247- Nosological systems, 76, 158 249 Picture Identification Test (PIT) , 472 0 Picture Story Test (PST) , 228-232 Pictures, experiments with, 3-5 Object Relations Test (ORT), 243-245 Potentiality, 28-29 Organismic theory, 58 Process phenomena Origin situations, 19-20 assessment and, 71-75 Projection, 23 p attributive, 10 autistic, 10 Paranoids, 55 classical, 10 Parents concept of, 9-10 absence of father, 347-348 externalization of, 10 parent-child interactions, 343-344 Freud on, 10 preference, 341-343 rationalized, 10 Patient-therapist relationship, 59, 73-74, research literature, 10 82, 339-340 Projective drawings, 366-393 Perception theory, 39-44 clinical beginnings, 366-367 defense mechanisms, 41-43 illustrations, 368-383 defensive operations, 39-44 indication of subject's psychomotor external and internal factors, 40-42 activities, 366 perceptual vivification, 40 interpretations, 368-383 principles of, 39 materials and administration, 367-368 sensitivity, 43 nuanced language of, 375-376 theory, 39-44 research studies, 383-390 Perceptual adience-abience, 81 symbolization, 368 Perceptual measures, correlations with underlying hypotheses, 368-383 HIT scores, 154-155 Projective hypotheses Perceptual-motoric behavior, 408-409 Bender-Gestalt test, 397-420 Perceptual organizing process, 32 extensions of, 395-396 Perceptual theory, Rorschach and, 120- Hand Test, 472-481 129 Human Face, 461-472 Perseveration, phenomenon of, 70-71 intelligence test in personality assess• Personality ment, 421 assessment of; see Assessment of per- Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement

632 INDEX (KTSA) , 492-502 social action theory, 56-57 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 481-49!1 Psychologists, 76 Projective techniques clinical, !13-34, 129, 578 administration of, 12 effect on test situation, 7!1-74 adoption and popularity of, lll-15 general medical setting, 567-569 advent of, 8-10 as psychodiagnosticians, 567-569 cathartic methods, 12 role of, 33-34, 129 choice or ordering techniques, 12 conflicts, 556-557 classification, 12 training of, 578 completion techniques, 12 Psychology constructive techniques, 12 academic, 16 current status, 15 behavioristic, 109 defining, 11-12 clinical, 15-16 effect of World War II, 14 Psychopathology, 15 experimental efforts, 4-5 evaluation of test responses, 79-80 expressive techniques, 12 personality assessment and, 66-75 historical introduction, ll-16 TAT research studies, 216-218 concept of projection, 9-10 therapeutic change and, 62 current trends, 15-16 , test for, 242 Murray's TAT, 7-8 Psychotherapists, 565-566 projection techniques, 8-10 Psychotherapy, 15 Rorschach's inkblots, 5-7 assessment and, 76-82 interpretive methods, 12 prediction of change, 77-79 negative findings, 16 TAT research studies, 216-218 personality theory and, 5 use of projective tests in management proliferation of methods, 15 of, 79-82 psychological theory and, 18-6!1 use of Rorschach in assessing change, refractive methods, 12 79-82 research activity, 14-15 Psychotics, 159 responses, kinds of, 12 drawings revealing, !181 special projective methods, 611-629 Puppets and puppetry, 294, !152-!160 for study of personality, 8-9 administration, !154-!155 target or purpose, 12 clinical use of puppets, 355-357 varieties of, 12-lll diagnostic testing, 360 Psychiatrists filmed puppet shows, 358-359 as psychotherapists, 565-566 administration, 358 as physicians, 566-567 goals, 360 as ward administrator, 564-565 puppet characters and scripts, 353-354 Psychiatry, diagnosis, 87-88 research with puppets, 357 Psychoanalytic theory, !10-!19 effect on development of projective Q methods, 5 projective technique and, !10-!19 Q-sort or checklist, 93 Psychodiagnosticians, 567-569, 577-578 Psychological clinic, 574-577 R Psychological theories, 18-63 adaptation level theory, 49-52 Racial attitudes, 605 cognitive theory, 44-49 doll play, 349-350 developmental theory, 54-55 Reaction formation, 23 field theory, 52-54 Reality testing, 31, 80 learning theory, 19-liO measuring individual's relation to perception theory, !19-44 reality, 503 psychoanalytic theory, li0-39 Rorschach and, 115-119

INDEX 633 Referrals, decision to test, 553-580 contribution of, 134 Regression, in the service of the ego, 35- 36 bibliography, 6 Reliability changes in therapeutic management, 81 doll play, 338 comparison with HIT, 136-137, 152-153 HIT, 137, 146-150 content, ll3-ll4 Rorschach, ll4 criticism of, 136-137 validity contrasted with, 85, 97-102; early experiments, 5-7 see also Validities empirical hypotheses, 6 implications, 99-102 form associations (F+ and F-), liS, internal consistency, 98 120-129 mathematical argument, 98-99 free association period, ll3 measure of, 102-109 historical introduction, 5-7 temporal consistency, 97-98 influence of Freud, 6 Research applications, 581-610 influence on projective technique move- evaluation of disturbance, intellectual ment, 7 or personality change, 583 inkblots, ll3, 120-129, 131-134 fantasy and daydreaming, 600-601 inquiry period, ll3 imagination, 598-600 instructions, ll3, 131, 539-540 new directions, 604-607 interest in, 6 overview of uses of projective tech• interpretation of responses, 56-57 niques, 582-583 interpretations on projective techniques, 94-96, 582- area of content analysis, 535 583, 584-590 form accuracy, 534 development of specialized scores, levels of personality measured by, 586-588 532-537 global matching of projective pro• movement responses, 534, 590-594 tocols, 586 multi-level instrument, 536 obtaining inter-judge agreement in Klopfer's Prognostic Rating Scale, 78 scoring TAT, 585-586 levels measured by, 532-537 psychoanalytic theory of thought and literature on, 6 delayed gratification, 594-596 location, ll3-ll4 research literature, 581 perceptual theory, 120-129 Rorschach tests, 6, 129-131, 590-594 personality structure and functioning; study of imagination, 589-590, 596-598 80, 532-537 studying the stream of thought, 601- phenomenology, ll8-ll9 604 principles and insights, 120-129, 131-134 TAT, 596-598 animal forms, 126 testing of personality or perceptual• color shock and shading shock, 133- motor theories, 583 134 Responses defensive blocking, 133 clinical evaluation, 69-70 DW, DdW, DdD, 131-132 configurations of, 67-71 F+ percepts, 120-129 interpretation of, 56-57 list of, 124-125 motive-related imaginative, 25-26 trends in personality groups, 123 primary and secondary process, 35, 37 fantasy association (M) , 133 psychopathological knowledge and, 79- human forms, 126 80 personal F-, 132 receptor-orienting, 21-22 textural determinant (T) , 133 short and long latency, 23 w. 132 stimulus-response terms, 21-24 white space (s) , 132-133 Rorschach, Hermann, 4, 5-6, 14, 30, 264- z. 132 265 procedure, 113

634 INDEX psychoanalytic theory and, 30-39 Miale-Holsopple Sentence Completion reality and, ll5-ll9 Test, 281-282 reliability, 114 Michigan Sentence Completion Test, research studies, 6, 129-131 282-283 Human Movement response, 590-594 modifications, 618-620 literature, 14-15 multi-level interpretation, 537-542 responses, 35, 70, 590-594 reliability and validity, 286-287 determination of, I 14 research applications, 284-286, 287-288 scoring system, 37, 54-55, 78, 145 personality research, 286 statistics, 130-131 Stotsky-Weinberg Sentence Completion stimulus material, ll3-ll4 Test, 283-284 test situation, 36 underlying assumptions, 277-279 therapeutic process and outcomes, 79- Sexual identification, 81, 82 82 Drawing Completion Tests, 510-511 underlying pathology revealed by, 79- drawings by engaged woman, 369-370 81 measure of masculinity-feminity, 503 validity problem, 88-90, 94, ll4 Social action theory, 56-57 value of method, 6 application to projective techniques, Rorschach Index of Repressive Style, 56-57 598-599 Social learning theory, 28, 50 Rorschach Research Exchange, 6-7 Social reinforcement, 82 Rosenzweig Frustration Picture test, 89, Social uses of psychological tests, 553-580 101 attacks on testing, 554-558 decision theory as theory of measure- s ment, 558-563 educational context, 572-574 Sacks Sentence Completion Test (SSCT) , general medical setting, 567-569 278 invasion of privacy, 554-555 Sado-masochistic drawings, 377 legal context, 569-572 Sarason's Test Anxiety Scale for Chil• psychiatric setting, 563-567 dren, 155 psychological clinic, 574-577 Sargeant's Test of Insight, 297-298 Society for Projective Techniques and Schizoid individuals, drawings by, 377- Personality Assessment, 7 378 Society for the Psychological Study of Schizophrenia, 70, 88, 95, 96, 158, 159 Social Issues (SPSSI) , 573 drawings by patients, 378-381, 386 Socioeconomic status Lowenfeld Mosaic Test for diagnosis doll play, 350-351 of, 487 Scoring test, 66-67 Special projective methods, 6ll-629 research on, 81 adapting vs. devising, 622 Screening devices, sentence completion for assessment of intervening variables, techniques, 287 619-620 Self-awareness, 82 innovations in stimulus material, 620- Self-concept, 41, 82 622 Self-fulfilling prophecy, 573, 579 non-visual methods, 616-617 Sentence completion tests, 69, 81, 263, for predicting specific behaviors, 617- 274-288 619 administration, 280 problem areas, 622-625 clinical applications, 287 for special populations, 614-616 evaluation and interpretation, 280-284 to test theories, 620 Forer Sentence Completion Test, 283 testing hypotheses, 613-614 history, 275-277 Stanford Binet Scale, 72-73 materials, 279-280 Statistics

INDEX 635 product-moment correlation coefficient, recording, 465-471 107-108 research studies, 466-470 rank correlation, 107 differential diagnosis, 470-472 Rorschach test, 130-131 genetic assumptions, 467 scales of measurement, 108-109 stimulus values, 468 validities, 85, 103-104 scoring system, 465-471 Stein's Sentence Completion Tests, 81, 278 technical adequacy, 467 Stimulus-response terms, 21-24 ambiguous, 27-29 T drive-arousing properties, 27-29 TAT; see Thematic Apperception Test innovations in material, 620-622 Tau coefficient of rank correlation, 85, 107 Story completion methods, 263, 290-324 Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) , clinical applications, 3 I 7-318 155, 533 1923-40, 294-296 Test situation 1940-49, 296-298 cues, 25 1950- present, 301-302 effect of psychologist's personality, 73- criteria for, 291-292 74 Despert Fables, 296, 298, 300, 301 learning theory, 19-20 Duess fables, 294-295, 296, 300 patient-therapist relationship, 59, 73- history, 290-310 74, 80, 339-340 clinical work, 294-296 risk or uncertainty of, 44-45 research work, 290-294 role of examiner, 33, 36 interpretations, 313-317 as social situation, 52-54 Madeline Thomas stories, 296, 298, 301 stimulus properties, 21-24 materials and administration, 311-312 Tests and testing research applications, 263, 318-319 attacks on psychological tests, 554-558 1923-40, 290-294 costs, 47 1940-49, 298-300 decision theory and, 46-49, 558-563 1950 - present, 302-311 institutional vs_ individual decision, underlying hypotheses, 313-317 560 Stotsky-Weinberg Sentence Completion errors in interpretation, 553 Test, 283-284 group testing, 574 Structure of tests, 31 as invasion of privacy, 554-555 Structured Doll Play Test (SDP) , 329, legal context, 569-572 332, 348, 349 limitation of objective, 69-71 Subjects narrowband and wideband, 47-49 defensive reactions, 34 psychiatric setting, 563-567 interaction between tester and, 59, 73- role in education, 572-574 74, 80, 339-340 situation; see Test situation test performance, 33-34 social uses of psychological tests, Suicidal impulses, 92-93 553-580 drawing indicating, 381-382 testing time, 47 Symbol Elaboration Test, 503 utility or pay-off value, 48 Symbolization, 37, 91 , why and when to test, 553-580 Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) , (KTSA) , 492-502 14, 69, 172-221 projective drawings, 368 adaptation level theory, 50-51 significance in human behavior, 493-494 adapting to special populations, 614-616 Symbol Elaboration Test, 503 Auditory Apperception Test (AA T) , Symonds, Percival M_, 228-232 250-252 Szondi test, 462-472 B1acky Pictures Test, 289-248 assumptions, 467-470 Children's Appreciation Test (CAT), materials and instructions, 463-465 224-228

636 INDEX clinical application, 184-204 Thought, 30-33 derivative methods, 8 alternative approaches to studying, 601- flexibility, 8 604 Four Picture Test (FPT), 246-247 psychoanalytic theory of, 594-596 historical development, 5-8 Three-Dimensional Apperception Test interpretation of, 8, 541 (3-DAT), 252-253 learning theory and, 19 Transference and countertransference, 33 literature on, 8 Make-A-Picture Story (MAPS), 236-239 u methods, 7 Test, 366, 390 Michigan Pictures Test (MPT) , 232- Unpleasant Concept 236 motives expressed in story-telling, 25- v 26 Validation of methods, 18, 85-113 Object Relations Test (ORT), 243-245 chi-squares, 85, 105-107 apperceptive methods, other thematic classical test theory, 99, 102, 103 249-253 clinical theory and data, 86-87 changes, 80-82 personality clinical uses, 85 Arrangement Test (PAT) , Picture clinical vs. research, 92-93 247-249 coding fantasies, 96 Story Test (PST) , 228-232 Picture concurrent vs. predictive, 91 and, 7 construct, 92 204-218, 585-586 research studies, content, 86-87 card ambiguity, 2ll-212 criterion-related, 87-92 research, 205-209 criteria! doll play, 338-339 212-213 formal factors, intrinsic vs. extrinsic, 95-96 group comparisons, 207 kinds of, 85-93 209-211 hero assumption, matching tests, 85, 103-105 hypothesis testing, 215-216 nature of clinical understandings, 93-94 norms, 206-207 product-moment correlation coefficient, personality-theoretical, 213-218 107-108 psychometric research, 209-213 Q-sort or checklist, 93-94 psychopathology and psychotherapy, reliability contrasted with, 85, 97-102 216-218 classical test theory, 99, 102, 103 signs, 207-209 implications, 99-102 responses, 31 internal consistency, 98 scoring methods, 8 mathematical arguments, 98-99 study of imagination and, 596-598 measure of, 102-109 test administration, 184 temporal consistency, 97-98 theoretical conceptions, 172-184 Rorschach, ll4 components, 174-177 scales of measurement, 108-109 orientation, 182-184 statistical methods, 85, 103-104 process theory, 177-182 Stevens' four types of scales, 85, 108-109 utility, 173-174 Tau', 85, 107 Three-Dimensional Apperception Test (3-DAT), 252-253 validity, 90, 92-93, 94, 95-96, 101 w variety of thematic methods, 222-261 Wechsler's Adult Intelligence Scales wideband quality, 172-173 (WAIS), 31, 395-396 Therapy case presentation, 438-444 prediction of change, 77-79 clinical applications, 455-456 use of projective tests, 64-82 differences in Verbal and Performance Thinking, theory of, 30-33 IQ, 436-437

INDEX 637 information, 429 Similarities, 454 interpretative rationale for subtests, Verbal and Performance IQ, 453 428-438 verbal subtests, 428-432 intra-subtest scatter, 437-438 Arithmetic, 431-432, 442 performance subtests, 432-436 Comprehension, 429-430, 441-442 Block Design, 434-435, 443-444 Digit Span, 4~1 Digit Symbol, 435-436 Information, 429, 440 Object Assembly, 434 Similarities, 430-431, 442-443 Picture Arrangement, 432-433, 444 Vocabulary, 428-429, 444 Picture Completion, 433-434, 443 Wechsler-Bellevue Vocabulary and Inte• personality assessment, 421-460 gration, Movement and Form Ap• content of specific test responses, propriateness, 81, 154 422-425 Word Association Test, 12, 14 organization of specific cognitive func• Word associations, 264-273 tions, 426-428 administration, 267-268 subject's style of responding, 425-426 early experiments with, 3-5 projective use of, 69 evaluation and interpretation, 268-273 research studies, 445-456 formal characteristics of associative Arithmetic, 454 response, 270-272 Block Design, 451 Kent-Rosanoff Free Association Test, Comprehension subtest, 454 264-265 Digit Span and Digit Symbol, 446-450 Make-A-Sentence Test (MAST) , 273- ego functions, assessment of, 455 Information subtest, 453-454 274 Object Assembly, 450-451 materials, 265-267 Picture Arrangement, 451-452 research, 273 Picture Completion, 450 underlying assumptions, 268

638 INDEX