DOCSLIB.ORG

Spaces of Mourning: the Cemetery of Picpus and the Memory of Terror in Post-Revolutionary France

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spaces of Mourning: the Cemetery of Picpus and the Memory of Terror in Post-Revolutionary France Spaces of Mourning: The Cemetery of Picpus and the Memory of Terror in Post-Revolutionary France Ronen Steinberg University of Chicago The Parisian cemetery of Picpus has a special meaning in the history of the French Revolution. The former site of a convent that was destroyed during the revolution, it became the burial ground of more than thirteen hundred bodies of people who had been guillotined in the nearby Place du Trône renversé (today Place de la Nation) and interred in two large mass graves in the summer of 1794. After the Terror, family members of the victims purchased the land and began using it as a private cemetery. With the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814, a funerary chapel was constructed on the site; there daily masses were to be held in honor of the victims, and a special commemorative service was to take place once a year in the presence of the affiliated families. Both the annual pilgrimage to Picpus and the burials in the cemetery continue to this day. 1 This article examines the transformation of the cemetery of Picpus from a cimetière des suppliciés (cemetery of the punished), a locus of horror and profanity, into a sacred place and a pilgrimage destination. Historians of the revolution have not neglected the subject of the remembrance of the dead, but, with a few exceptions, they 1 The narrative details about Picpus are drawn from the following sources: G. Lenôtre, Les pèlerinages de Paris révolutionnaire: Le jardin de Picpus (Paris: Perrin, 1928); Paul de Noailles, Anne-Paule-Dominique de Noailles, Marquise de Montagu (Paris, 1872); Lucien Lambeau, Le cimetière de Picpus, 1794–1921 (Paris: Imprimerie Municipale, Commission de Vieux Paris, 1922); Florence de Baudus, Le lien du sang (Paris: Éditions Rocher, 2000). 133 134 Ronen Steinberg have paid less attention to the specific problems posed by the commemoration of the victims of the Terror. The revolutionary decade was on the cusp of a major change in European attitudes towards death. Philippe Ariès argued that the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were a period of transition to the modern, western notion of "invisible death," by which he meant the tendency to exclude death and the dying as much as possible from ordinary social life. Few historians today accept Aries' arguments about the changing attitudes towards death in the west without reservations, but virtually all agree, at least implicitly, that somehow the cultural and institutional transformations of the revolution played a role in the emergence of the "cult of the dead" in the later nineteenth century. 2 We know a great deal about the complex ways in which the memories of the dead and even their remains were employed to cultivate a republican pedagogy. 3 Even historians who question the extent to which the revolution contributed to transformations in the culture of death and who stress, for example, the continuity and resilience of religious funerary practices despite the revolution's secularizing or laicizing thrust find that the period witnessed an intense politicization of death. 4 Thus, the cult of republican "martyrs" 2 Philippe Ariès, The Hour of Our Death (New York: Knopf, 1981); Madeleine Lassère, Villes et cimetières en France de l'ancien régime à nos jours: Le territoire des morts (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997); Thomas A. Kselman, Death and the Afterlife in Modern France (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993); Richard Etlin, The Architecture of Death: The Transformation of the Cemetery in Eighteenth Century Paris (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984). 3 Jean-Claude Bonnet, Naissance du Panthéon: Essai sur le culte des grands hommes (Paris: Fayard, 1998); Mona Ozouf, "Le Panthéon: L'école normale des morts," Pierre Nora, ed., Les lieux de mémoire (Paris: Gallimard, 1984), 1:139-66; Antoine de Baecque, Glory and Terror: Seven Deaths under the French Revolution (New York: Routledge, 2001); Annie Jourdan, Les monuments de la Révolution, 1770–1804: Une histoire de représentation (Paris: Champion, 1997); Avner Ben-Amos, Funerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France, 1789-1996 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Pascal Hintermeyer, Politiques de la mort: Tirées du concours de l'institut, Germinal an VIII–Vendémiaire an IX (Paris: Payot, 1981). 4 See Joseph Clarke, Commemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France: Revolution and Remembrance, 1789–1799 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Proceedings of the Western Society for French History Spaces of Mourning 135 during year II gave way after 9 thermidor to an increasing militarization of the remembrance of the dead, which accorded well with the coming Napoleonic cult of the army. 5 But these were glorious, heroic deaths, the stuff of exemplary deeds and of myths. What of the dead of the Terror? What edifying lessons could be derived from the ignominies of being carted off to the guillotine, of the death of those who were, after all, victims? What place was there in post-revolutionary society to commemorate a negative event, a painful past that evoked disagreement and horror rather than glory? 6 This essay approaches this question by examining how the individuals involved in the creation of the monument at Picpus attempted to carve out a space for mourning the victims of the Terror in a historical moment when such commemorative practices were deemed undesirable by the larger society. In so doing, it draws on insights from studies on the significance of place in the aftermath of violence. Cultural geographer Kenneth Foote has defined the transformations in the meaning of former sites of violent conflict as "the sanctification of place."7 Places are bound up in powerful ways with the identities of the social actors who create them, invest them with meanings, values, considerable emotional energy, and who are, in turn, affected by Press, 2007); John McManners, Death and the Enlightenment: Changing Attitudes to Death among Christians and Unbelievers in Eighteenth-Century France (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981). 5 See Clarke, Commemorating the Dead, 218; James. A. Leith, Space and Revolution: Projects for Monuments, Squares, and Public Buildings in France, 1789–1799 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991); Michel Lagrée and Jehanne Roche, Tombes de mémoire: La dévotion populaire aux victimes de la Révolution dans l'ouest (Rennes: Éditions Apogée, 1993). 6 To formulate this question I have drawn on an important article by Robin Wagner-Pacifici and Barry Schwartz, "The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: Commemorating a Difficult Past," American Journal of Sociology 97, no. 2 (1991): 376-420. 7 Kenneth E. Foote, Shadowed Ground: America's Landscapes of Violence and Tragedy (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003), 8; Philip Smith, "The Elementary Forms of Place and Their Transformations: a Durkheimian Model," Qualitative Sociology 22, no. 1 (1999): 13-36. Volume 36 (2008) 136 Ronen Steinberg them. As sociologist Thomas Gieryn put it, "[Place] stabilizes and gives durability to social and structural categories, differences and hierarchies . embodies and secures otherwise intangible cultural norms, identities and memories."8 The cultural norms, identities, and memories "emplaced" in Picpus belonged primarily to returning émigrés and families of Old Regime nobility, the main groups who were involved in creating it. 9 The social status of these groups in the period between the end of the Terror and the restoration of the Bourbons was highly fluid and uncertain. 10 The uniqueness of Picpus was that it marked an effort to constitute, physically and discursively, a simultaneously private yet public space for the remembrance of the victims of the Terror and for the individuals who maintained the site over the years. In order to appreciate the transformations in the meaning of the cemetery of Picpus, it is first necessary to examine its meaning and significance in the Parisian urban imagination as a cimetière des suppliciés. Michelet was probably the first historian to discuss at some length the burial places used for disposing of victims of the Terror. It was a strange subject for a scholar to tackle—and Michelet knew it. He began his discussion with an apology: "I touch here on a sad subject; history wishes it so . pity itself was extinguished or muted; horror spoke, disgust, and the anxiety of the great city, which feared an epidemic. The living became alarmed, believing themselves to be encircled by the dead."11 Michelet went on to describe the 8 Thomas F. Gieryn, "A Space for Place in Sociology," Annual Review of Sociology 26 (2000), 473. 9 "Emplace" here means that intangible cultural qualities, such as norms, memories, and identities, are given tangible form and expression in a physical space. 10 On the conditions of Old Regime nobility in postrevolutionary France, André Jardin and André Jean Tudesq, Restoration and Reaction, 1815–1848 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Christophe Charle, A Social History of France in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Berg, 1994). 11 Jules Michelet, Histoire de la Révolution française (Paris: Gallimard, 1952), 2:923. All translations from the French are my own unless otherwise indicated. Proceedings of the Western Society for French History Spaces of Mourning 137 recurring complaints from residents living near those sites who were worried that the putrid air emanating from the open graves would have pernicious effects on their health. Thus did Michelet, with his customary acuity, sniff out that the cemeteries of the punished occupied an important and troubling space in the mental topography of the residents of Paris. There were three such sites in the capital: La Madeleine, famous as the burial place of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette; the cemetery of Mousseaux, today parc Monceau; and Picpus. 12 These places were chosen primarily for their proximity to the guillotines. After the executions, tumbrels would carry the bodies to one of the three sites, where officials of the commune would register the names of the dead and inventory their clothes and other belongings.13 Then they would be placed in mass graves that remained open until full.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fine Arts Paris Wednesday 7 November - Sunday 11 November 2018 Carrousel Du Louvre / Paris
    Fine Arts Paris WednesdAy 7 november - sundAy 11 november 2018 CArrousel du louvre / PAris press kit n o s s e t n o m e d y u g n a t www.finearts-paris.com t i d e r c Fine Arts Paris From 7 to 11 november 2018 CArrousel du louvre / PAris Fine Arts Paris From 7 to 11 november 2018 CArrousel du louvre / PAris Hours Tuesday, 6 November 2018 / Preview 3 pm - 10 pm Wednesday, 7 November 2018 / 2 pm - 8 pm Thursday 8 November 2018 / noon - 10 pm Friday 9 November 2018 / noon - 8 pm Saturday 10 November 2018 / noon - 8 pm Sunday 11 November 2018 / noon - 7 pm admission: €15 (catalogue included, as long as stocks last) Half price: students under the age of 26 FINE ARTS PARIS Press oPening Main office tuesdAy 6 november 68, Bd malesherbes, 75008 paris 2 Pm Hélène mouradian: + 33 (0)1 45 22 08 77 Social media claire Dubois and manon Girard: Art Content + 33 (0)1 45 22 61 06 Denise Hermanns contact@finearts-paris.com & Jeanette Gerritsma +31 30 2819 654 Press contacts [email protected] Agence Art & Communication 29, rue de ponthieu, 75008 paris sylvie robaglia: + 33 (0)6 72 59 57 34 [email protected] samantha Bergognon: + 33 (0)6 25 04 62 29 [email protected] charlotte corre: + 33 (0)6 36 66 06 77 [email protected] n o s s e t n o m e d y u g n a t t i d e r c Fine Arts Paris From 7 to 11 november 2018 CArrousel du louvre / PAris "We have chosen the Carrousel du Louvre as the venue for FINE ARTS PARIS because we want the fair to be a major event for both the fine arts and for Paris, and an important date on every collector’s calendar.
    [Show full text]
  • By ROBERT MOSES an American Builder of Today Looks Back at a Parisian Pred- Ecessor and Draws Some Conclusions for Post-War Rebuilding of Cities
    \ by ROBERT MOSES An American builder of today looks back at a Parisian pred- ecessor and draws some conclusions for post-war rebuilding of cities. Author of th;~~Ii:~ ~~~k ~:stP~~~ :~~~tq~arr! cjt; I of New }!;rk, Robert the;reat M;;; ;pM;;;V;';;b ;;;i1.;;;;; 01 • Baron who rebuilt ParisM grand scale, both good qualities and faults. His dictatorial Although Baron Georges-Eugene Haussmann belongs to the talents enabled him to accomplish a vast amount of work " Paris of the last century, his story is so modern and its in an incredibly short time, but they also made him many implications and lessons for us so obvious that even those enemies, for he was in the habit of riding roughshod over who do not realize that there were planners before we had planning commissions, should pause to examine this histo~ic all opposition. He had studied law and music, and had served in various figure in the modernization of cities, learn a few home truths civil service capacities during the Bourgeois Monarchy and the from what happened to him. Second Republic, and his skill in manipulating public opinion Baron Haussmann has been described as a "Brawny Alsa- in the plebiscite brought him recognition. In 1853 he was re- tian, a talker and an epicure, an ogre for work, despotic, warded by being called to Paris and given the post of .Prefect insolent, confident, full of initiative and daring, and caring of the Seine which he was to hold until January 1, 1870. hot a straw for legality." Everything about him was on a 57 19.4 2 Key to places numbered on plan which are A-Place and Tour St·Jacques B-Rue de mentioned in the text or illustrated.
    [Show full text]
  • The Little Book of Paris Datasheet
    TITLE INFORMATION Tel: +1 212 645 1111 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.accartbooks.com/us The Little Book of Paris Dominique Foufelle ISBN 9782812313318 Publisher EPA Binding Hardback Territory USA & Canada Size 3.94 in x 5.91 in Pages 176 Pages Illustrations 78 color, b&w Name of series The Little Book of... Price $16.95 Complete with period engravings, this small album tells the history of Paris through its twenty arrondissements and its main monuments. Why was the Place de la Nation formerly called la Place du Trône? Has the Panthéon always been the resting place of great men? Who exactly decided where the Hôtel de Ville should stand? What saved the Eiffel Tower from destruction? Whose idea was it to turn the Tuileries into the capital's first public garden? What is the difference between the Assemblée Nationale and the Palais Bourbon? Complete with period engravings, this small album tells the history of Paris through its twenty arrondissements and its main monuments. Also available: Dominique Foufelleis is a journalist and an author. She has already published The Little Book of French Castles, The Little Book of the Eiffel Tower and The Little Book of Historic Quotes with Les Editions du Chêne|Dominique Foufelleis is a journalist and an author. She has already published The Little Book of French Castles, The Little Book of the Eiffel Tower and The Little Book of Historic Quotes with Les Editions du Chêne Dominique Foufelleis is a journalist and an author. She has already published The Little Book of French Castles, The Little Book of the Eiffel Tower and The Little Book of Historic Quotes with Les Editions du Chene Published 17th Jul 2017 .
    [Show full text]
  • Infrastructure and Everyday Life in Paris, 1870-1914
    The Fragility of Modernity: Infrastructure and Everyday Life in Paris, 1870-1914 by Peter S. Soppelsa A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2009 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Joshua H. Cole, Co-Chair Associate Professor Gabrielle Hecht, Co-Chair Professor Richard Abel Professor Geoffrey H. Eley Associate Professor Dario Gaggio Copyright 2009 Peter S. Soppelsa For Jen, who saw me through the whole project. ii Contents Dedication ii List of Figures iv Introduction: Modernity, Infrastructure and Everyday Life 1 Chapter 1: Paris, Modernity and Haussmann 35 Part One: Circulation, The Flow of Traffic 99 Chapter 2: The Dream Life of the Métropolitain, 1872-1895 107 Chapter 3: Paris Under Construction, 1895-1914 182 Part Two: Hygiene, The Flow of Light, Air, Water and Waste 253 Chapter 4: Opening the City: Housing, Hygiene and Urban Density 265 Chapter 5: Flows of Water and Waste 340 Conclusion: The Fragility of Modernity 409 Bibliography 423 iii List of Figures Figure 1: Morice's Marianne on the Place de la République 74 Figure 2: The departmental commission's 1872 Métro plan 120 Figure 3: A standard CGO horse-powered tram 122 Figure 4: CGO Mékarski system compressed air tram, circa 1900 125 Figure 5: Francq's locomotive sans foyer 127 Figure 6: Albert Robida, L'Embellissement de Paris par le métropolitain (1886) 149 Figure 7: Jules Garnier’s Haussmannized Viaduct, 1884 153 Figure 8: From Louis Heuzé's 1878 Pamphlet 154 Figure 9: From Louis Heuzé's 1878 Pamphlet 154 Figure 10: Le Chatelier's 1889 Métro Plan 156 Figure 11: 1890 Métro plan from Eiffel and the North Railway Company 163 Figure 12: J.B.
    [Show full text]
  • L'illustration. [May 13, 1899. Vol. 113, No. 2933.]
    57e A N N E E 113e VOLUME L'ILLUSTRATION Journal Universel N° 2933 SAMEDI 13 M AI 1899 La reproduction des matières contenues dans L ’ILLU STR ATIO N est interdite. Prix du Numéro : 75 centimes. L’ILLUSTRATION ne publie d’insertions payantes que dans l'emplacement réservé aux sur les feuilles de garde et de couverture paginées à part ABONNEMENTS FRANCE ÉTRANGER PARIS, DÉPARTEMENTS ET ALGÉRIE PAYS FAISANT PARTIE DE L’UNION POSTALE Un an, 36 fr. — Six mois, 18 fr. — Trois mois, 9 fr. Un an, 44 fr. — Six mois, 22 fr. — Trois mois, 11 fr. PARIS BUREAUX : 13, RUE SAINT-GEORGES 9 A nno nces L’ILLUSTRATION 13 Mai 1899 LA SEMAINE COMIQUE, par Henriot. La Société des Beaux-Arts va dis­ Restaurant chic, Le grand chic pour porter les pla­ Fiacres automobiles. Prévenances téléphoniques. poser des barres d'appui permettant — Dîner 415 francs??? ques de bicyclette. Comment marchez-vous? A — Allô! Mademoiselle... Allé! de regarder sans fatigue les ta­ — Ce sont les prix de la maison : Dans l’œil, comme un monocle, ou l’heure ou à la course? Pourquoi me réveillez-vous au mi­ bleaux du Salon perchés tout à fait mais Monsieur a droit sans supplé­ avec un ressort, comme un pince- — Comme nous pouvons. lieu d e la nuit... Allô! en haut. ment à quatre insertions de son nez. — C’est pour voir si votre appa­ nom dans les journaux. reil fonctionne bien. 13 Mai 1899 L'ILLUSTRATION Annonces 3 4 A nnonces L ’I L L U S T R A T I O N 13 Mai 1899 AU PARADIS TERRESTRE Ce n'est pas en croquant la pomme Que mère Eve a fauté là-haut, C'est en se grisant de l'arome Doux et capiteux du Congo.
    [Show full text]
  • Pca Neighborhood Guide
    PCA NEIGHBORHOOD GUIDE 1 INDEX VOCABULARY Useful everyday 4 phrases in French MAPS How to get to campus 5 from the two closest metro stations PHARMACIES A summary of pharmacies in Paris that are open 24/7 or 7 7-8 days a week SUPERMARKETS 8-9 Your guide in the jungle of French supermarkets EATING ORGANIC Where to find natural and 10 organic food in Paris MARKETS 11-13 Which markets to visit for fresh vegetables, fruits and other goods FITNESS & PARKS A selection of gyms to sweat and 14-15 parks to relax CANAL SAINT-MARTIN 16-17 A guide to one of our favorite areas of Paris AROUND SCHOOL Nearby restaurants, 18-23 cafés and bars ARRONDISSEMENTS GUIDE 25-44 Restaurants, bars, galleries and other places worth seeing in each district BANLIEUE GUIDE Places right outside of Paris that are 46-53 worth the trip 3 VOCABULARY USEFUL PHRASES Do you speak English? Do you have. ? Est-ce que vous parlez anglais? Avez-vous…? Could you repeat that, please? Where is. ? Pourriez-vous répéter, s’il vous Où est…? plaît? What street is the....on? Would you help me please? Dans quelle rue se trouve...? Pourriez-vous m’aider? What time does the restaurant Where can I find…? close? Où est-ce que je peux trouver...? À quelle heure le restaurant ferme? How much does . cost? Combien coûte…? Do you have any discounts for students? Where are the bathrooms? Avez-vous une réduction pour les Où sont les toilettes? étudiants? Yes // Oui Train station // Gare No // Non Bank // Banque Thank you // Merci Library // Bibliothèque Excuse me // Excusez-moi Bookstore // Librairie
    [Show full text]
  • Memory, Identity, and the Feminist Self Oliva M
    Memory, Identity, and the Feminist Self Oliva M. Espín, Ph.D. Association for Women in Psychology San Francisco March 2007 In 2001 the American Psychological Association Monitor, featured an article entitled ―A new reason for keeping a diary.” The article discusses the results of several studies on the beneficial health effects of writing down our memories. These studies explored further ―the well-established connection between writing and health‖ (Carpenter, 2001, p. 70). Apparently, ―repeated writing about negative events decreases their emotional impact‖ (p.70). According to the Monitor article, the results of these studies demonstrate that ―expressive writing–that is, writing that includes emotional descriptions of life events—helps people simplify and organize fragmented memories‖ (p.69). It squashes intrusive and avoidant thoughts about negative events at it may lead to improvements in working memory" (p.70). Improvements in working memory have been shown to have positive effects on health and academic performance. In fact, students who participated in this research increased their GPAs. The beneficial health effects of writing and other forms of disclosure are a well- established fact (e.g., research by Jourard in the 1960s and more recently, Pennebaker, 1990; 1993; 1997). Sharing the intimate details of our lives has many functions: The act makes us feel connected to others, alleviates stress, and makes us healthier. Researchers have found that writing and self-disclosure, particularly about emotionally laden events and negative experiences, improves our sense of well-being, boosts the immune system, increases our T-cell growth and antibody response, lowers our heart rate, helps us lose weight, improves sleep, elevates our mood and can even reduce 1 physical pain, in addition to strengthening social relationships, which in turn has beneficial health effects.
    [Show full text]
  • AFL Fall 2017 Gazette: Lafayette Trivia (2 of 2: Answer) by Ernest and Janet Sutton
    The Gazette of the American Friends of Lafayette No. 87 October 2017 Lafayette College, June 2017 Inside This Issue Newsletter 1 friendsoflafayette.org PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE Dear Friend of Lafayette, This year, 2017, continues to be an important year for the commemoration of Lafayette and his legacy and for The AFL. Since the publication of No. 86 of the Gazette in May, 80 AFL members celebrated our hero with a wonderful annual meeting in Bethlehem, Easton and Philadelphia, PA. Our special thanks to Diane Shaw and Pam Murray of Lafayette College for organizing and hosting our group. At the meeting, the membership approved the sites for 2018 and 2019, leaving it to the Board of Governors to determine the order. Chuck Schwam and I advocated for Annapolis/Baltimore and Savannah/Edisto Island respectively for 2018. After a spirited debate conducted respectfully and without charges or countercharges, the Board by majority vote approved Annapolis for 2018 and Savannah the following year. AFL members participated in a number of other important events from June to October. These were the US Embassy’s Picpus Cemetery event held this year on June 30, 2017 where Augie Huber placed the AFL wreath, our own Picpus ceremony on the traditional date of July 4, a wreath-laying at the Baltimore Lafayette equestrian statue, which is 100 years old, on Lafayette’s birthday, September 6, and a ceremony to inaugurate the placement of equestrian statues of Generals Lafayette and Pershing in the town of Versailles, France in early October. Still to come are the Yorktown Day festivities from October 18 to 20 – see Chuck’s article for details – and a visit to the Governor’s Mansion in Richmond on the anniversary, October 27, of Lafayette’s visit there.
    [Show full text]
  • Comment Vous Rendre Au Centre Maurice RAVEL
    CENTRE D’HEBERGEMENT MAURICE RAVEL 6 avenue Maurice Ravel 75012 PARIS + 33(0)1 44 75 60 00 - +33(0)1 43 44 45 30 Tél. réservation : +33.1 43 58 96 00 [email protected] Comment vous rendre au Centre Maurice RAVEL Centre Maurice RAVEL En avion (Le site officiel d’aéroports de Paris www.aeroportsdeparis.fr) Au départ de l’aéroport Roissy Charles de Gaulle • En Bus : Prendre Roissy Bus, Direction Aéroport Charles de Gaulle. Descendre à la station Roissy Pole - Puis prendre le Bus N°351, Direction Nation, descendre à la station Porte de Montreuil - Prendre PC 2, Direction Porte d’Ivry - Descendre à la station Porte de Saint Mandé. Temps estimé : 01h30 Tarification spéciale pour Roissy Bus : 8,50 € • En RER : Prendre RER B, Direction Robinson. Descendre à la station Châtelet les Halles - Prendre la correspondance à Châtelet, ligne 1, Direction Château de Vincennes - Descendre à la station Porte de Vincennes. Temps estimé : 01h00 • En Taxi : A la sortie de l’aéroport, une station de taxi (Prix du trajet : entre 35€ et 40€ environ). Au départ de l’aéroport d’Orly • En Bus : Au départ d’Orly Sud et d’Orly Ouest, prendre l’Orly Bus , Direction Denfert-Rochereau, Descendre à la station Jourdan Tombe Issoire. Prendre PC 1, Direction Porte de Charenton, descendre à Porte de Charenton. Prendre PC 2, Direction Porte de la Villette, descendre à Sahel. Temps estimé : 01h00 Tarification spéciale pour l’Orly bus : 6,00 € • En RER : Au départ d’Orly Sud et d’Orly Ouest, prendre l’Orly Val jusqu’à la gare d’Anthony.
    [Show full text]
  • Paris 2019 Paris 2019
    PRESS RELEASE PARIS 2019 PARIS 2019 In 2019, Paris is an exciting and inspiring place to be! This 21st-century global capital is more welcoming, more innovative, greener, and livelier … forever transforming itself. The destina- tion’s cultural agenda is its greatest araction with exhibitions and events and the opening of new prestigious or unusual places. Museums and trendy bars, a­ galleries and design hotels, emblematic monuments and popular restaurants all make Paris more than ever a prominent, multi-faceted capital that likes to surprise Parisians and visitors. A SPECTACULAR EVENTS CALENDAR. Some 300 events take place every day in Paris. Among the top events running through the year are the Fête de la Musique (Music Day), the Nuit des Musées (Museums at Night), Heritage Days, the Bastille Day fireworks display on 14 July, Paris Plages, Nuit © Musée du Louvre Blanche and, of course, the sparkling Christmas illuminations and New Year’s Eve celebrations on the Champs-Élysées. In 2019, Paris will be hosting prestigious exhibitions that are as iconic as they are eclectic: Bonnard, Vuillard and Maurice Denis will draw visitors to the Musée du Luxembourg for the show ‘Les Nabis et le Décor’, Leonardo da Vinci will be the focus at the Musée du Louvre, ‘The Couauld Collection’ at the Fondation Louis Vuion will aract a lovers, as will Behe Morisot and Degas at the Musée d’Orsay; the exhibition ‘Tutankhamun’ will immerse the public in history at the Grande Halle de la Villee, and the exhibition ‘Électro – From Kra£werk to Da£ Punk’ will have the Philharmonie in dance mode.
    [Show full text]
  • A Wanderer in Paris by the Same Author
    .* ^'^' v^ •o ^^^ ^-c^ ^^.c.^' "^ ,* ^ # v*K^ A WANDERER IN PARIS BY THE SAME AUTHOR A WANDERER IN LONDON A WANDERER IN HOLLAND OVER BEMERTON'S listener's lure anne's terrible good-nature the open road the gentlest art THE ladies' PAGEANT SOME FRIENDS OF MINE CHARACTER AND COMEDY THE LIFE OF CHARLES LAMB ONE DAY AND ANOTHER HOTEL DE SEN'S THE RUK DE LHOTEL DE VILLE A WANDERER IN PARIS BY i E. V. LUCAS 1^ " " ril go and chat with Paris ^ — Romeo andJuliet W 1 I SIXTEEN ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOUR BY WALTER DEXTER AND TH RTY-TWO REPRODUCTIONS FROM WORKS OF ART ) "Nzia ^axk TH : MACMILLAN COMPANY 1909 ^// rights reser-ved J f Copyright, 1909, By the MACMILLAN COMPANY, Set up and electrotyped. Published September, 19* ri A 2 4 6 5 6 SEP :17 1909 Nnrbjootr ^regs J. S. Gushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. i PREFACE A LTHOUGH the reader will quickly make -^^^ the discovery for himself, I should like here to emphasise the fact that this is a book about Paris and the Parisians written wholly from the outside, and containing only so much of that city and its citizens as a foreigner who has no French friends may observe on holiday visits. I express elsewhere my indebtedness to a few French authors. I have also been greatly assisted in a variety of ways, but especially in the study of the older Paris streets, by my friend Mr. Frank Holford. E. V. L. CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE The English Gates of Paris i CHAPTER II The Ile de la Cnt 9 CHAPTER III Notre Dame 31 CHAPTER IV Saint Louis and his Island 54 CHAPTER V The Marais 61 CHAPTER VI The Louvre: I.
    [Show full text]
  • Paris and Post-Commune Angst
    Andrew Eschelbacher Environment of Memory: Paris and Post-Commune Angst Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 8, no. 2 (Autumn 2009) Citation: Andrew Eschelbacher, “Environment of Memory: Paris and Post-Commune Angst,” Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 8, no. 2 (Autumn 2009), http://www.19thc- artworldwide.org/autumn09/environment-of-memory. Published by: Association of Historians of Nineteenth-Century Art. Notes: This PDF is provided for reference purposes only and may not contain all the functionality or features of the original, online publication. Eschelbacher: Environment of Memory: Paris and Post-Commune Angst Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 8, no. 2 (Autumn 2009) Environment of Memory: Paris and Post-Commune Angst by Andrew Eschelbacher In 1871, Karl Marx asked, "What is the Commune, that sphinx so tantalizing to the bourgeois mind?"[1] Straightforward as the question may have seemed, there was no satisfactory answer.[2] The three-month spring uprising following the Prussian siege of Paris had emanated from a series of political tensions that included an evolving national identity, religious turmoil, bourgeois excess, proletarian unrest, and shifting gender roles. Though the revolt was primarily carried out by the working classes, the Commune's ramifications threatened all strata of Parisian society and permeated the entirety of the fin-de-siècle memorial landscape. The government tried to hide obvious physical markers of the revolt beneath an intensive program of Republican monument building. However, the new monuments provided only a façade of a city untroubled by its recent past. Beneath the official rhetoric, vestiges of the Commune manifested themselves acutely in the city's memorial spaces, and filled the urban sphere with competing understandings of the revolt.
    [Show full text]