CARRIAGE HILLS NO. 2 DAM (DAMID 040110) SEPTEMBER 2013 DAM FAILURE FORENSIC INVESTIGATION REPORT Colorado Division of Water Resources, Dam Safety Branch
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CARRIAGE HILLS NO. 2 DAM (DAMID 040110) SEPTEMBER 2013 DAM FAILURE FORENSIC INVESTIGATION REPORT Colorado Division of Water Resources, Dam Safety Branch 1. REFERENCES 1. Dam Failure Investigation Guideline, ASDSO, Dec. 8, 2011. 2. Exceedance Probability Analysis for the Colorado Flood Event, Sept. 9‐16, 2013, NOAA NDSC, Sept. 17, 2013 3. Colorado Front Range Flood of 2013: Peak Flow Estimates at Selected Mountain Stream Locations, NRCS, Dec. 2013. 4. Public Communications Guide, Colorado Rains and Flood, 2013, USBR, Updated October 21, 2013. 5. Peak Discharge Indirect Measurements of the September 11‐13, 2013 flood for Selected Streams along the Colorado Front Range, Technical Memorandum No. 86‐6833000‐2014‐24, USBR, June 2014. 6. Hydrologic Evaluation of the Big Thompson Watershed, Post September 2013 Flood Event, Colorado Department of Transportation, prepared by Jacobs, August 2014. 7. Fish Creek Hydrology Report, prepared by Matrix Design Group, August 2014. 2. SCOPE & PURPOSE The purpose of this report is to document the failure of the Carriage Hills No. 2 Dam, which occurred during the September 2013 floods, with respect to the following: possible causes of the failure, possible damages from the breach floodwave, and lessons that can be learned to help avoid future dam failures. The scope of the study included review of State Engineer’s Office (SEO) construction & dam safety inspection files, post‐failure field inspection and surveys of the dam breach and stream channel high water marks, review of processed rain data, review of previous studies, associated analysis and discussion, and report documentation. The SEO Dam Safety Branch (DSB) assigns dams to an individual Dam Safety Engineer (DSE) in a region, who is then primarily responsible for inspecting his/her assigned dams and enforcing state dam safety regulations there. In order to provide an independent review in accordance with Reference 1, this dam failure forensic study was performed by a member of DSB staff not previously associated with the inspection or regulation of the Carriage Hills No. 2 Dam. 3. BACKGROUND The Carriage Hills No. 2 Dam (DAMID 040110) is classified by the DSB as a Low Hazard, Minor Size dam. The DSB assigns hazard classification based on a “sunny day” failure scenario, absent flooding. The dam reportedly overtopped and failed during the September 2013 widespread catastrophic flooding in Northern Colorado. The storm was an unusual, late season event whereby warm moisture and upslope winds allowed up to 16‐17 inches of rain to fall at elevations as high as 10,000 ft. The rain event did not have unusually high rain intensity, but had a long duration and high volume. It caused extensive flooding throughout Northern Colorado. The Carriage Hills No. 1 & No. 2 Dams are owned by the Town of Estes Park. They are located in the Carriage Hills subdivision approximately 2‐1/4 miles southeast of downtown Estes Park. The dams lie in series on an CARRIAGE HILLS NO. 2 DAM, Dam Failure Forensic Investigation Report Page 1 February 27, 2015 unnamed tributary, approximately 400‐ft upstream of it confluence with Fish Creek. Carriage Hills No. 2 is the downstream of the two, and it lies about ½ mile east of Colorado State Highway 7 (St. Vrain Avenue). Figures 1, 2 and 3 show a vicinity map, location map, and 2011 aerial image around the dam. Figure 1. Carriage Hills No. 2 Dam vicinity map. Figure 2: Location map for Carriage Hills No. 2 Dam. CARRIAGE HILLS NO. 2 DAM, Dam Failure Forensic Investigation Report Page 2 February 27, 2015 Carriage Hills No. 2 Dam Figure 3: 2011 NAIP areal image showing the Carriage Hills No.2 Dam and surroundings. The DSB was notified by phone on the morning of Sept. 12, 2013, by the Town of Estes Park water manager that the Carriage Hills dams were overtopping by flood flows. The Dam Safety Engineer (DSE) assigned to the dam made a follow‐up call to the Town’s public works director and understood the Town was taking emergency action to evacuate downstream residents along Fish Creek. The DSB subsequently lost all communication with Estes Park for the duration of the flood and for some time thereafter. A DSE made it to Estes Park on Sept. 19, 2013, and confirmed that the Carriage Hills No. 2 (lower) Dam had failed. Carriage Hills No. 1 (upper) Dam sustained damage from overtopping but did not fail. 4. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS: The DSB performed the following field investigations of the Carriage Hills No. 2 Dam failure and surrounding flooding: Sept. 19, 2013: Just under a week after the dam failure, the DSB visited the site as part of on‐going flood emergency response. The main purpose of this visit was to document conditions at the breach and the dam site for forensic purposes and to ensure the dam was in a safe condition. Sept. 26, 2013: As our immediate emergency response effort slowed a crew of two DSEs returned to the site to perform a detailed survey of the dam and talk to eyewitnesses. Table 1 shows results from our level survey of the dam, breach, and spillway. Figure 4 shows a profile of our survey. Photos 1‐14 show conditions encountered during the investigation. We made the following visual classifications of soils in the right breach side slope (see Photo 5 of the soil profile at the breach): 0’‐1.4’: organic soil 1.4’‐2.4’: light‐colored sandy clay, very stiff 2.4’‐2.6’: clayey sand with gravel 2.6’‐ 6.0’ (bottom of breach at sample location): dark colored sandy, gravely clay with organics Bag samples were collected from the embankment, but no lab testing was performed as part of this study. CARRIAGE HILLS NO. 2 DAM, Dam Failure Forensic Investigation Report Page 3 February 27, 2015 Table 1: Sept. 26, 2013 level survey notes for Carriage Hills No. 2 Dam breach. Figure 4: Plot of survey points along Carriage Hills No. 2 Dam embankment, breach and spillway. CARRIAGE HILLS NO. 2 DAM, Dam Failure Forensic Investigation Report Page 4 February 27, 2015 Photo 1: Looking upstream through the Carriage Hills No. 2 Dam breach. Note Photo 2: Right breach side slope, looking upstream from the downstream toe. plastic liner. Material in foreground appeared to be weathered rock. Photo 3: Dam breach (red arrow) viewed from the Carriage Hills No. 2 Photo 4: Looking right across the upstream slope. Red arrow shows the breach reservoir. location. CARRIAGE HILLS NO. 2 DAM, Dam Failure Forensic Investigation Report Page 5 February 2015 Photo 5: Carriage Hills No. 2 Dam embankment soil profile on right side of the Photo 6: Left breach side slope, looking left from the downstream toe. breach. Photo 7: Looking right across the dam from the left abutment. Red arrow Photo 8: Head cut erosion damage on the downstream slope of the Carriage shows the breach location. Hills No. 2 Dam, located left of the dam breach. CARRIAGE HILLS NO. 2 DAM, Dam Failure Forensic Investigation Report Page 6 February 2015 Photo 9: Looking downstream through the spillway (red arrow). Photo 10: Erosion damage at Scott Ave. caused by Carriage Hills No. 2 Dam spillway flows. Photo 11: Bent grass along the spillway return flowpath below the dam. Photo 12: Sand, gravel, and rock debris deposited below the dam where spillway return flows spread out. CARRIAGE HILLS NO. 2 DAM, Dam Failure Forensic Investigation Report Page 7 February 2015 Photo 13: Rock weir (red arrow) and willows in spillway approach. Photo 14: Spillway approach viewed from the left side of the reservoir showing thick vegetation. CARRIAGE HILLS NO. 2 DAM, Dam Failure Forensic Investigation Report Page 8 February 2015 Nov. 14‐15, 2013: Two DSEs returned to survey the upstream and downstream stream channels and associated high water lines, to survey flood damage, and to meet with more eyewitnesses. 5. EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS DSB staff attempted to interview neighboring residents after the Carriage Hills No. 2 Dam failure. This effort was hindered because many people in the surrounding neighborhood were either evacuated or had left town after the flood. Table 2 summarizes eyewitness accounts obtained by the DSB. Table 2: Eyewitness Accounts obtained by the DSB Name/address/phone Date of number interview Eyewitness Account Henry Rische / 1160 9/26/2013 Mr. Rische reported water was flowing over the top of both Carriage Hills dams by Lakeshore Dr. / 970‐ daybreak on Thursday, 9/12/13. He reported a 2nd hand account that his neighbor 586‐5591 heard a roaring sound early in the morning on Friday 9/13/13. Photos 15‐18 were taken by Mr. Rische’s daughter who had left town by the time of the interview. The photos are believed to have been taken on Thursday morning, 9/12/13. Anonymous woman 9/26/2013 Reported the lower Carriage Hills dam apparently broke overnight of 9/12‐13. The residing at 1100 Scott dam was gone on the morning of Friday, 9/13/13, when she woke up. Ave. Bob Harvey/ 11/14/2013 Mr. Harvey reported there were significant flood inflows to Carriage Hills No. 1 Pinewood Drive from a side tributary (unnamed) east of Larkspur Ave, east of Hwy 7 and entering (upstream of Hwy 7) / over Carriage Drive. Also there was ~6‐in deep flow overtopping the paved bike 970‐576‐5576 path located ~300‐ft downstream of Hwy 7 (survey Cross‐Section 1) on the north tributary. He corroborated that the maximum high water level on the CO HWY 7 5’x7’ box culvert was probably at 3/4 height of the culvert. He said the culvert was not submerged and the road did not overtop.