The Road to 4G

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Road to 4G Nigel Linge, Andy Sutton THE ROAD TO 4G When Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola walked along Sixth Avenue in New York on 3 April, 1973, he entered the history books by becoming the fi rst person to make a mobile phone call. But this is just part of the story. Nigel Linge and Andy Sutton examine the past, present and future of mobile technology. 10 | Volume 8 Part 1 • 2014 THE JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROFESSIONALS he fi rst ever mobile telephone service was introduced phone call, made on into the UK by the Post Offi ce for that historic April day customers in South Lancashire on in 1973, used the Dyna- 28 October 1959. That service was TAC (Dynamic Adaptive controlled by the Peterloo exchange TTotal Area Coverage) mobile that Dr in Manchester with two radio base Martin Cooper and his team at Mo- stations, one at Winter Hill and the torola developed. This had its roots other in Liverpool. This service was in technology that dated back to the subsequently extended to London in mid 1940s. 1965 with the opening of the Post During WW2, Motorola pioneered Offi ce Tower and was inaugurated In 1973 Dr Martin Cooper made the fi rst the development of the walkie-talkie when the Postmaster General made handheld mobile phone call outside the epitomised by the American mili- a telephone call to the TV presenter, Hilton on Sixth Avenue, New York. tary's SCR536. This two-way radio Richard Dimbleby, who was travel- country is divided up into a series of transceiver, with its push-to-talk fea- ling in his chauffeur-driven Rolls small geographic areas called cells, ture that allowed one radio to trans- Royce. each of which is controlled by a mit and all of the others in range to However, these networks could single radio base station. By keep- listen, may have been a long way not handle large call volumes and ing the transmitted power low, a key from a mobile phone but the experi- there were only a few radio channels feature of this architecture was that ence gained in developing it would available which severely limited the frequencies could be re-used provid- prove to be extremely useful later. number of simultaneous calls that ing that no two adjacent cells used On 17 June 1946 a team of engi- could be handled. A more elegant the same set of frequencies. Unfor- neers from Bell Labs demonstrated network design was proposed in De- tunately for Bell Labs, the technolo- the world's fi rst telephone call using cember 1947 by Douglas H. Ring, gy in 1947 was simply not capable of a car radio phone and by 1948 that an engineer working at Bell Labs. realising this vision and hence this is service had been made available in His technical memoranda entitled, why the more primitive radio phone 100 cities across America attracting Mobile Telephony – Wide Area Cov- service was deployed. 5,000 customers who were making erage, set out the basic principles One year after Dr Cooper's fa- 30,000 calls per week. A public radio of a cellular network in which the mous telephone call, the Federal Volume 8 Part 1 • 2014 | 11 Communications Commission in the population owned a mobile phone. USA released part of the radio fre- The need for a The mobile phone also started to quency spectrum to permit a larger become accepted as part of society scale experiment. But it was not un- single European but these fi rst generation analogue til 1977 that Illinois Bell, the AT&T models had a major limitation; ser- operating company for Chicago, in- standard for mobiles vice stopped at the English Channel! stalled a trial cellular network com- was identifi ed Whilst mobile networks existed in prising 10 cells. The success of this all European countries, these were network then led to the develop- as early as 1982. not based on common standards or ment of the American Advanced Mo- frequencies. bile Phone System (AMPS) used by Illinois Bell in their fi rst commercial mobile and 935 - 950MHz for trans- EUROPEAN AGREEMENT AND cellular system which opened in Oc- mission from the cell's base station THE MOVE TO DIGITAL tober 1983. This used the frequen- giving it a capacity of 600 x 25kHz The need for a single European cies 824 - 849MHz for transmission channels. Vodafone was the fi rst UK standard for mobiles was identifi ed from the mobile and 869 - 894MHz network to offi cially launch when as early as 1982 when a working for transmission from the cell's base comedian Ernie Wise made a mobile group was set up by the European station. Within these frequency telephone call from St Katherine's Conference of Post and Telecommu- bands, each voice call was allocated Dock in London to Vodafone's of- nications (CEPT) administrations to a 30kHz analogue radio channel us- fi ces in Newbury on the 1 January harmonise the public mobile com- ing frequency division multiple ac- 1985. Cellnet launched shortly af- munications systems in the 900MHz cess. terwards on 7 January, 1985; its net- band. It was called Groupe Speciale In Europe, mobile phone develop- work was centred on a single base Mobile (GSM) and fi rst met in Stock- ment was led by the Scandinavian station at BT Tower that provided holm in December 1982. The culmi- countries, collectively creating the coverage for the whole of Greater nation of this group's work was the Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) London. publication on 7 September, 1987 network which was launched in Motorola were especially infl uen- of a Memorandum of Understand- Sweden and Norway in 1981 and tial in these early days which saw ing on the Implementation of a Pan- Denmark and Finland in 1982. The their iconic DynaTAC 8000 series European 900MHz Digital Cellular fi rst NMT network was based on of mobiles being replaced by the Mobile Telecommunications Service 450MHz and hence became known world's fi rst fl ip phone, the Motoro- by 1991. Signed in Copenhagen by as NMT-450 and this was followed in la MicroTAC and then the fi rst clam- telecommunication operators from 1986 by a second network that used shell phone, the StarTAC which was 13 countries, this document would the 890 - 960MHz frequency band not only the world's smallest at the later be described by Chris Gent, the and became known as NMT-900. time but also weighed in at an ex- Managing Director of Vodafone, as The UK Government announced tremely light 105g. These early days ‘the most important document in the in 1982 that two licences would be also saw Finnish company, Nokia, history of the mobile phone’. offered for the provision of mobile establish themselves as the world's The onward development of GSM phone network services. One of second largest mobile phone manu- was transferred from CEPT to the these licences was to be awarded to facturer with the launch of their European Telecommunications Stan- British Telecom working in partner- Cityman range of mobiles which dards Institute (ETSI) and the fi nal ship with Securicor which resulted was followed by the Nokia 101 can- specifi cation for his second genera- in the creation of Cellnet, while the dy bar design. tion network was to see a move from second was opened up for competi- Owning a mobile phone at this analogue to digital transmission. tive bids. The successful bidder for time was expensive which meant The world's fi rst GSM telephone this second licence was Vodafone that companies marketed the mobile call was made by the Finnish Prime (VOice and DAta over the teleFONE), to the business community showing Minister Harri Holkeri on the Ra- a joint venture between Racal Elec- the benefi ts of always being in con- diolinja mobile network in Finland tronics and Millicom. Both of these tact with the offi ce or your custom- which he inaugurated on 1 July 1991. networks adopted a version of the ers. The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X Within the UK a study suggested AMPS system which became known for example cost £2,500 to purchase. that demand existed to accommo- as the Total Access Communication On top of this you had a monthly date more mobile phone operators System (TACS). contract fee with your mobile phone but there was insuffi cient spectrum Initially the UK Government an- network provider and had to pay call to accommodate them. Therefore, nounced that they had reserved two charges too, calculated on a per min- an additional frequency band at 25MHz frequency bands for TACS ute basis. 1800MHz (1710 - 1785MHz from the namely, 890 - 915MHz and 935 - By the end of 1986 there were mobile and 1805 - 1880MHz from 960MHz. However, only 15MHz 100,000 mobile phone subscribers the base station) was made available of these channels was actually re- within the UK which doubled to for GSM. leased. Therefore, TACS used 890 200,000 by the summer of 1987 and Termed Personal Communica- - 905MHz for transmission from the by the end of 1995, 7% of the UK tion Networks (PCN) these new 12 | Volume 8 Part 1 • 2014 THE JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROFESSIONALS networks were announced by Lord Young, Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, on 22 June, 1989, in the document, Phones on the Move. Three PCN licenses were issued, although a merger between two of the license holders resulted in just two new network operators, these being Mercury Communications who created the One2One network and Hutchison Telecom who named their network, Orange.
Recommended publications
  • NEXT GENERATION MOBILE WIRELESS NETWORKS: 5G CELLULAR INFRASTRUCTURE JULY-SEPT 2020 the Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering
    VOLUME 36, NUMBER 3 July-September 2020 Article Page 2 References Page 17 Next Generation Mobile Wireless Networks: Authors Dr. Rendong Bai 5G Cellular Infrastructure Associate Professor Dept. of Applied Engineering & Technology Eastern Kentucky University Dr. Vigs Chandra Professor and Coordinator Cyber Systems Technology Programs Dept. of Applied Engineering & Technology Eastern Kentucky University Dr. Ray Richardson Professor Dept. of Applied Engineering & Technology Eastern Kentucky University Dr. Peter Ping Liu Professor and Interim Chair School of Technology Eastern Illinois University Keywords: The Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering© is an official Mobile Networks; 5G Wireless; Internet of Things; publication of the Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Millimeter Waves; Beamforming; Small Cells; Wi-Fi 6 Engineering, Copyright 2020 ATMAE 701 Exposition Place Suite 206 SUBMITTED FOR PEER – REFEREED Raleigh, NC 27615 www. atmae.org JULY-SEPT 2020 The Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering Next Generation Mobile Wireless Networks: Dr. Rendong Bai is an Associate 5G Cellular Infrastructure Professor in the Department of Applied Engineering and Technology at Eastern Kentucky University. From 2008 to 2018, ABSTRACT he served as an Assistant/ The requirement for wireless network speed and capacity is growing dramatically. A significant amount Associate Professor at Eastern of data will be mobile and transmitted among phones and Internet of things (IoT) devices. The current Illinois University. He received 4G wireless technology provides reasonably high data rates and video streaming capabilities. However, his B.S. degree in aircraft the incremental improvements on current 4G networks will not satisfy the ever-growing demands of manufacturing engineering users and applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Antenna Design Considerations for LTE Mobile Applications
    Antenna Design Considerations for LTE Mobile Applications Dr. C. J. Reddy President EM Software & Systems (USA), Inc. Hampton, VA 23666 CoContributor: Mr. Gopinath Gampala Presented to the Long Island Chapter of the IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society on November 8, 2011 1 OUTLINE Introduction to 4G/LTE Antenna Design challenges Numerical Techniques Design & optimization of Antennas for Handset Handset with a head and SAR Calculations Handset & channel capacity Conclusion 2 History of Mobile Phones Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola, made the first US analogue mobile phone call on a larger prototype model in 1973 . This is a reenactment in 2007 © Motorola Analog Motorola DynaTAC 8000X Advanced Mobile Phone System mobile phone as of 1983 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones 3 History of Mobile Phones 19972003 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones 4 Smart Phones 20032007 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones 20072011 5 1G, 2G and 3G In 1G, Narrow band analog wireless network is used, with this we can have the voice calls and can send text messages. Then in case of 2G Narrow Band Wireless Digital Network is used. Both the 1G and 2G deals with voice calls and has to utilize the maximum bandwidth as well as limited to sending messages i.e. SMS. In 3G Wide Band Wireless Network is used with which the clarity increases and gives the perfection as like that of a real conversation. In addition to verbal communication it includes data services, access to television/video, categorizing it into triple play service. 3G operates at 2100MHz and has a bandwidth of 1520MHz .
    [Show full text]
  • Coevolution of Alliance Portfolio and Organization
    COEVOLUTION OF ALLIANCE PORTFOLIO AND ORGANIZATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY-BASED FIRMS: A CASE STUDY OF THE MOBILE INTERNET INDUSTRY Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum politicarum Vorgelegt an der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Otto Friedrich Universität Bamberg Tillmann L. von Schroeter Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Dodo zu Knyphausen-Aufseß 2. Prof. Dr. Peter Witt Prüfungstermin: 25.11.2004 to my parents __________________________________________________________________________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank a number of individuals and organizations for their advice and support throughout this research project. First, I would like to thank my academic advisor Dodo zu Knyphausen-Aufseß who, throughout our joint two years, supported this work in two ways. As regards content, his counsel set the basic direction of my work and strongly influenced the selection of a suitable research methodology; he shaped the overall ‘storyline’ of this research study with his challenging questions. His interest and openness allowed me to develop my own approaches and find “my way”. As regards the academic environment, Dodo zu Knyphausen-Aufseß’s enthusiasm and dedication was a cornerstone in initiating Exist-HighTEPP, an entrepreneurial research program in Bamberg, Germany. Exist-HighTEPP provided an excellent research environment here in Germany and funds for a visiting scholarship at the Wharton School. In the US, I would like to thank Claus Rerup of the Wharton School for teaching me the necessary academic humility and ambition, and Simone Ferriani from the University of Bologna for the discussions concerning network and resource dependency theory and his thoughts on co-evolution of alliances and organizations. My understanding of strategic management and entrepreneurship has also greatly benefited from the insights I gained through many discussions at Wharton with Sidney Winter, Ian MacMillan, and Lori Rosenkopf.
    [Show full text]
  • Nokia Phones: from a Total Success to a Total Fiasco
    Portland State University PDXScholar Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Publications and Presentations Engineering and Technology Management 10-8-2018 Nokia Phones: From a Total Success to a Total Fiasco Ahmed Alibage Portland State University Charles Weber Portland State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/etm_fac Part of the Engineering Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details A. Alibage and C. Weber, "Nokia Phones: From a Total Success to a Total Fiasco: A Study on Why Nokia Eventually Failed to Connect People, and an Analysis of What the New Home of Nokia Phones Must Do to Succeed," 2018 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), Honolulu, HI, 2018, pp. 1-15. This Article is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. 2018 Proceedings of PICMET '18: Technology Management for Interconnected World Nokia Phones: From a Total Success to a Total Fiasco A Study on Why Nokia Eventually Failed to Connect People, and an Analysis of What the New Home of Nokia Phones Must Do to Succeed Ahmed Alibage, Charles Weber Dept. of Engineering and Technology Management, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA Abstract—This research intensively reviews and analyzes the management made various strategic changes to take the strategic management of technology at Nokia Corporation. Using company back into its leading position, or at least into a traditional narrative literature review and secondary sources, we position that compensates or reduces the losses incurred since reviewed and analyzed the historical transformation of Nokia’s then.
    [Show full text]
  • Etka Upd.336
    Model Year MG SG Illustration VIN No. Update 19:12 18.02.20100 E T K A PA 90 9 03 161-00 336 Pos Part Number NameRemarks Qty Model 22 6 5 alternator and single BOSCH 14 3 23 parts 1 for alternator: 1,2,4-10,12,13 12 4 11 1a 27 (1) >027 903 015 alternator 65A 1 (1) #027 903 015 X alternator 65A 1 (1) #027 903 015 V alternator 65A 1 23 (1) >068 903 017 N alternator 65A 1 (1) #026 903 017 AX alternator 65A 1 2 16 (1) #068 903 017 NV alternator 65A 1 22 24 18 10 19 27 (1) >068 903 018 B alternator 90A 1 13 (1) #026 903 017 BX alternator 90A 1 (1) #068 903 017 PV alternator 90A 1 17 25 (1) >068 903 017 T alternator 65A 1 (1) #068 903 017 RX alternator 45A 1 26 21 71a (1) #068 903 017 TV alternator 65A 1 1a0 9 (1) #068 903 017 TX alternator 65A 1 (1) #068 903 017 TV alternator 65A 1 8 15 (1) >068 903 017 Q alternator 90A 1 (1) #068 903 017 QX alternator 90A 1 (1) #068 903 017 QV alternator 90A 1 (1) >068 903 033 E alternator 90A 1 (1) #068 903 018 EX alternator 90A 1 (1) #068 903 018 EV alternator 90A 1 (1) >051 903 017 alternator 90A 1 et_bt1.frm Seite: 001 Model Year MG SG Illustration VIN No. Update 19:20 18.02.20100 E T K A PA 90 9 03 161-00 336 Pos Part Number NameRemarks Qty Model alternator and single BOSCH parts for alternator: 1,2,4-10,12,13 (1) >051 903 017 alternator 90A 1 (1) #034 903 017 X alternator 90A 1 (1) #051 903 017 V alternator 90A 1 (1) #051 903 017 X alternator 90A 1 (1) #051 903 017 V alternator 90A 1 1A 027 903 149 bush 1 for alternator: 5,6,12 2 028 903 320 B repair kit for 1 alternator 3 034 903 213 B claw-pole rotor 1 for alternator: 2,5,6-9,12,13 (3) 068 903 213 F claw-pole rotor 1 for alternator: 9A (3) 069 903 213 E claw-pole rotor 1 for alternator: 1,10 4 021 903 221 E ball bearing 1 for alternator: 1,4,9A,10 (4) 021 903 221 D ball bearing 1 for alternator: 2,5,6,8,9,12, 13 5 054 903 221 A ball bearing 1 6 049 903 223 intermediate ring 1 for alternator: 1,2,4-10,13 (6) 034 903 223 B splash shield sleeve 1 for alternator: 12 7 056 903 291 suppression condenser 1 et_bt1.frm Seite: 002 Model Year MG SG Illustration VIN No.
    [Show full text]
  • Access to Infrastructure Nadine I
    University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons School of Information Studies Faculty Articles Information Studies (School of) 2015 Access to Infrastructure Nadine I. Kozak University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/sois_facpubs Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Kozak, Nadine I., "Access to Infrastructure" (2015). School of Information Studies Faculty Articles. 8. https://dc.uwm.edu/sois_facpubs/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in School of Information Studies Faculty Articles by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pre-publication print, February 2014. Kozak, N. I. (2015). Access to infrastructure. In Ang, P. H. & Mansell, R. (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Digital Communication & Society. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI: 10.1002/9781118290743/wbiedcs146 Access to Infrastructure Nadine I. Kozak University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee [email protected] Word count (not including abstract): 5001 Abstract Access to infrastructure is a perennial issue in the field of communication, which started in the era of postal services and continues to the present era of broadband networks. As infrastructures, or large- scale systems, information and communication technologies (ICTs) are central to citizens’ political, economic, and social lives. Historically and today, a variety of factors such as political and regulatory decisions impact access to infrastructure. Current concerns about equitable access include the network neutrality. Keywords: access, communication and public policy, history of media and communications, information and communication technology, media convergence, media law and policy, media regulation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Global Telecommunications Traffic Report- 1991
    International Institute of Communications (IIC) THE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRAFFIC REPORT- 1991 Gregory C. Staple -Editor Principal International Telecom Flows © HC 1991 THE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRAFFIC REPORT - 1991 Gregory C. Staple - Editor © Copyright 1991 International Institute of Communications T~S ~S co~,¥ .o./~ DO NOT REPRODUCE The IIC is an independent educational and policy research organi- zation with members in more than 70 countries. It focuses on telecommunications and broadcasting issues on a world-wide basis. Institute publications include a bimonthly magazine, Intermedia, and a range of topical brief’rag papers. IIC publications and reports do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Institute’s officers, trustees or members. Previous IIC reports in this series: 1990 The Global Telecommunications Traffic Boom 1989 Global Telecommunications Traffic Flows and Market Structures For additional copies of this report or other publications, contact: International Institute of Communications Tavistock House South, Tavistock Square, London WCIH 9LF Tel: 071-388-0671/Fax: 071-380-0623/Telex: 24578 IICLDN G Cover Illustration - The cover maps the largest streams of switched international telecommunications traf17c onto a ci~cular projection. Routes shown generally had a two-way flow in 1990 exceeding gO million Minutes of Telecommunication Traf17c (MITT). Some routes have been omitted for presentation purposes. Shaded map areas show major points of origin and destination. Concept: Gregory C. Staple. Illustration: Maryland CartoGraptffcs. ©International Institute of Communications 1991 The Global Telecommunications T:aflqc R#port- 1991 This report could not have been compiled without assistance. Carriers, government departments and regulatory organizations from around the world responded to our informational requests.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Mobile Telephony MAS 490: Theory and Practice of Mobile Applications
    History of Mobile Telephony MAS 490: Theory and Practice of Mobile Applications Professor John F. Clark Everything I know about mobile telephony, I learned from: Evolution is not a theory when it concerns cell phones Early History of Radiophones Nicola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi were the founders of wireless technology Ship to shore radiotelegraphy employed wireless use of Morse Code Later, radiophones and radiotelephony transmitted speech In 1900 Reginald Fessenden invented early broadcasting, transatlantic two-way voice communication, and later television Tesla, Marconi, and Fessenden The Great Wireless Fiasco Early History of Radiophones In 1926 radiophones connected people traveling on trains in Europe A little later, they were introduced in planes, but this was too late for World War I Radiophones made a huge difference in WWII – planes, tanks, and field communication via backpack radios and walkie-talkies. Later, in the 1950s, radiophones made civil and commercial services possible Military Field Communications Civil Field Communications Civil Field Communications, pt. 2 Early History of Mobile Telephony The 60s and 70s saw a variety of commercial car services – the earliest weighed 90-100 pounds These services operated using high power transmissions The concept of low power transmission in hexagonal cells was introduced in 1947 The electronics were advanced enough by the 60s to pull it off, but there was no method for handoffs from one cell to the next High Power Mobile Phone Low Power Mobile Phone System Early History of Mobile Telephony That problem was solved with the first functioning cell system and first real cell phone call in 1973. The phone, which weighed about six pounds, was developed by Martin Cooper of Motorola Bell Labs and Motorola were the main competitors in the US.
    [Show full text]
  • Motorola Micro Tac Classic
    Motorola Micro Tac Classic Product: Motorola Micro Tac Classic Date of Design: 1992 Designer / Retailer: Motorola Cost 1992: - Cost 2007: £40 Retro Brick state… The Motorola MicroTAC phone set a new design standard for 1989 with a flip-lid mouthpiece. As the smallest and lightest phone on the market, the unit weighed 12.3 ounces, measured 6.75 x 2.25 x 1.25 inches and retailed between £1,200 and £1,800… ouch. This phone is actually third generation of this particular design and was launched in 1991/2 ‘This was a whole new direction for Motorola. New technological advances meant that the equipment could be radically downsized. And so began the quest to be the smallest, lightest and most portable. The original MicroTAC was a completely new design and was the first phone to use this radical flip. There are also few things about it which are quite unusual.... The small hole in the front of the flip gave you the impression that there was a microphone in the flip which was positioned directly in front of your mouth, however, the microphone is actually situated just behind a tiny hole in the main part of the phone just between the right hand hinge and the call end button on the bottom right. Another puzzling design feature was the retractable aerial. In fact, the aerial does absolutely nothing as it is purely for show. The unit features an internal antenna, however, the pull up plastic was added after focus groups in the US felt that any phone should have a visible aerial.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 to Be Somebody: Ambition and the Desire to Be Different
    2 To Be Somebody: Ambition and the Desire to Be Different The context for difference This chapter aims to identify some of the bands that enjoyed chart success during the late 1970s and ’80s and identify their artistic traits by means of conversations with band members and those close to the bands. This chapter does not claim to be a definitive account or an inclusive list of innovative bands but merely a viewpoint from some of the individuals who were present at the time and involved in music, creativity and youth culture. Some of these individuals were in the eye of the storm while others were more on the periphery. However, common themes emerge and testify to the Scouse resilience identified in the previous chapter. Also, identifying objective truth is a difficult task, as one band member will often have a view of his band’s history that conflicts with that of other members of the same band. As such, it is acknowledged that this chapter presents only selective viewpoints. Trying something new: In what ways were the Liverpool bands creative and different? ‘Liverpool has always made me brave, choice-wise. It was never a city that criticized anyone for taking a chance.’ David Morrissey1 In terms of creativity, the theory underpinning this book which was stated in Chapter 1 is that successful Liverpool bands in the 1980s were different from each other and did not attempt to follow the latest local or national pop music trends. None of the bands interviewed falls into the categories of punk, disco or New Romantic, which were popular trends at the time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Song-Cycle Frauenliebe Und-Leben by Robert Schumann
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Plan B and other Reports Graduate Studies 5-1970 The Song-Cycle Frauenliebe Und-leben By Robert Schumann Jocelyn Kaye Jensen Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports Part of the Music Commons Recommended Citation Jensen, Jocelyn Kaye, "The Song-Cycle Frauenliebe Und-leben By Robert Schumann" (1970). All Graduate Plan B and other Reports. 613. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports/613 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Plan B and other Reports by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SONG-cYCLE 11 FR~UENLIEBE UND-LEBEN 11 BY ROBERT SCHUM~NN by Jocelyn Kaye Jensen Report of a recital performed in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M~STER OF MUSIC UT~H STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 1970 ii TABLE OF C01~NTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS iii PROGRAM , , , iv PROGRAl-1 NOTES , v I, INTRODUCTION , , , , , , , • • • , • , , • , • • • • , , 1 II. GENERAL STYLISTIO CHARACTERISTICS Cl" THE ROMANTIC PERIOD OF MUSIC , , , , , , , , • , , • , 2 III, ROBERT SCHUMANN 'III THIN THE ROMANTIC PERIOD 5 IV, THE SONG CYClE °FRAUENLIEBE UNO-LEBEN", , , 8 V, DISCUSSION OF THE POET AND TEXT OF THE ~FRAUENLIEBE UNO- LEBEN", , , , • , , , • , , , , , , •• , • , , • 11 VI, TECHNICAL DESCRIP'l'ION OF ~FRAUENLIEBE UND-LEBS:N" 15 VII, CONCLUSION 27 BIBLIOGRAPHY 29 APPENDIX :50 VITA • , , , ~5 iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Illustration Page 1. Example of Heaeure 1, Piano Prelude , Se it ich ihn geeehen •• 16 2 .
    [Show full text]
  • History of Mobile Phones
    History of mobile phones The history of mobile phones begins with early efforts to develop mobile telephony concepts using two-way radios and continues through emergence of modern mobile phones and associated services. Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s, while hand-held mobile radio devices have been available since 1973. Mobile phone history is often divided into generations (first, second, third and so on) to mark significant step changes in capabilities as the technology improved over the years. In Europe, radio telephony was first used on the first-class passenger trains between Berlin and Hamburg in 1926. At the same time, radio telephony was introduced on passenger airplanes for air traffic security. Later radio telephony was introduced on a large scale in German tanks during the Second World War. In all of these cases the service was confined to specialists that were trained to use the equipment. In the early 1950s ships on the Rhine were among the first to use radio telephony with an untrained end customer as a user. However it was the 1940s onwards that saw the . Motorola developed a backpacked two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie and a large hand-held two-way radio for the US military. This battery powered "Handie-Talkie" (HT) was about the size of a man's forearm. In 1946 in St. Louis, the Mobile Telephone Service was introduced In 1964 Improved Mobile Telephone Service was introduced with additional channels and more automatic handling of calls to the public switched telephone network.
    [Show full text]