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Journal of Threatened Taxa The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles OPEN ACCESS online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Conservation Application First attempt at rehabilitation of Asiatic Black Bear cubs to the wild in Thailand Robert Steinmetz, Worrapan Phumanee, Rungnapa Phoonjampa & Suthon Weingdow 26 May 2021 | Vol. 13 | No. 6 | Pages: 18411–18418 DOI: 10.11609/jot.6343.13.6.18411-18418 For Focus, Scope, Aims, and Policies, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/aims_scope For Artcle Submission Guidelines, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/policies_various For reprints, contact <[email protected]> The opinions expressed by the authors do not refect the views of the Journal of Threatened Taxa, Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development Society, Zoo Outreach Organizaton, or any of the partners. The journal, the publisher, the host, and the part- Publisher & Host ners are not responsible for the accuracy of the politcal boundaries shown in the maps by the authors. Member Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2021 | 13(6): 18411–18418 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) OPEN ACCESS htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.6343.13.6.18411-18418 #6343 | Received 30 June 2020 | Final received 09 December 2020 | Finally accepted 06 April 2021 CONSERVATION APPLICATION First atempt at rehabilitaton of Asiatc Black Bear cubs to the wild in Thailand Robert Steinmetz 1 , Worrapan Phumanee 2 , Rungnapa Phoonjampa 3 & Suthon Weingdow 4 1,2,3 WWF Thailand, Pisit Building, 11 Pradiphat Soi 10, Pradiphat Road, Phayatai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. 4 Department of Natonal Parks, Wildlife, and Plant Conservaton, Phaholyothin Road, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected] Abstract: Returning orphan bear cubs to the wild can beneft bear welfare and conservaton but is hindered in Asia by the scarcity of documented experience. We experimented with rehabilitaton of two Asiatc Black Bear cubs in Thailand using the assisted method of sof-release. We raised the 5-month old cubs for 11 months with minimal human contact in a remote enclosure in high quality habitat, letng cubs out periodically to walk with caretakers in the forest. The caretakers acted as surrogate mothers, allowing cubs to safely acquire foraging skills and familiarity with the forest. Supplementary feeding resulted in the cubs’ rapid weight gain (average 157g/ day),บทคัดย(อ: faster การปล(อยลูกหมีคืนสู(ธรรมชาติถือเป<นกระบวนการสำคัญที่เอื้อประโยชนDดEานสวัสดิภาพและส(งเสริมการอนุรักษDหมีในธรรมชาติ than would occur in the wild. Faster growth allowed the cubs to be แต(อย(างไรก็ตาม released ในภูมิภาคเอเชียยังมีการศึกษาเกี่ยวกับงานดEานนี้อยู(นEอยมาก sooner, reducing the likelihood of long-term habituaton.สำหรับการศึกษาในอุทยานแห(งชาติแม(วงกD-ประเทศไทยครั้งนี้เป<นการทดลองการปล(อยลูกหมีควายจำนวน Afer three months of rehabilitaton, the bear cubs 2 ตัว คืนสู(ธรรมชาติโดยใชEวิธีstarted showing assisted signs soft -ofrelease being ตลอดระยะเวลา wary of 11 เดือนลูกหมีควายอายุthe caretakers 5 (e.g., cautous whenเดือนถูกเลี้ยงอยู(ในกรงที่ตั้งอยู(ในป`าเพื่อหลีกเลี่ยงการมีปฏิสัมพันธDกับมนุษยD we approached their enclosure) and their แต(มีการปล(อยใหEลูกหมีไดEออกมานอ focus during walksกกรงเป<นระยะโดยมีพี่เลี้ยงดูแลอย(างใกลEชิด switched from play to foraging. Afer seven months they began to spendพี่เลี้ยงจะทำหนEาที่เหมือนแม(หมีคอยดูแลและใหEลูกหมีไดEฝcกทักษะการหารอาหารและใชEชีวิตในธรรมชาติ nights away from their enclosure, thus declining the supplemental การใหEอาหารเสริมช(วยใหEลูกหมีเติบโตอย(างรวดเร็ว food. This sequence (เฉลี่ย 157and กรัม tming/วัน) ซึ่งมีค(ามากกว(าการเจริญเติบโตของลูกหมีในธรรมชาติ of increasing separaton and independenceการเติบโตที่รวดเร็วนี้จะช(วยใหEกระบวนการปล(อยลูกหมีคืนสู(ธรรมชาติเป<นไปไดEเร็วขึ้นและยังช(วยลดโอกาสที่ลูกหมีจะเชื่องหรือคุEนเคยกับมนุษยDไดEอีกดEวย from people matched other assisted sof releases in the region. The cubs went missing in month 12, shortly before planned collaringภายหลังกระบวนการผ(านไปสามเดือนพบว(าลูกหมีเริ่มแสดงอาการระมัดระวังตัวเมื่อพี่เลี้ยงเขEาไปใกลE and release. They were seen together 2.5 months laterหรือเปลี่ยนพฤติกรรมจากการเล(นเป<นการหาอาหาร on a fruitng tree and ran awayแต(จากนั้นหลังเจ็ดเดือนลูกหมีก็ไม(กลับมาที่กรง when approached. Assisted sof releases mightออกหากินเองตามธรรมชาติและกินอาหารเสริมนEอยลง be a promising opton for กระบวนการและช(วงระยะเวลาในการแยกตัวและพยายามอยู(ห(างจากมนุษยDของลูกหมีสอดคลEองกับผลการศึกษาในวิธีการเดียวกันจากพื้นที่อื่น bear rehabilitaton in Asia but more data are needed to evaluate their efectveness ๆ ทั้งนี้ relatve ลูกหมีไดEหายตัวไปเมื่อเขEาสู(เดือนที่ to other methods.12 ก(อนที่จะมีการปล(อยคืนสู(ธรรมชาติและติดตามอย(างเป<นทางการ This method afords direct observatons โดยลูกหมีทั้งสองตัวปรากฏตัวอีกครั้งหลังจากผ(านไปสองเดือนครึ่งบนตEนผลไมEและวิ่งหนีทันทีเมื่อมีคนเขEาไปใกลE of bears in the wild that can augment our knowledge of ดังนั้น bear behavior and ecology. การปล(อยหมีคืนสู(ธรรมชาติวิธีนี้ถือเป<นทางเลือกที่น(าสนใจในการฟopนฟูประชากรของหมีในภูมิภาคเอเชีย แต(จำเป<นตEองมีขEอมูลเพิ่มเติมเพื่อนำมาประเมินผลเมื่อเทียบกับวิธีการปล(อยหมีแบบอื่น ๆ นอกจากนั้น Keywordsวิธีการนี้ยังสามารถสังเกตพฤติกรรมหมีในธรรมชาติไดEโดยตรง: Reintroducton, sof release, อันจะช(วยเพิ่มองคDความรูEในดEานพฤติกรรมและนิเวศวิท Ursus thibetanus, walking withยาของหมีไดEอีกดEวย bears. บทคัดย(อ: การปล(อยลูกหมีคืนสู(ธรรมชาติถือเป<นกระบวนการสำคัญที่เอื้อประโยชนDดEานสวัสดิภาพและส(งเสริมการอนุรักษDหมีในธรรมชาติ แต(อย(างไรก็ตาม ในภูมิภาคเอเชียยังมีการศึกษาเกี่ยวกับงานดEานนี้อยู(นEอยมาก สำหรับการศึกษาในอุทยานแห(งชาติแม(วงกD- ประเทศไทยครั้งนี้เป<นการทดลองการปล(อยลูกหมีควายจำนวน 2 ตัว คืนสู(ธรรมชาติโดยใชEวิธี assisted soft-release ตลอดระยะเวลา 11 เดือนลูกหมีควายอายุ 5 เดือนถูกเลี้ยงอยู(ในกรงที่ตั้งอยู(ในป`าเพื่อหลีกเลี่ยงการมีปฏิสัมพันธDกับมนุษยD แต(มีการปล(อยใหEลูกหมีไดEออกมานอกกรงเป<นระยะโดยมีพี่เลี้ยงดูแลอย(างใกลEชิด พี่เลี้ยงจะทำหนEาที่เหมือนแม(หมีคอยดูแลและใหEลูกหมีไดEฝcกทักษะการหารอาหารและใชEชีวิตในธรรมชาติ การใหEอาหารเสริมช(วยใหEลูกหมีเติบโตอย(างรวดเร็ว (เฉลี่ย 157 กรัม/วัน) ซึ่งมีค(ามากกว(าการเจริญเติบโตของลูกหมีในธรรมชาติ การเติบโตที่รวดเร็วนี้จะช(วยใหEกระบวนการปล(อยลูกหมีคืนสู(ธรรมชาติเป<นไปไดEเร็วขึ้นและยังช(วยลดโอกาสที่ลูกหมีจะเชื่องหรือคุEนเคยกับมนุษยDไดEอีกดEวย ภายหลังกระบวนการผ(านไปสามเดือนพบว(าลูกหมีเริ่มแสดงอาการระมัดระวังตัวเมื่อพี่เลี้ยงเขEาไปใกลE หรือเปลี่ยนพฤติกรรมจากการเล(นเป<นการหาอาหาร แต(จากนั้นหลังเจ็ดเดือนลูกหมีก็ไม(กลับมาที่กรง ออกหากินเองตามธรรมชาติและกินอาหารเสริมนEอยลง กระบวนการและช(วงระยะเวลาในการแยกตัวและพยายามอยู(ห(างจากมนุษยDของลูกหมีสอดคลEองกับผลการศึกษาในวิธีการเดียวกันจากพื้นที่อื่น ๆ ทั้งนี้ ลูกหมีไดEหายตัวไปเมื่อเขEาสู(เดือนที่ 12 ก(อนที่จะมีการปล(อยคืนสู(ธรรมชาติและติดตามอย(างเป<นทางการ โดยลูกหมีทั้งสองตัวปรากฏตัวอีกครั้งหลังจากผ(านไปสองเดือนครึ่งบนตEนผลไมEและวิ่งหนีทันทีเมื่อมีคนเขEาไปใกลE ดังนั้น การปล(อยหมีคืนสู(ธรรมชาติวิธีนี้ถือเป<นทางเลือกที่น(าสนใจในการฟopนฟูประชากรของหมีในภูมิภาคเอเชีย แต(จำเป<นตEองมีขEอมูลเพิ่มเติมเพื่อนำมาประเมินผลเมื่อเทียบกับวิธีการปล(อยหมีแบบอื่น ๆ นอกจากนั้น วิธีการนี้ยังสามารถสังเกตพฤติกรรมหมีในธรรมชาติไดEโดยตรง อันจะช(วยเพิ่มองคDความรูEในดEานพฤติกรรมและนิเวศวิทยาของหมีไดEอีกดEวย Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publicaton: 26 May 2021 (online & print) Citaton: Steinmetz, R., W. Phumanee, R. Phoonjampa & S. Weingdow (2021). First atempt at rehabilitaton of Asiatc Black Bear cubs to the wild in Thailand. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(6): 18411–18418. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.6343.13.6.18411-18418 Copyright: © Steinmetz et al. 2021. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Funding: WWF Sweden, WWF Germany. Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests. Author details: Robert Steinmetz is an ecologist working on endangered species conservaton with WWF Thailand. Worrapan Phumanee is the senior researcher of Tiger Recovery Project at WWF Thailand. His interests are on the populaton ecology of large mammals, especially tgers. Rungnapa Phoonjampa leads the Tiger Recovery Project, WWF Thailand. Her interests also focus on gibbon populaton ecology. Suthon Weingdow works for the Department of Natonal Parks, Wildlife, and Plant Conservaton in Thailand. He was superintendent of Mae Wong Natonal Park during this study, and is currently superintendent of Khao Sam Roi Yod Natonal Park. Author contributon: All authors contributed equally to the design and implementaton of the project and writng of the paper. Acknowledgements: We thank the Department of Natonal Parks, Wildlife, and Plant Conservaton for support. We thank the park staf Wirat Panprue, Sompong Kaewkhong, and Somsai Racha, who cared for and walked the bears with dedicaton. We thank John Beecham, David Garshelis, and Gabriella Fredriksson for advice at all stages
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