IMPROVING QUALITY OF LIFE THROUGH TRANSIT HUBS Delivering City Value and Prosperity with Mobility Oriented Developments Transit hubs are no longer simply a place where the traveler arrives or departs. The facilities in and around the hub make the area a destination itself and can provide a ripple effect that encourages investment in the Yet, these are only two aspects of Arcadis’ integrated approach to area, generates new revenue a city’s mobility story. The facilities such transit-related developments INTRODUCTION: streams and boosts wider in and around a major airport is called Mobility Oriented or train station make the area a Development, or MODe. With prosperity. destination itself. In today’s urban MODe, we focus on the integration Every city is dependent on mobility. settings, transit hubs cannot be of four key elements that bring THE ARCADIS MOBILITY Mobility enables people, goods (re)developed without regard for value to transit-hubs: connectivity, and ideas to move in, out and the surrounding area. At their best, urban environment, social within our cities, whether on its transit hubs should provide a ripple placemaking and economic roads or in the air. As urban centers effect that encourages investment, development. By quantifying these ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT continue to increase in size and generates new revenue streams elements, refined according to density, mobility is becoming a and improves the overall quality of our extensive global experience more pressing issue for a city’s life in their neighborhood. and observations of developed best practices, we have created a BENCHMARKING residents. In today’s cities, journey The challenges each city and rigorous framework by which to times are increasing and transport neighborhood faces differ: every compare transit hubs. This allows infrastructure is under greater city has its own unique mobility us to see, like never before, their pressure than ever. needs and every transport INDEX (MODex) untapped potential. development has its own goals. Yet there are some considerations common to all of them. These This report is an update to the include the need to maximize inaugural issue, Our Mobile stakeholder alignment and Future: Delivering City Value involvement; the generation of and Prosperity Through Mobility sufficient funding and return on Oriented Developments, released investment; the provision of more in 2015. efficient and affordable transport; capitalizing on a transit-hub's placemaking; preparedness for new technologies and improving passenger experience. These considerations, though on different scales depending on the city and project in question, are important factors for international and city-level mobility, as well the (re) development of transportation hubs. Developing a modern transit model requires extensive future planning and development. But, it also means ensuring that the full social, Bas Bollinger environmental and economic Mobility Expert - Urban Transport and Mobility potential of existing transit hubs is Oriented Development exploited. By looking at the leading practices among transportation professionals and city planners, as well as missed opportunities Rotterdam Central Station observed at transit-hub developments around the world, we can gain valuable insights into approaches that will allow us to optimize multi-mode transit- hub designs.
2 3 MODe: Evolving Transit-related Development Mobility Oriented Development (MODe) is an evolution of transit-related planning and execution. MODe contributes to looking It provides transit choices at the bigger picture such as that connect and improve the following: mobility and people’s lives. • Sustains ridership MODe ensures transit hubs • Discourages driving are maximally efficient in their • Anticipates new forms of main task - transporting people mobility and goods - and generate • Makes walking and biking safer greater prosperity for both • Adds a mix of uses citizens and investors. • Offers diverse placemaking • Supports transit usage. MODe serves both public and Figure 1: Overall MODex Scores private stakeholders. By attracting This way of thinking allows US: New York Grand Central Terminal additional private investments, developers to think not only in MODe can maximize the return on the present, but also equips them US: Washington Union Station investment in both the transit hub for future changes, while also AS: Hong Kong HKU Station and the surrounding areas. This in allowing public authorities to turn helps to accelerate social and better understand how to realize EU: Paris Gare du Nord Train Station economic development in the area. a development’s financial potential. EU: Rotterdam Central Station Mobility oriented development Rotterdam Central Station UK: London King’s Cross/St Pancras aims to shift thinking from single- EU: Madrid Principe Pio minded rail mobility, to providing citizens with a full range of mobility US: Denver Union Station options as they live, work, learn AS: Beijing Wangjing Station and play in high-quality urban LA: São Paulo Pinheiros Metro Station environments. Every option must be considered, from walking, LA: São Paulo Luz Station cycling and bus transport to EU: Amsterdam Zuid Station Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), Light AUS: Sydney Martin Place Station Rapid Transit (LRT), metro and aviation. Whereas transit-related EU: Amsterdam Bijlmer Arena developments are traditionally EU: Berlin Hauptbahnhof designed to do the following: EU: Amsterdam Central Station • Induce ridership EU: Lyon Part Dieu • Reduce driving AS: Shanghai Longyang Road Station • Increase walking and biking US: Dallas Mockingbird Station • Add convenience EU: Brussels Midi/Zuid • Increase density AUS: Melbourne Southern Cross Station • Encourage overall transit use. UK: London Wimbledon Station UK: London Euston Station US: Los Angeles Union Station AUS: Sydney Chatswood Station AUS: Sydney Central Station LA: Santiago La Cisterna
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
4 5 The Arcadis MODe Courtesy: Denver Union Station Benchmarking Index assesses a transit hub by comparing it to global best practices. It defines the overall value of integrated development at and around transit- hubs. The Index has been constructed using indicators that measure the quality of the key elements that bring value to a development. In
this way, a transit hub can be Denver Union Station compared before and after its redevelopment, increases understanding of how Figure 2: Score by Indicator sustainable multi-modal urban US: New York Grand Central Terminal environments can be created New York Grand Central Station and the main factors that US: Washington Union Station optimize them for wider AS: Hong Kong HKU Station social benefit. EU: Paris Gare du Nord Train Station EU: Rotterdam Central Station The Benchmarking Index, UK: London King’s Cross/St Pancras THE ARCADIS MODE MODex, reveals the potential of existing or future EU: Madrid Principe Pio developments by providing US: Denver Union Station BENCHMARKING INDEX the following: AS: Beijing Wangjing Station • The ability to investigate how LA: São Paulo Pinheiros Metro Station far investment in a transit-hub LA: São Paulo Luz Station (MODex): contributes to the success and REALIZING THE EU: Amsterdam Zuid Station added value of the multi-modal urban environment, including AUS: Sydney Martin Place Station
higher property values, public EU: Amsterdam Bijlmer Arena VALUE OF MOBILITY spaces and increased revenue for local businesses EU: Berlin Hauptbahnhof • The ability to find out where EU: Amsterdam Central Station ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT there is room for improvement EU: Lyon Part Dieu • The quantification of qualitative AS: Shanghai Longyang Road Station
measures US: Dallas Mockingbird Station
• A global performance EU: Brussels Midi/Zuid comparison of multi-modal “It’s exciting to see the private development that was sparked and continues to grow as a AUS: Melbourne Southern Cross Station result of the redevelopment of Denver Union Station. The Union Station area is truly a major urban environments according to a range of transit-hub UK: London Wimbledon Station destination in the metro area with its vast options for entertainment and business that can key values. UK: London Euston Station easily be reached with our world-class transit facility and services.” US: Los Angeles Union Station
Dave Genova, AUS: Sydney Chatswood Station
Denver Regional Transportation District General Manager and CEO AUS: Sydney Central Station
LA: Santiago La Cisterna
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URBAN SOCIAL ECONOMIC TRANSITHUB ENVIRONMENT PLACEMAKING DEVELOPMENT CONNECTIVITY
6 7 MODex addresses four key indicators, each built from several specific variables. Each variable has its own set of values to measure the score of the development and compare it to others:
1 Transit-hub Connectivity Describes the quality of the transit hub in relation to the variety and quantity of transit modalities, its proximity to other important locations and facilities, and its provision of comfort to the traveler. 2 Urban Environment Assesses the urban form of the environment and how sustainable it is. Urban form is determined by variables such as an area’s density and whether a development is mixed-use. 3 Social Placemaking Weighs variables that contribute to a vibrant and multimodal urban environment. These include factors such as the quality of the public space and the variety of public facilities within the transit zone. A new parameter to this indicator has been added, safety and security, to assess the resilience of a transit hub to climate change impacts, intentional undesired events as well as traffic and passenger safety and security. Economic Development 4 Using these values, we assessed a Evaluates the prosperity, economic activity and property value selection of transit-related stations of the urban environment within the transit zone, relative to the around the world, of which we national average. show the performance of leading developments. This year, we’ve evolved the Liverpool Street Station benchmark data set to provide an even more comprehensive assessment of the value of transit- hubs. In addition, we’ve increased the number of transit hubs in the benchmark to include additional, recently developed, regional or iconic stations around the world. The transit-hubs considered are in various stages of evolution towards a mobility-oriented approach. Importantly, the purpose of the Arcadis MODe Benchmarking Index is not to create a hierarchy of transit hubs, but to indicate areas of opportunity. As the world continues to become more reliant on its urban centers, we hope that city leaders and transit agencies find this a valuable tool to assess their progress and align priorities for an improved quality of life for all.
8 9 Main Findings • Like the previous release, New York Grand Central has the highest total benchmark score in overall performance. The high number and types of transit connections in a relatively dense area, and a densely developed metropolitan surrounding • Paris Gare du Nord overall it, strongly contribute to its Figure 3: NYC Grand Central Terminal performance is high as well. benchmark. New York is closely Compared to London King’s followed by Washington D.C. Cross/St Pancras station it Union Station for similar reasons. 1. Hub facilities scores somewhat higher, 100% • Hong Kong University station because not only parameters 10. Transit quality 2. Environmental Sustainability scores high on connectivity, 80% about the station itself are mainly for the number of bus assessed, but also because lines connecting with the metro 60% of the surrounding urban station in a relatively small area 40% environment. Gare du Nord Paris Gare du Nord Station and linking to a large number 9. Proximity 3. Urban Form profits from its surroundings, of urban centres within sixty 20% with high performance on urban minutes travel time. 0% environment variables such as high density, mixed-use and qualitative characteristics, but Courtesy: CallisonRTKL 8. Property Value 4. Public amenities also performs high on social placemaking variables such as public amenities. • Rotterdam Central Station 7. Business Employment 5. Safety & Security has been undergoing a large transformation and development 6. Prosperity the past decade, which contributes to an improving CURRENT BENCHMARK benchmark. Property prices around the station have increased, and it performs high on qualitative and integrated Figure 4: Hong Kong HKU urban environment, and its connectivity standards such as facilities within the station itself, multimodality and transit quality. 1. Hub facilities Rotterdam Central Station 100% • London King’s Cross / St Pancras 10. Transit quality 2. Environmental Sustainability scores lower on the benchmark 80% because, unlike the 2015 MODex 60% was assessed together with Euston Station. The latter is 40% 9. Proximity 3. Urban Form now assessed separately. King's 20% Cross/St Pancras has the highest Sanya Railway Station performance on transit quality 0% and connectivity, because of the high standard of hub facilities
8. Property Value 4. Public amenities and the high concentration of transportation lines. The future MODex score of Euston station should be interesting to
7. Business Employment follow, since this station will also 5. Safety & Security undergo a major restructuring
6. Prosperity and expansion to accommodate the high-speed rail line (HS2) to Birmingham and further north. CURRENT BENCHMARK
London King's Cross/St Pancras Station
10 11 Transit-hub Courtesy: CallisonRTKL Connectivity Washington D.C. Union Station and Rotterdam Central Station are leading the group of six highest scoring stations in connectivity. These stations stand out by offering many transfer possibilities in a highly concentrated area. In addition, these stations offer a Figure 5: Transit-Hub Connectivity Figure 7: Social Placemaking complete set of facilities to the EU: Rotterdam Central Station US: New York Grand Central Terminal traveler, which contributes to AS: Hong Kong HKU Station US: Denver Union Station higher scores. EU: Brussels Midi/Zuid US: Dallas Mockingbird Station US: Washington Union Station US: Washington Union Station US: New York Grand Central Terminal AS: Beijing Wangjing Station Urban Environment AUS: Sydney Martin Place Station EU: Paris Gare du Nord Train Station EU: Paris Gare du Nord Train Station EU: Rotterdam Central Station Madrid’s Principe Pio tops the EU: Amsterdam Bijlmer Arena EU: Madrid Principe Pio urban environment indicator due UK: London King’s Cross/St Pancras UK: London King’s Cross/St Pancras EU: Amsterdam Zuid Station EU: Amsterdam Bijlmer Arena to its high quality urban form and EU: Amsterdam Central Station EU: Berlin Hauptbahnhof public space. Along with several EU: Madrid Principe Pio LA: São Paulo Pinheiros Metro Station other stations, like Washington AS: Shanghai Longyang Road Station AS: Shanghai Longyang Road Station LA: São Paulo Pinheiros Metro Station LA: São Paulo Luz Station D.C. Union Station and Rotterdam’s EU: Lyon Part Dieu AS: Hong Kong HKU Station Central Station, it also scores high LA: São Paulo Luz Station EU: Amsterdam Zuid Station in environmental sustainability for US: Dallas Mockingbird Station Dallas Mockingbird Station AUS: Melbourne Southern Cross Station EU: Berlin Hauptbahnhof AUS: Sydney Martin Place Station attributes like energy efficiency, UK: London Euston Station US: Los Angeles Union Station climate adaptation measures and US: Los Angeles Union Station AUS: Sydney Chatswood Station green environment. It’s striking AS: Beijing Wangjing Station EU: Lyon Part Dieu US: Denver Union Station Social Placemaking UK: London Wimbledon Station that in general, European transit- UK: London Wimbledon Station It's not surprising that stations LA: Santiago La Cisterna hubs score relatively high on LA: Santiago La Cisterna AUS: Sydney Central Station located in a dense urban area score urban environment as compared AUS: Melbourne Southern Cross Station EU: Amsterdam Central Station AUS: Sydney Central Station high with the presence of public EU: Brussels Midi/Zuid to others around the world. In UK: London Euston Station AUS: Sydney Chatswood Station amenities. Regarding safety and general, climate resilience and 0% 100% 0% 100% security, it is interesting to see ambitions in sustainability cannot HUB FACILITIES PROXIMITY TRANSIT QUALITY PUBLIC AMENITIES SAFETY AND SECURITY North America and Europe always be explicitly recognized. scoring the highest, followed These is one of the key challenges by Hong Kong. for the near future. Economic Development Figure 6: Urban Environment Economic Figure 8: EU: Madrid Principe Pio US: Washington Union Station EU: Rotterdam Central Station Development AS: Hong Kong HKU Station EU: Berlin Hauptbahnhof The economic development US: New York Grand Central Terminal EU: Amsterdam Zuid Station AS: Beijing Wangjing Station UK: London King’s Cross/St Pancras indicator sees New York’s Grand LA: São Paulo Pinheiros Metro Station AUS: Sydney Martin Place Station Central and Washington D.C.’s EU: Paris Gare du Nord Train Station EU: Paris Gare du Nord Train Station Union Station leading the way, LA: São Paulo Luz Station US: Denver Union Station UK: London King’s Cross/St Pancras US: New York Grand Central Terminal with high scores across prosperity UK: London Euston Station EU: Lyon Part Dieu and property values. High scores US: Denver Union Station US: Washington Union Station in economic development reflect EU: Rotterdam Central Station EU: Amsterdam Bijlmer Arena AUS: Melbourne Southern Cross Station AS: Hong Kong HKU Station the importance of transit hubs EU: Amsterdam Central Station AUS: Sydney Chatswood Station within the city, and highlights UK: London Wimbledon Station EU: Amsterdam Central Station AS: Shanghai Longyang Road Station LA: São Paulo Luz Station differences of these metropoles EU: Madrid Principe Pio AUS: Sydney Central Station with the country average. Most EU: Brussels Midi/Zuid US: Dallas Mockingbird Station striking is the significant variance US: Los Angeles Union Station AUS: Melbourne Southern Cross Station EU: Amsterdam Zuid Station LA: São Paulo Pinheiros Metro Station with business employment. The AUS: Sydney Chatswood Station EU: Brussels Midi/Zuid Washington Union Station area EU: Lyon Part Dieu UK: London Wimbledon Station scores extremely high due to a EU: Amsterdam Bijlmer Arena US: Los Angeles Union Station AUS: Sydney Central Station AS: Beijing Wangjing Station high concentration of federal AUS: Sydney Martin Place Station AS: Shanghai Longyang Road Station government offices surrounding LA: Santiago La Cisterna UK: London Euston Station the station. With most other EU: Berlin Hauptbahnhof LA: Santiago La Cisterna US: Dallas Mockingbird Station locations, we see fairly high 0% 100% 0% 100% ENVIROMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY URBAN FORM employment, yet some stations PROSPERITY BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT PROPERTY VALUE show a relatively moderate score which may indicate an unleveraged potential.
12 13 U.S. policy responses to car travel have focused on technological innovations that make car travel more environmentally friendly. Air quality standards, safety improvements, and intelligent transportation systems have all emphasized making car travel cleaner, safer and more efficient. Even the excitement around in New York. Here, commercial Ultimately, North American acceptance of autonomous vehicles has largely mixed-use development is multi-modal facilities and mobility-based been structured as a conversation clustered around a highly MOBILITY IN THE U.S.A. about the ways in which these development reflect issues related functioning, multi-modal vehicles will integrate into the station. It provides retail and to its history, culture, and overall mix of primarily single other services within an iconic financial priorities. ownership vehicles. Some even station adjoining the National AN EVOLUTION believe investment in public September 11 Memorial Museum. transportation in America is The recently completed Union a waste of money, because Station redevelopment in Denver autonomous vehicles will become brings together rail, bus and bike the preferred mobility option in the services, all housed within an iconic future. Conversation in America has station setting, combined with long been rooted in the advocacy dense clusters of new mixed-use of the single occupancy car as the office, hotel, retail and residential preferred mobility system, even in development surrounding the urban areas. station. Los Angeles’ Union Nevertheless, public transit, biking Station is currently undergoing and pedestrian mobility are all a major 10 year renovation and gaining popularity in America. redevelopment that promises It’s significant that major transit greater multi-modal connectivity, networks are being built (albeit first-class architecture and after they were largely abandoned mixed-use development in the for automobile networks) in major surrounding area. The city will metropolitan areas throughout finally have a transit-hub befitting the U.S. Though American cities a city of its global reputation, are fundamentally different made even more pressing with from global peer cities, there are the announcement that the city North American examples of will host the Summer Olympics. robust mobility networks that in 2028. Regional initiatives for Nate Cherry have improved the quality of life high-speed rail are gaining political Vice President, CallisonRTKL for urban residents, such as San momentum in California, Texas and Francisco, Seattle, Minneapolis, along the Eastern Seaboard. Denver, Chicago, New York and Ultimately, North American Boston. In these cities, a mix of acceptance of multi-modal facilities Public transit is gaining popularity in North America. This is no public transit, active transportation and mobility-based development doubt partly due to the growth in urban populations over the improvements and sensible reflect issues related to its history, limitations on automobile use last 20 years. However, there are fundamental differences in the culture, and financial priorities. have greatly benefited the quality ways in which North Americans and Europeans travel: in 2010, Let’s hope that each region in of the regional environment, North America continues to “do it the average American drove for 85 percent of their daily trips, individual human health and social its own way”, while also learning cohesion, without significantly whereas the average European drove only 50 percent of the from best practices elsewhere. time (City Lab, 2014). For trips of less than a mile, Americans increasing travel times. drove 70 percent of the time, while our European counterparts In America, there are several major ongoing or recently completed drove less than 30 percent of the time. The average European’s urban multi-modal transit-hub first impulse is to consider a variety of transport options when projects. These developments they need to travel. For Americans, travel almost always means suggest that world-class transport using a car. There are several reasons for this disparity; some centers can be economically and socially beneficial to America’s of them are foundational to the ways cities were formed, cities. A prime example is the while some are more policy-driven decisions that impact Oculus structure at the World recent mobility choices. Trade Center transportation hub
14 15 Sustained investment and dedicated capital is required if cities are to transform their transit hubs into the vibrant facilities that today’s urban residents demand. However, public and private funding is not always readily available Around the world, both private and for infrastructure projects governmental organizations have WHAT ABOUT THE – the global infrastructure explored a variety of innovative investment schemes to overcome investment gap is estimated the funding gap. In Rotterdam, the at USD $3.7 trillion per public transport company made MONEY? INVESTMENT year until 2035 (McKinsey & itself independent of public funding by optimizing its business model. Company, 2017). Public-private As a reward for their success, they partnerships (PPPs) account eliminated the time-consuming IN MOBILITY ORIENTED for an estimated 12 percent bid process required for new work. of infrastructure investment For capital infrastructure projects, PPPs are used to secure funds DEVELOPMENT in some advanced economies, for more significant investments, but the global average is just such as Transport for London’s three percent (McKinsey & Docklands Light Rail, where railway just how, but where to invest. On operations were franchised to the one hand, a growing urban Company, 2016). a private entity. Purely private population requires structured infrastructure funding initiatives public initiatives. On the other are also being encouraged for hand, however, disruptive Courtesy: Société du Grand Paris - Agence Kengo Kuma & Associates the development of electric technologies and emerging and autonomous vehicles. This businesses affect how a city method enables medium-sized should evolve and especially business enterprises to enter the how its transit hubs will function. transportation market with their Policymakers need to think not services and contribute to the next only about the present factors generation of mobility. involved in the creation of new metro lines, rapid bus corridors Private investment is also helping and networks of bicycle lanes, but to fund some of the world’s largest they also need to anticipate future urban infrastructure projects. transit-related developments. A CrossRail2, also in London, is strategy is needed that takes into aiming to attract significant account, for example, the change private investment by advertising in traffic flows that would be the positive social and economic triggered by ride-sharing around opportunities that the rail line stations and airports, as well as has brought to its surrounding how fewer parking spaces and neighborhoods. available real estate might free up Hong Kong’s corporatized public the physical and legal path for a company Mass Transit Railway, Hyperloop in the future. MTR, uses the profits from real- Metropolitan public authorities, estate developments surrounding working in tandem with the private their rail stations to pay for future sector, increasingly need to co- rail extensions. New York City’s create bold, flexible, integrated, Hudson Yard project and San investible and versatile strategies Francisco’s Transbay Center have to fund these complex projects. Paris Saint-Denis Pleyel Station both used taxation, grants and Cities that take a MODe approach loans to help cover the costs of will generate investments from these subway expansions. São both public and private sectors and Paulo uses the income from Metropolitan public authorities, working in tandem with the private sector, stand to benefit from the best in auctioned real estate development class practices around the globe, need to co-create bold, flexible, integrated, investible and versatile strategies rights to fund new public transport. ensuring an improved quality of life to fund these complex projects Strategy and policy makers and for their residents. private investors must decide not
16 17 Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is a way of integrating transportation modes (e.g. public transport, autonomous vehicles, parking, shared cars, bikes, taxi) into one digitized system. This enables a seamless exchange between MaaS in Arcadis works with a MaaS different modalities. solution provider to make sure the solution is tailored to the WHAT IS MOBILITY Digital apps, like the ones on Amsterdam’s needs of the employees of the your smartphone, can easily Zuidas Business variety of companies within the provide MaaS by displaying travel district. At the same time, facilities information on how to get to a District AS A SERVICE for accommodating adjustments destination, make reservations for Amsterdam’s Zuidas Business to the infrastructure are included cars, rent bikes and even pay for District is fully embracing the in the ongoing transport-hub transport services, either per use MaaS concept. The area has a redevelopment program. (MaaS)? or through a subscription model. huge mobility demand, as many This marks a significant departure high-profile companies are based from traditional vehicle ownership in the area. These companies, who and fixed transport passes and are key stakeholders in expanding it provides a custom and turnkey transport options, are well transport service. This will ensure coordinated, with several shared that every user travels the most mobility options currently available efficient route, in the greatest to all of them, such as shared bikes comfort and at the lowest and shared electric cars. possible price. A more comprehensive strategy Around the world, several MaaS will require all Zuidas Business oriented initiatives are underway. District companies to enter a joint Most of them are focused on buying process, where companies further integration of public agree to bring in a minimum transit offerings, and in some number of users into the MaaS cases, this also includes the ‘last platform. By combining buying mile’ transportation options. The powers, the procurement position next step will involve larger-scale becomes stronger, which helps implementation and will include transport providers adjust their all public and private transport future offerings. modality options.
18 19 As more people move to cities, transit hubs will have to provide increasingly high economic, environmental and social value. To meet these demands, early planning, collaboration and a truly holistic outlook are all needed. planners, developers, business This means prioritizing owners, retailers, investors, transit A VERY MODERN PROBLEM: not only economic and owner-operators and community groups. Typically, each party environmental benefits, but concerns itself with the part of the also demonstrating that new development that they have direct WHY TRANSIT-RELATED developments have public influence over. Yet this approach limits the overall impact of a hub health advantages and will development and makes it difficult benefit overall quality of life. to fully integrate the hub into the DEVELOPMENT NEEDS wider surrounding area. In these Rising to the challenges faced by modern cities requires a cases, development of the area next level approach to transit- around the hub happens because TO EVOLVE hub development. To meet the of the hub, rather than in tandem expectations of modern city- with its development. The result dwellers and to improve their is transit-served developments, quality of life, these hubs must be rather than transit-oriented genuinely mixed mobility oriented developments. developments, offering a range of This disparate activity means that transit modes and encouraging the developments often do not realize use of sustainable options. Not only their design potential: the various does this mean taking advantage parts do not come together to of the best of today’s practices, form a cohesive whole, meaning but it also means anticipating how developments fail to maximize future technological developments their potential as commercial will provide new ways of moving and social spaces. There are people, goods and services. several common practices which Looking to the future also means compromise on design potential. cultivating sustainable urban For example, to attract investment environments. Transit-related and generate an early return, developments must be undertaken many transit-oriented masterplans with a care for the area in which predominantly focus on high- they are built, ensuring that they end residential elements, to the provide more leisure, housing and neglect of other components that workplace options. If this is done also add wider social, economic well, the neighborhoods created and environmental value to the or regenerated will become development. Equally, by focusing destinations in themselves. on road and rail connection plans, Urban environments that offer a opportunities are missed to high quality of life, also have the encourage the use of other, more added value of attracting new sustainable transport options. people and businesses. Businesses will be particularly attracted by neighborhoods that are easily accessible; as this means more customers and easier access for their employees. Leveraging the value of such a development is a complex process, with a lot of stakeholders, all of whom have varying interests. In any major development, these stakeholders will include city
20 21 In these cities, railway operators are Hong Kong public entities, meaning that they are operationally and financially SAR, China linked to public authorities and Hong Kong is one of the few cities they mostly rely on government in the world with a self-financing subsidies to fund transit rail system, without the need for development. In an increasing direct government subsidies. MTR number of cases, part of transits Corporation, a semipublic entity value-add to affected real estate in Hong Kong, provides for the is returned to public authorities by construction and operation of mass stations and rail, with private auctioning development rights, transit railway systems, carrying an developers building and selling the by levying taxations or creating average of 5.6 million passengers real estate units above the station. MOBILITY co-investment covenants. The every weekday. In addition, MTR developments are coordinated engages in the development and The R+P model differs from other and managed by the respective sale of residential and commercial land value capture models, where a GOVERNANCE: authorities and developers. properties in partnership with government will sell development rights of public land to private There are other approaches to property developers. MTR’s developers and lose control over funding major infrastructure operating profits are attributed the sites with the sale. projects. Cities such as Hong Kong to the Rail plus Property (R+P) GOVERNING or Tokyo chose to fully integrate business model. With R+P, MTR The R+P model benefits not only governing transit development receives exclusive development MTR, but the entire surrounding and land-use. This allows them to rights to publicly owned land, community. From 1980 to 2005, produce significant revenues and granted by the government, and the city of Hong Kong derived TRANSIT AND LAND uses value capture to finance capture highest value through approximately $18B USD in the development of property and rail investments, operation and net financial returns from land air rights. These fully integrated maintenance. MTR puts leasing premiums, market capitalization, USE INTEGRATION projects need to be prudently rights of the land surrounding and shareholder cash dividends and funded for the original vision to above a transit station up for sale initial public offer proceeds through be realized; fortunately, when to private developers. It also owns R+P. MTR net income over the The integration of transit well-managed, the promise of and manages its own, primarily last decade comes from property development and land-use significant returns on such projects residential, properties. The success development (38 percent), of the R+P model is attributed planning provides a best- attracts investment. The most transit operations (34 percent), appealing projects for investors to the extreme urban density of station commercial businesses in-class example of how are those which are undertaken the city and scarcity of land. This and property management (28 transit projects can be made in dense, congested urban areas, makes real estate highly valuable percent). and helps R+P developments financially beneficial and how, where accessibility is crucial and Hong Kong Station opportunities for redevelopment generate reasonable profits. at the same time, they can are rife. Hong Kong’s integrated The Hong Kong Government have a regenerative effect rail and property development (GovHK) owns all land in Hong on their communities. To governance made railway Kong, allowing them to grant Figure 9 operations financially viable with be successful, an effective exclusive development rights Traditional Land Lease For Transit-hub Development the intensive mobility oriented to MTR at the pre-rail market integration requires several built form. prices. In collaboration with important ingredients, GovHK planning and transport PUBLIC Development Rights sold PRIVATE AUTHORITY at full market price including available property, Noufissa Mzallassi departments, MTR provides a DEVELOPERS Graduate student, supportive zoning, a workable masterplan of the development Delft University of Technology, area and sells development rights institutional framework and the Netherlands to property developers. The Hong Kong’s Rail + Property Program sustainable finances. Mobility- difference between the pre- and after-rail market price provides the oriented strategic visions for Exclusive Development means to finance the rail station HONG KONG MTR Development Rights PRIVATE Rights sold at pre- sold at full market price cities like Copenhagen and and associated investments. The GOVERNMENT development market price CORPORATION DEVELOPERS Singapore have ensured that two sectors, transit and land-use planning, jointly develop the area, transit investments lead to Creates Master Development Plan Develop, build and sell with each focusing on its area Development funded by di erence optimized outcomes for all of expertise to add value to the between pre- and after-development price stakeholders. station site. The result is a win-win Retains part ownership of properties situation for tenants, investors and transit users. The Government of Hong Kong and MTR retain full control over the land, and MTR develops the
22 23 The key to success 2. Integrated is the way it is being planning leads to governed better outcomes A centralized governance model When developing a transport (Figure 10: Model A) is designed hub, it is important to plan for so that a single entity, in this case the complete range of transport MTR, controls the implementation modalities and connections, rather of the integrated development. than just the main rail functions. In The development of high-rise MTR is the intermediary between doing so, it is possible to create a buildings above and around public authorities and the more logical and compact transit- stations is needed to bridge developers, and they work to MODe: SIX hub, ensuring greater ease of use the funding gap of the transit ensure that quality standards and comfort to the traveler. At investments while also helping are maintained and manage the the newly redeveloped Rotterdam to meet the demand for new real site after its completion. The Central Station and King’s Cross/ estate. The centralized model is semi-private is involved at all KEY ACTIONS St Pancras Station, urban and one approach to the successful stages of development and regional connections were brought development of transit-hubs. Each operation, from initial planning closer together, making transfer city and neighborhood must tailor to full-scale operation. between them significantly easier. its approach to its institutional and 1. New mobility In Rotterdam, this was combined Other cities utilize a decentralized financial conditions, while being increasingly with a high-quality pedestrian approach for integration of transit prepared to benefit from the best route to the city center and easy and land use. The decentralized practices of other governance important in access to bike parking. management model (Figure models. 10: Model B) is an institutional planning for In contrast, the separation of governance approach, where the future taxi, bus and private vehicles the development is implemented at hubs in China has hindered At its core, mobility oriented separately: property development safety and exacerbated traffic. development is about making sure is realized by developers and This represents a major missed current and future plans for transit railway construction by a opportunity for vibrant mixed-use (re)development are robust, while transport agency. development. Indeed, integrated accommodating future mobility planning can only be achieved The benefit of the centralized technologies and changes in the by full involvement of all key approach for a MODe is that it use and organization of multi- stakeholders. It seems obvious, can help transform a city into a modal systems. It is likely that but in practice it is rarely achieved. dense urban environment. Automated Vehicles (AV’s) and While the interests of stakeholders intelligent systems will continue can be very different, they share to significantly change or disrupt a desire to reap the benefits of the use of traditional transit a successfully developed plan. systems within city centers. To An integrated approach benefits Figure 10: Governance Models for Transit-Hub Development some cultures, the promise of AV’s everyone, providing a shared vision, can leapfrog traditional transit as transparency and a clear strategy, A: CENTRALIZED B: DECENTRALIZED a network of preferred modes of all of which are crucial for aligning transportation. stakeholders and gaining public Site Development GOVERNMENT Site Development Public transport schemes can also acceptance for a project. DEVELOPER DEVELOPER shape, as much as respond to, a To align stakeholder interests, city's future, by massively altering a careful planning process is the sense of a city's physical and Plan Development required, in which all aspects of the Rail Stations mental geography. The Grand Paris MTR development are carefully mapped Transit Development Express program contains plans MTR out and coordinated. In the for a larger metro transit ring and Rail Stations Amsterdam Zuid Business District Land Development radial lines. With this development, redevelopment, this approach a bigger area of the city will Environmental Protection considerably strengthened the become part of the city center, business case for investment. Given bringing additional economic and the complexities of infrastructure urban development and providing DEVELOPER DEVELOPER projects on this scale, a clear, DEVELOPER DEVELOPER direct connections between areas phased plan is needed so that DEVELOPER DEVELOPER which have traditionally been all stakeholders can see the viewed as suburbs. incremental steps required to achieve the larger vision.
24 25 Developers and Transit-hub Down with Cities are in part defined by their 3. 5. 6. distinct urban transport systems investors need a development is often commuting - up with and the transit hubs that service them. As rapid urbanization, aging clear framework the catalyst for wider more sustainable infrastructure, population growth A clear framework for development development outcomes! and climate change continue to is crucial for ensuring that plans are challenge the world’s cities, those realized on time and within budget. In many cases, station (re) Mixed-use ‘live, work, play and cities that make bold moves in The transit agency or station development is the catalyst learn’ hubs reduce the strain on advancing and diversifying their owner plays an important role for other urban and economic urban transit systems, because urban transport systems and in setting these parameters, but development. The increasing more people can live and work evolving their transit hubs will gain local authorities are also crucial: need for transit capacity and in one place, without the need a competitive edge. they provide the glue between the new facilities or to replace aging to commute. A truly mixed-use Recognizing that transportation public space and public transport infrastructure, leads to new development around a station is a crucial part of our daily lives pieces of the puzzle. Their aspirations and possibilities. When will give people the option to and an area undergoing significant successful coordination contributes this happens, the additional value work near their homes and use transformation globally, Arcadis hugely to achieving the end for the surrounding city starts transit to connect the other parts Amsterdam Central Station developed the Sustainable Cities vision. Having a clear plan lends to become clear and the urban of their lives. Sydney has made Mobility Index as a framework a project predictability and acts development processes can begin. the commitment to becoming a to evaluate the social and human as a great incentive to investors '30-minute city,' whereby any part Good examples are the areas implications of urban transport, and developers to make the large of a city can be reached from any around London King’s Cross/St as well as the environmental investments required for integrated other within 30 minutes. Pancras, the Grand Paris stations, CONCLUSION: impacts and aims of a city’s planning. Denver Union Station and the Communities and countries mobility system. Arcadis’ 2017 planned Malaysia High-Speed Rail without public transport or that Sustainable Cities Mobility Index 4. Hubs with stations. The potential impact on traditionally do not use public tracks the overall performance a city from the redevelopment transport often need to be shown TIME FOR AN URBAN of mobility systems in 100 cities international of a station is enormous and can the benefits before choosing around the world. Although every and high-speed positively affect urban planning, to drive less. As transit hubs city has its own distinct mobility housing options and businesses. become mixed-use, high intensity, system built to deal with its Rethinking the function of a station high interest destinations in TRANSIT-TION connections are unique environment, certain key helps us to reinvent and expand its themselves, the choice becomes metrics are used to compare more attractive for potential. A station should be more easier. Added to lower household The Mobility Oriented systems around the world. Read than just a place that gets you to expenditures of time and money more about the Sustainable investors where you want to go; it should be on car ownership, the benefits Development approach can International high-speed and Cities Mobility Index on an attraction, a place where people become hard to ignore. Even for transform how we think www.arcadis.com. long-distance connections to can socialize, shop and work. In high-scoring stations there is still other cities or international Paris, for example, more than 85 a lot to gain if it contributes to a about existing transport Clearly many of the world’s airports contribute to a higher square miles of land around the further shift in modal split and infrastructure and raise our developed and emerging cities still level of facilities, an improved built Grand Paris Express stations will towards a more sustainable public aspirations for what urban have important steps to take to environment and therefore, more be turned into new mixed-use transit. This does not only come become sustainable and address mobility and its transit hubs commercial activities and revenues. districts, with up to 400,000 new down to an optimized mobility- their mobility challenges. However, Such connections, therefore, can housing units. oriented development but also to can achieve economically, cities have a great opportunity act as an exceptionally powerful accompanying policies regarding to transform their transit hubs An important factor in these environmentally and socially. means of leveraging the value of costs of owning and using private into areas that will generate planning processes is the desired Applying this integrated the mobility hub. Not only the hub cars and incentivizing the use of jobs, attract new businesses and level of diversity of the economy. and its surrounding area should public transport. approach and including best secure investment. This in turn will To what extend to we encourage be of high quality, but also transit practices, we can leverage ensure a greater quality of life for infrastructure needs to facilitate or accept monocultures of single the full value of our transport residents. City leaders must focus the highest achievable level of or few land uses, such as the area on their transit hubs and additional service. This requires speed, around the Washington D.C. Union and urban assets – not just mobility-related opportunities to frequency, comfort, reliability and Station, or will greater economic for better returns, but for create an efficient, safe, connected safety. This only can be done with and land use diversity be the better lives and an improved and adaptable mobility system, a continuous investment in the objective? Diversity can prove allowing their cities to thrive. respective transport systems. to become a part of long term urban future. resilience for society. This new way of thinking about the railway station promises new opportunities in rapidly urbanizing areas and markets in the future: we can begin to think beyond just the initial system build and think about improving existing functionality and the desired optimal performance of real estate in the station area.
26 27 Faced with a soaring population and crowded transportation systems, the UK is investing in transportation infrastructure and building a new railway system, Crossrail 2. With planned development beginning as early as 2023, Wimbledon is just seven miles Figure 11: Wimbledon Station Crossrail 2 will link national rail from central London and is one of CASE STUDY networks via an underground the planned stops for Crossrail 2. Home to the world-famous tennis tunnel and run north-south 1. Hub facilities championships, Wimbledon is a 100%
through Greater London. thriving, charming neighborhood 2. Environmental Sustainability 10. Transit quality 80% UK’S CROSSRAIL 2 Crossrail 2 will increase and home to many residents and businesses, creating a strong 60% London’s rail capacity by demand for access to nearby approximately 10 percent central London. Wimbledon 40% 9. Proximity AT WIMBLEDON Station, located in the area's 3. Urban Form and will enable an additional 20% 270,000 people to get to center, is a key interchange between National Rail services, 0% London during peak hours. Its London Trams and London implementation is considered Underground District line services. 8. Property Value 4. Public amenities essential for fixing the housing The current rail station, existing Centre Court Shopping center crisis and for ensuring the and surrounding areas are future economic vitality of planned for redevelopment to 7. Business Employment Greater London. accommodate the new rail and 5. Safety & Security the increased traffic. 6. Prosperity Transport for London (TfL) and
Network Rail, Crossrail 2’s project CURRENT BENCHMARK owners, sought design options to upgrade Wimbledon Station and redevelop the area affected by the anticipated 8-year construction period. CallisonRTKL looked into analyzed, encompassing urban percent for passengers heading to alternative solutions to building environment, social placemaking, the West End and further north, the Crossrail 2 infrastructure at economic development and with up to 30 Crossrail 2 trains Wimbledon, while keeping the transportation quality. From the per hour. assessment, the investments town center commercially vibrant Applying the MODe approach at were identified that would during construction. Wimbledon has shaped a bigger most effectively initiate urban and better future for the city. The design team viewed the station regeneration, stimulate economic The phased station design and as an urban connector and wanted growth and improve mobility. to integrate the transit hub into masterplan illustrate a way not the existing Centre Court Shopping The plans for Wimbledon Station only to retain, but to improve center. Their goal is to create involve redeveloping parts of commercial viability and sense a transit, shopping and dining Wimbledon town center, including of place. MODe principles and destination that will form the new the Centre Court Shopping Center, strategies are now being evaluated heart of Wimbledon’s town center, office and residential buildings. for application at other Crossrail improving customer experience It is anticipated that the mixed- 2 station sites, bringing greater for both transit and non-transit use integrated development will socioeconomic benefits to more customers. also support local businesses and districts throughout London. fuel economic growth, by adding MODe principles were used to more jobs and housing to the area. design the integrated hub and Station capacity will increase by up identify opportunities and areas of to 3,000 more passengers during focus. More than 40 measurable peak hours, and journey times metrics were captured and will be reduced by more than 30
28 29 The NSW Government is planning reputation of the transit-hub, iconic for a quantum leap in demand structures and well-known stations for Central’s role as a major rail throughout the world. interchange between the new Sydney Metro, the new Central MODex is a result of global Business District (CBD) and South collaboration between Arcadis East Light Rail, as well as existing and CallisonRTKL (a Design suburban, intercity and interstate Consultancy of Arcadis). We train services. The plans involve worked closely to develop transforming Australia's busiest the benchmark and made train station into a state-of-the- improvements to the analysis art, future-proof transport node. based on our years of combined CASE STUDY Central Station is intended to be METHODOLOGY experience. a catalyst in revitalization of the Even though most indicators surrounding precinct with a variety of the MODex are based on The Index originates from of uses. Design-led principles and theoretical concepts and scientific SYDNEY CENTRAL guidelines are promoted to ensure Arcadis’ original approach to literature, the benchmark itself the creation of a vibrant precinct transit-related developments is not scientific. MODex contains that is well connected with the known as Mobility Oriented both quantitative and qualitative Central Station. measures. Qualitative measures STATION Development (MODe). To learn from other station are quantified where possible redevelopments, the NSW Incorporating insights and by adapting proven theoretical “Central is the key gateway to Sydney and Since 1855 and the opening Government analyzed global feedback from the first report frameworks. In cases where data we want to unlock its potential” of the first passenger rail line transit-hub examples like King's was not available, we made use published in 2015, Arcadis of the expert judgement of our in New South Wales (NSW), Cross / St Pancras in London and Antwerp Central Station in refined the benchmark process specialists and consultants in Andrew Constance Central Station has been part Belgium, to examine customer and updated transit-stations urban and transportation planning, NSW Minister for Transport and Infrastructure economy and sustainability. For of Sydney's story. The station experience, transport planning, benchmarked. This provides a has a special place in the city, engineering, commercial the quantitative parameters, which broader view of the world and mainly included socio-economic evolving and growing with opportunities, sustainability, social benefits and urban design. captures changes in mobility and real estate data, we made use the city it serves. Currently, oriented developments. As a of the available sets of data. more than 270,000 people result, it would be inaccurate to In contrast to other global benchmarks, where data is mainly use Central, the largest train compare benchmark rankings station in NSW, daily. Over the conducted on country or city level, to the first report. MODex demands data on district next two decades, that figure is Criteria used to select which and neighborhood level or even expected to reach 450,000. transit hubs to feature in this lower. Quantitative data at this report include factors such as level is not always available in heightened interest by local every country, and when it is, often governments to improve mobility, the data is based on its own local or conversely, a lack of awareness guidelines and regulations. in mobility oriented developments,
SOURCES We have examined the following types of data sources, not limited to: • International databases (GDP, average income & property prices) • Statistical year books of cities and municipalities • Transportation schemes • Google Maps • Site observation. Depending on the indicator, the maximum score is based on two different aspects: • Maximum points that can be achieved with a normative checklist • Calibration of the maximum score based on the case with the highest performance.
30 31 About Arcadis Related Reports Arcadis is the leading global Design & Consultancy firm for natural and built assets. Applying our deep market sector insights and collective design, consultancy, engineering, project and management services we work in partnership with our clients to deliver exceptional and sustainable Infrastructure Asset Global Sustainable Sustainable outcomes throughout the lifecycle Investment Management Built Asset Cities Index Cities Mobility Index Revolution Performance Index of their natural and built assets. Index We are 27,000 people, active in over 70 countries that generate €3.2 billion in revenues. We support UN-Habitat with knowledge and expertise to improve quality of life in rapidly growing cities around Contact Us the world. Arcadis CallisonRTKL To learn more about MODe visit: Bas Bollinger Diane Legge http://MODe.arcadis.com Global Lead Asia Or to continue the conversation, T +31 627 060 414 T +85 294 509 103 email us at: [email protected] Jonathon Beard Nate Cherry Asia North America @ArcadisGlobal T +85 20 2263 7417 T +1 213 633 1184
Arcadis Vernon Daal Doug McCoach Australia Pacific North America Arcadis T + 612 890 72643 T +1 646 790 2561 www.arcadis.com Jasper Bras Jorge Beroiz Continental Europe UK T +31 627 061 319 T +44 207 304 3566 Arcadis. Improving Quality of Life Paula Pereira de Souza Latin America T +55 11 311 3171
Azhar Mutto Middle East T +974 4424 5088
Craig Halvorson North America T +1 714 508 2616
Colin Black UK T +44 773 400 0093
Louise Brooke-Smith UK T +44 788 535 1000