Growth Patterns of Juveniles Observed at a Shared Spawning Site in Two Closely Related Species of Spined Loaches Endemic To
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Jpn. J. Environ. Entomol. Zool. 29(2): 49-55(2018) 環動昆 第 29 巻 第 2 号:49-55(2018) Original Article Growth patterns of juveniles observed at a shared spawning site in two closely related species of spined loaches endemic to the Lake Biwa riverine system; Cobitis magnostriata and C. minamorii oumiensis Kiyohito Morii1)*, Mitsunori Nakano2), Takayoshi Nishida3) and Koh-Ichi Takakura3) 1) Graduate School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500, Hassaka-cho, Hikone-City, Shiga 522-8533, Japan 2) Bioresouces and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, Ishikawa-ken, 921-8836 Japan 3) Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500, Hassaka-cho, Hikone-City, Shiga 522-8533, Japan (Received: March 26, 2018;Accepted: May 10, 2018) Abstract Two spined loach fishes, Cobitis magnostriata Nakajima, 2012 and C. minamorii oumiensis Nakajima, 2012 are endemic to the Lake Biwa riverine system. Although they were once distributed throughout the coasts of Lake Biwa, the distributions of both species have narrowed up to the present day: they have become regarded as endangered species. For three years (2015–2017), we conducted field surveys at a ditch in Takashima, Shiga Prefecture and recorded the growth patterns of juveniles of both species. A series of surveys captured 700 and 40 juveniles, respectively, of C. magnostriata and C. minamorii oumiensis. The growth of juveniles of C. magnostriata was linear until early June, after which it reached a plateau. That saturation occurred at 20–25 mm body length. Few individuals exceeded 25 mm. Results suggest that the saturation was the result of sufficiently grown juveniles (20 mm or larger) running down to Lake Biwa. In 2015, the level at saturation for C. magnostriata was higher. The density of conspecific juveniles was thought to be lower than in other years. These results suggest that intra-specific resource competition affected this species. We were unable to trace the growth of C. minamorii oumiensis juveniles except in 2015 because ever fewer juveniles were captured in 2016 and 2017: our surveys captured fewer juveniles of this species decreased year by year. The study site is apparently the only spawning site for C. minamorii oumiensis at present. These facts support that C. minamorii oumiensis faces an immediate crisis. Overcoming this crisis requires elucidation of details of the C. minamorii oumiensis biology and hastening of the development of effective conservation tactics. Keywords: Cobitis striata species complex, conservation, fallow field biotope, life history, resource competition, spawning Introduction anecdotal reports have been published recently (e.g. Kawamura et al., 2015; Nakano et al., 2015). In recent years, many freshwater fishes in Japan have Both Cobitis magnostriata Nakajima, 2012 and C. become endangered. On the national red list in Japan (Japanese minamorii oumiensis Nakajima, 2012 are endemic species Ministry of Environment, 2014), 123 species are listed as distributed in the Lake Biwa riverine system. They are critically endangered (CR) or endangered (EN). An example is mutually similar in morphology (Saitoh, 1984), but C. the Cobitis striata species complex of 5 species and 11 magnostriata is larger than C. minamorii oumiensis in body subspecies occurring in Japan (Nakajima, 2017). All are listed length and egg size (Minamori, 1956). Saitoh and Matsuda as CR, EN or Vulnerable (VU) in the red list. Conservation of (1990) reported that adult individuals of C. magnostriata these species/subspecies is an urgent task. Details of the inhabit Lake Biwa during most of their life, except during the biology of this species complex, which is necessary for spawning season. During May–June, they migrate to and effective conservation, are little known, although some spawn at permanent water areas surrounding the lake, such as *Corresponding author: [email protected] - 49 - Morii et al ditches and side streams. Saitoh and Matsuda (1990) also reported that adults of C. minamorii oumiensis inhabit ditches connecting to Lake Biwa and the lake. They run to and spawn at temporary water areas such as paddy fields during June–July. A recent report (Nakano et al., 2015) has suggested that both species spawn sympatrically in a site, which is the only site where C. minamorii oumiensis is certain to have spawned in recent years. Some reports of the relevant literature (Saitoh, 1993; Saitoh and Matsuda, 1990) have suggested that C. magnostriata and C. minamorii oumiensis are distributed throughout the coasts of Lake Biwa. The distributions of both species have narrowed to their present state, however. Therefore, both species have been Fig. 1 Study site on June 12, 2016. The water in the ditch designated as CR in the Red Data Book of Shiga Prefecture flows from the bottom right to the upper side in the (Scientific Committee for Research into the Wildlife in Shiga picture. Prefecture, 2016), and as EN in the national Red Data Book 30–200 cm wide, ca. 15 cm deep at most parts and ca. 30 cm (Japanese Ministry of the Environment, 2015). Particularly, C. minamorii oumiensis has been limited to the northern part of deep at the deepest part. Neither the ditch bottom nor wall has the western coast of the Lake Biwa (Saitoh, 1993). These facts been paved. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud occurs urge the conservation of both species. Nevertheless, the in places. The water origin of the outer canal was pumped-up groundwater. Fish migrating from the outer canal to the study biology of these species is as scarce as that of other members site run through the fish way installed at the ditch outlet, of of Cobitis striata species complex. Knowledge of ecological which the drop was ca. 6 cm. characteristics of juveniles is fundamentally important for their effective conservation. Nevertheless, not even descriptive The water level of the site is fundamentally dependent on studies of juveniles have been reported for the two species, the schedule of rice cultivation at the paddy fields located probably because they could not be identified morphologically. across the outer canal: the water level remained high during May and June. In 2015, for example, the water intake to the For this study, we strove to obtain knowledge that can ditch began on May 8. Water was drained on July 4. In this contribute to their conservation. We conducted field surveys at season, the water level of the outer canal was elevated. Then the spawning site described above and applied genetic markers to identify collected juveniles. Then, we elucidated details the water flowed into the ditch of the study site. In 2016 and related to the growth of juveniles of both species. 2017, however, we manipulated the downstream weir to change the schedule. In 2016, the water intake began on May 10. It was drained once on July 2, as in previous years. Three Materials and Methods days later (on July 5), however, the water level was elevated again. The condition continued until July 29. The water level Study site We conducted a series of surveys at a ditch in Shin-Asahi, management in 2017 was similar to that in 2016. The water Takashima, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. At this site, adults of both level was high during April 22 through June 30 and during July C. magnostriata and C. minamorii oumiensis were found 6 through 23. To maintain the water level, we used an engine pump to pump water up to the site from the external canal (Nakano et al., 2015). This site, originally a fallow paddy field 2 during the two durations of high water level in 2016 and 2017. (total area of ca. 3000 m ), was reconstructed into the Therefore, the ditch did not dry up even during the dry grassland where a ditch ran in 2005 (Fig. 1). This site was intervals. constructed with the aim of the water clarification by settling suspended particles in drainage water from paddy fields and the restoration of temporary water area used by fishes for Field survey We surveyed the growth of juveniles of the two species at spawning. This study site is connected to Lake Biwa through the study site. Generally in ichthyological studies, the juvenile the outer canal of approximately 360 m. Nakano et al. (2015) stage is defined as the development stage with fin rays and described the site details. The ditch is ca. 230 m in total length, - 50 - Growth patterns of juveniles of juveniles in two endemic spined loaches, sharing a spawning site scales. Our field surveys captured larvae that were smaller than juveniles, but the larvae were few, as described below. In this M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 study, we do not discriminate juveniles and larvae. We refer to them as juveniles for simplicity. These surveys were conducted while the water level at the site was high: during May 9 through July 4 in 2015, May 10 – July 29 in 2016, and April 22 2000 bp – July 23 in 2017. We conducted surveys once a week, 9 times 1000 bp in all, in 2015. In 2016 and 2017, however, we conducted 500 bp surveys once every two weeks during May–June and once a week during the other period, 9 and 10 times in all. We 100 bp conducted a total of 55 hand-nettings on each day of the surveys. The points of hand-netting were scattered so that they Fig. 2 Results of species identification of juveniles both C. homogeneously cover the entire ditch. Hand-netting was done magnostriata and C. minamorii oumiensis by PCR. The lanes of 1–3 and 4–8, respectively, show C. minamorii by one person wading within the ditch using a hand-net (38 × oumiensis and C. magnostriata. The lane M shows a 38 cm, mesh size of 1 mm).