Alessandro Codivilla (1861-1912): the Bolognese School of Orthopaedic Surgery

ALESSANDRO CODIVILLA (1861-1912): THE BOLOGNESE SCHOOL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY

The Bolognese School of orthopaedics dates back to the late 19th century and developed alongside the Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute (1). The Institute was founded in the ancient 16th century monastery of San Michele in Bosco bought by the great surgeon Francesco Rizzoli who left it in his will to the orthopaedic hospital. The first orthopaedic surgeon was Professor Alessandro Codivilla (2) who was director of the Rizzoli Institute from 1899. Codivalli transformed traumatology with his revolutionary discovery of “direct traction on the skeleton”, a method which involved inserting a metal pin into the heel bone to reduced long bone leg fractures (A). In the words of one of his pupils, “he made the Bolognese School famous because … he armed orthopaedics with a knife when it only knew how to use machines and instruments”. The instruments Codivilla invented include the craniotome (B), a device which replaced traditional drilling of the skull with resection (3). Vittorio Putti, Codivilla’s successor, modernized orthopaedics introducing novel amputation techniques, the knee joint prosthesis and inventing new surgical instruments (Putti screws, osteosynthesis pliers, etc.) Putti was not only a great orthopaedic surgeon but also a passionate bibliophile and collector of everything to do with the world of medicine. He bequeathed his scientific library and collections to the Rizzoli Institute so that all scholars might benefit from them. The last heir to the Bolognese school was the late Prof. Mario Campanacci whose research into bone tumours further enhanced the worldwide reputation of the Orthopaedics School.

Alessandro Codivilla（1862-1912）：博罗尼亚矫形外科学学院

博罗尼亚矫形外科学院应追溯到 19 世纪末，并继续发展了 Rizzoli 矫形外科研究所（1）。该研究所创立于 16 世纪的博斯科圣米雪古修道院，由伟大的外科医生 Francesco Rizzoli 购买并在他去世后将它捐给矫形医院。第一位矫形外科医生是 Alessandro Codivilla（2）自 1899 年任 Rizzoli 矫形外科研究所主任。Codivilla 以他的革新发现“骨骼直接牵引术”转变了创伤学，该方法是在足后跟插入一金属钉使长骨骨折的腿复位（一）。他的一位学生写道：“他使博罗尼亚学院著名因为……当他只知道如何使用机器和仪器时，他以手术刀装备了矫形外科学”。 Codivilla 发明的仪器包括开颅器（二），这种装置取代了传统的钻头颅切除术（3）。 Codivilla 的接班人 Vittorio Putti 引进了新型现代化矫形外科学切断技术，膝关节假肢器和新型外科手术器具——Putti 螺纹钉、接骨钳子等。 Putti 不仅是一位伟大的骨科医生，而且是一位书籍爱好者和世界医学书籍的收藏家。为了使所有的学者都可以从中受益他把他的图书收藏遗赠给 Rizzoli 研究所。博罗尼亚学院的最后一位继承人是玛瑞欧·坎帕纳奇（Mario Campanacci）教授，他对骨肿瘤的研究进一步提高了矫形外科学院的世界声望。

Captions: 1 Aerial view of the 16th-century monastery of San Michele in Bosco purchased by Francesco Rizzoli in 1896 and bequeathed to the orthopaedic institute. (Courtesy of Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli - photograph: Marco Ravenna 1996).

十六世纪的博斯科圣米凯莱古修道院的空中鸟瞰图像，1896 年 Francesco Rizzoli 购买并遗赠给矫形外科研究所。（经授权自 Rizzoli 矫形外科研究所，摄影：Marco Ravenna，1996 年）。

2 Portrait of Alessandro Codivilla. Oil on canvas. (Courtesy of Archivio Storico - Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna).

Alessandro Codivilla 的画像，布面油画。（经授权自 Archivio Storico——博罗尼亚大学）。

3 The craniotome of Codivilla composed of a central screw to be fixed on the skull and a cutter that makes a circular incision on the skull like a compass. From Dall’osteoclasta di Rizzoli alla vite di Putti, F. Delitala 1941. (Courtesy of Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli – Bologna).

Codivilla 颅骨切开术，由固定颅骨的中央螺钉和一个在颅骨上切出一个如罗盘的圆形切口的切割器构成。来自 Dall’osteoclasta di Rizzoli alla vite di Putti，F. Delitala， 1941 年。（经授权自 Rizzoli 矫形外科研究所，博罗尼亚）。