PERCEPTIONSJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The G20 and Global Economic Governance during a Protracted Recession Evren ÇELİK WILTSE Hegemony and Crisis in Global Political Economy: The Importance of Legitimacy Pınar İPEK Europe and its Changing Role in the International Political Economy Paul Simon ADAMS How Politics Dim the Lights on Turkey’s Renewable Energy Future Okşan BAYÜLGEN Turkey and Latin America: A New Horizon for a Strategic Relationship Lic. Ariel GONZÁLEZ LEVAGGI Power Versus the Sovereign Equality of States: The Veto, the P-5 and United Nations Security Council Reforms Fakiha MAHMOOD Islam, Models and the Middle East: The New Balance of Power following the Arab Spring Burhanettin DURAN and Nuh YILMAZ Turkey’s Conflict Resolution Efforts in the Middle East Talha KÖSE Freshwater Scarcity, Interdependence and Institutionalism in Jordanian Foreign Policy Imad H. EL-ANIS Book Reviews Winter 2013 Volume XVIII - Number 4 ISSN 1300-8641 PERCEPTIONS Editor in Chief Mesut Özcan Deputy Editors Şaban Kardaş • Murat Yeşiltaş Book Review Editor Şule Toktaş Managing Editor Engin Karaca International Advisory Board Bülent Aras Sabancı University Nuri Yurdusev Middle East Technical University Fuat Keyman Sabancı University John Hobson University of Sheffield Talip Küçükcan Marmara University Mustafa Kibaroğlu Okan University Burhanettin Duran Istanbul Şehir University Selçuk Çolakoğlu Yıldırım Beyazıt University Pınar Bilgin Bilkent University Oktay Tanrısever Middle East Technical University Ekrem Karakoç SUNY Binghamton Ferhat Pirinççi Uludağ University Tuncay Kardaş Sakarya University Homepage: http://www.sam.gov.tr The Center for Strategic Research (Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi- SAM) conducts research on Turkish foreign policy, regional studies and international relations, and makes scholarly and scientific assessments of relevant issues. It is a consultative body of the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs providing strategic insights, independent data and analysis to decision makers in government. As a nonprofit organization, SAM is chartered by law and has been active since May 1995. SAM publishes Perceptions, an English language journal on foreign affairs. The content of the journal ranges from security and democracy to conflict resolutions, and international challenges and opportunities. Perceptions is a quarterly journal prepared by a large network of affiliated scholars. The views expressed in the articles are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Center for Strategic Research. PERCEPTIONS is a peer-reviewed journal and is included in the following databases and indexes: CSA Index, Current Contents of Periodicals on the Middle East, EBSCO, Index Islamicus, International Political Science Abstracts (IPSA), Lancaster Index to Defense & International Security Literature, PAIS Index, Pro Quest, Turkish Academic Network and Information Center (TÜBİTAK - ULAKBIM). To subscribe, write to the Center for Strategic Research, Dr. Sadık Ahmet Caddesi No: 8, Balgat / 06100 Ankara - TURKEY Phone: (+90 312) 253 40 76 - 292 22 30 Fax: (+90 312) 253 42 03 e-mail: [email protected] Printed in Ankara by: AFŞAROĞLU MATBAASI ISSN 1300-8641 PERCEPTIONSJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Winter 2013 Volume XVIII Number 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Guest Editor: Evren ÇELİK WILTSE Editorial 1 The G20 and Global Economic Governance during a Protracted Recession 7 Evren ÇELİK WILTSE Hegemony and Crisis in Global Political Economy: The Importance of Legitimacy 29 Pınar İPEK The Quadruple Crisis of Europe: Europe and its Changing Role in the International Political Economy 47 Paul Simon ADAMS Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: How Politics Dim 71 the Lights on Turkey’s Renewable Energy Future Okşan BAYÜLGEN Turkey and Latin America: A New Horizon for a 99 Strategic Relationship Lic. Ariel GONZÁLEZ LEVAGGI Power Versus the Sovereign Equality of States: The 117 Veto, the P-5 and United Nations Security Council Reforms Fakiha MAHMOOD Islam, Models and the Middle East: The New Balance of Power following the Arab Spring 139 Burhanettin DURAN and Nuh YILMAZ Transformative Conflict Resolution in an Unstable 171 Neighbourhood: Turkey’s Conflict Resolution Efforts in the Middle East Talha KÖSE Freshwater Scarcity, Interdependence and 195 Institutionalism in Jordanian Foreign Policy: Towards Conflict or Cooperation? Imad H. EL-ANIS 215 Book Reviews PERCEPTIONS - Winter 2013 Editorial In the last few years, Perceptions has by a similar methodological approach, adopted a new strategy of regularly international political economy (IPE); publishing special issues that have certain while the rest of the articles in this issue specific focuses. This move is in line with share a strategic and regional focus- the trends in the wider academic publishing Middle East. community. Instead of publishing a medley of articles on random themes, Why an IPE issue of editors are trying to cluster relevant articles under a shared umbrella in Perceptions? special issue formats. The purpose is Economic power has become a generally twofold: to achieve a more critical instrument in the toolbox of comprehensive coverage and dialogue nation-states, particularly since the on a topic from various perspectives, Second World War. The bipolar order and to provide a convenient source to that split the world into two staunchly researchers, who can now find a trove of opposed camps was not fought solely information in a single special issue. on the political/military front. Equally Previous special issues of Perceptions important was the socio-economic front. have covered a diverse and compelling Despite the proliferation of nuclear array of subjects. Some had a regional weapons, proxy wars and an unnerving focus, such as the special issues on Asia- arms race, this prolonged strategic Pacific and the Balkans. Others have confrontation came to an end without emphasised a single institution (NATO) a single bullet shot directly between the or a methodological perspective (political two superpowers. psychology). All of these volumes Both on the left and right, analysts were assembled by highly capable and have pointed to the structural handicaps competent guest editors. It is a great of a socio-economic system that paved honour and privilege to be a member of the way to an implosion of the Eastern this group, and I am deeply appreciative Bloc. The fact that the most important of this opportunity. military/strategic confrontation of the Our readers will notice that the articles 20th century came to an end largely on in this issue are clustered into two groups. economic and political grounds would Articles one to five are tied together speak volumes to the specialists of 1 international relations (IR) and foreign However, deploying economic factors policy. We don’t have to go as far as as the causal variable for all social the famous proverb: “It’s the economy, phenomena would mean that we are stupid!” Yet, completely disregarding the committing the heresy of economic economy in foreign policy and global reductionism. Economic relations have affairs would be to our detriment. never been the sole determinant of international political phenomena. On IR scholars who prefer political the other hand, it would be equally economy as their primary methodological short-sighted, and just as reductionist, tool tend to spend significant time and if we solely prioritised the military/ ink on explaining the distinctiveness strategic variables at the expense of socio- of this approach. Unlike economists, economic ones. political economists do not treat economics as an autonomous sphere Power is never exclusively a function that operates according to its own laws of military might in the international and logic. The political economists tend system, nor does it automatically emerge to be more sensitive to the socio-political from economic clout. Hence, the context that economy is embedded in. political economist needs to walk a fine Eminent political economist Robert line, and strike the right kind of balance Gilpin, for example, draws attention between politics and economic variables to the power dynamics that emerge as a for a sound analysis. result of market transactions. By their But what would be the marginal very nature, markets are not neutral. contribution of a political economy They “embody the values of society” and approach to the study of international reflect the interests of powerful actors. relations and foreign policy? Probably Needless to say, this power aspect of the greatest strength of any approach in economic transactions is of fundamental a given discipline lies in its explanatory concern to both political scientists and power. Thanks to the breakneck pace foreign policy specialists. The interests, of globalisation in the last few decades, values and norms of national political we have seen numerous “anomalies” systems shape and to a large degree that have blindsided conventional IR determine the economic activities. In approaches. The implosion of the Soviet fact, when it comes to global economy, Empire, the rise (and possible decline?) Gilpin argues that although “economic of the EU, the tribulations of the US in factors will play an important role in the Middle East, the emergence of new determining the characteristics of the mid-size powers in global platforms (i.e. global economy, the most important BRICs) and numerous other puzzles factors are and will be political.1 are nearly impossible to untangle with 2 the reductionist approaches that solely In terms of their