Conducting County-Level Analyses with HCUP Data: Approaches and Methodological Considerations
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Princes and Merchants: European City Growth Before the Industrial Revolution*
Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution* J. Bradford De Long NBER and Harvard University Andrei Shleifer Harvard University and NBER March 1992; revised December 1992 Abstract As measured by the pace of city growth in western Europe from 1000 to 1800, absolutist monarchs stunted the growth of commerce and industry. A region ruled by an absolutist prince saw its total urban population shrink by one hundred thousand people per century relative to a region without absolutist government. This might be explained by higher rates of taxation under revenue-maximizing absolutist governments than under non- absolutist governments, which care more about general economic prosperity and less about State revenue. *We thank Alberto Alesina, Marco Becht, Claudia Goldin, Carol Heim, Larry Katz, Paul Krugman, Michael Kremer, Robert Putnam, and Robert Waldmann for helpful discussions. We also wish to thank the National Bureau of Economic Research, and the National Science Foundation for support. 1. Introduction One of the oldest themes in economics is the incompatibility of despotism and development. Economies in which security of property is lacking—either because of the possibility of arrest, ruin, or execution at the command of the ruling prince, or the possibility of ruinous taxation— should, according to economists, see relative stagnation. By contrast, economies in which property is secure—either because of strong constitutional restrictions on the prince, or because the ruling élite is made up of merchants rather -
2017 Census of Governments, State Descriptions: School District Governments and Public School Systems
NCES 2019 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates (EDGE) Program 2017 Census of Governments, State Descriptions: School District Governments and Public School Systems Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates (EDGE) Program 2017 Census of Governments, State Descriptions: School District Governments and Public School Systems JUNE 2019 Doug Geverdt National Center for Education Statistics U.S. Department of Education ii U.S. Department of Education Betsy DeVos Secretary Institute of Education Sciences Mark Schneider Director National Center for Education Statistics James L. Woodworth Commissioner Administrative Data Division Ross Santy Associate Commissioner The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education activities in foreign countries. NCES activities are designed to address high-priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high-quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, Congress, states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public. Unless specifically noted, all information contained herein is in the public domain. We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences. -
Where Immigrants Settle in the United States
IZA DP No. 1231 Where Immigrants Settle in the United States Barry R. Chiswick Paul W. Miller DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES DISCUSSION PAPER August 2004 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor Where Immigrants Settle in the United States Barry R. Chiswick University of Illinois at Chicago and IZA Bonn Paul W. Miller University of Western Australia Discussion Paper No. 1231 August 2004 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 Email: [email protected] Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute. Research disseminated by IZA may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit company supported by Deutsche Post World Net. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its research networks, research support, and visitors and doctoral programs. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. IZA Discussion Paper No. 1231 August 2004 ABSTRACT ∗ Where Immigrants Settle in the United States This paper is concerned with the location of immigrants in the United States, as reported in the 1990 Census. -
Government in Missouri by David Stokes with Research Assistance by Justin Hauke
policy study NUMBER 18 FEBRUARY 5, 2009 government in missouri By David Stokes With research assistance by Justin Hauke executive This study particularly focuses on the theories of public choice economics, summary a branch that studies the institutional This policy study undertakes a incentives of government and politics. broad review of Missouri’s state and The analysis considers several prevailing local governmental structure, as public choice theories and gauges their viewed from the perspective of public applicability to the specific cases present choice economics. It applies various in Missouri: whether larger legislatures economic theories, as well as insights lead to increased spending; whether at- from the broader world of political large legislative bodies spend less than science, to Missouri’s present system districted bodies; and, whether a given of government and politics. Throughout jurisdiction can have both too many and the study, the term “government” too few elected officials. refers to the exact bodies and officials The resulting data is compared that compose it, rather than to more to observed spending levels within theoretical ideas regarding the role it Missouri governments. This study’s should have in our lives. findings include proof of the economies In order to facilitate an analysis of scale that occur when measuring of Missouri government, this study spending within smaller Missouri David Stokes is a first provides a detailed outline of how counties. They also describe the lack of policy analyst for the the state’s many government units any hard proof of relative overspending Show-Me Institute. are structured, including legislative in the city of Saint Louis, despite strong Justin Hauke is a former bodies and elected officials at the theoretical indications that such proof policy analyst for the state, county, township, and municipal might be found. -
Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES
2 Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES ECONOMICS Former colonies The power and influence of the •Ferdinand • Aung San in Southeast Asia worked to Pacific Rim nations are likely to Marcos Suu Kyi build new governments expand during the next century. • Corazón • Sukarno and economies. Aquino • Suharto SETTING THE STAGE World War II had a significant impact on the colonized groups of Southeast Asia. During the war, the Japanese seized much of Southeast Asia from the European nations that had controlled the region for many years. The Japanese conquest helped the people of Southeast Asia see that the Europeans were far from invincible. When the war ended, and the Japanese themselves had been forced out, many Southeast Asians refused to live again under European rule. They called for and won their independence, and a series of new nations emerged. TAKING NOTES The Philippines Achieves Independence Summarizing Use a chart to summarize the major The Philippines became the first of the world’s colonies to achieve independence challenges that Southeast following World War II. The United States granted the Philippines independence Asian countries faced in 1946, on the anniversary of its own Declaration of Independence, the Fourth after independence. of July. The United States and the Philippines The Filipinos’ immediate goals were Challenges Nation Following to rebuild the economy and to restore the capital of Manila. The city had been Independence badly damaged in World War II. The United States had promised the Philippines The $620 million in war damages. However, the U.S. -
The Geography of Government Geography
Research Note The Geography of Government Geography Old Dominion University Center for Real Estate and Economic Development http://www.odu.edu/creed 1 The Geography of Government Geography In glancing over articles in journals, magazines, or newspapers, the reader quite often encounters terms that make sense within the article’s context, but are seemingly hard to compare with other expressions; a few examples would include phrases such as Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Planning Districts, Labor Market Areas, and, even, Hampton Roads (what or where is that?). Definitions don’t stay static; they occasionally change. For instance, in June 2004 the United States General Accounting Office (GAO) published new standards for Metropolitan Statistical Areas (GAO report, GAO-04-758). To provide some illumination on this topic, the following examines the basic definitions and how they apply to the Hampton Roads region. Terminology, Old and New Let’s review a few basic definitions1: Metropolitan Statistical Area – To be considered a Metropolitan Statistical Area, an area must have at least one urbanized grouping of 50,000 or more people. The phrase “Metropolitan Statistical Area” has been traditionally referred to as “MSA”. The Metropolitan Statistical Area comprises the central county or counties or independent cities containing the core area, as well as adjoining counties. 1 The definitions are derived from several sources included in the “For Further Reading and Reference” section of this article. 2 Micropolitan Statistical Area – This is a relatively new term and was introduced in 2000. A Micropolitan Statistical Area is a locale with a central county or counties or independent cities with, at a minimum, an urban grouping having no less than 10,000 people, but no more than 50,000. -
Layout Summary of Geocode File
Page 1 of 6 Layout Summary of Geocode File Variable Name Variable Description Length ADDR_TYPE USPS Record, Type of Record Matched 1 This data comes from HUD file. APT_NO Apartment Number (Address Line 2) 8 Contains the Apartment number (secondary address) portion of the street address. This data comes from HUD file. APT_TYPE Apartment Type 4 Contains the secondary address type abbreviation (Apt = Apartment, Ste = Suite, # = Apartment, RM = Room, FL = Floor, etc..). This data comes from HUD file. BG2K Census 2000 Block Group 1 It is the first character of the block ID (BLOCK2K) in the HUD file. BLK_FLG Block ID flag 1 This flag value identifies if HUD and NHIS block ID disagree. BLOCK2K is the block ID from the HUD file and COMBBLK is the block ID from the NHIS UCF file. BLKG_FLG Block group flag 1 This flag value identifies if HUD and NHIS block group disagree. BG2K is the block group from the HUD file and BLKGRP is the block group from the NHIS UCF file. BLKGRP Block Group 1 It is the first character of the block ID (COMBBLK) in the NHIS UCF file. BLOCK2K Census 2000 Block ID 4 First character is the census block group, it comes from the HUD geocoded file. C1PARC Apartment Return Code 1 Postal matcher apartment return codes. This data comes from HUD file. C1PDRC Directional Return Code 1 Postal matcher directional return codes. This data comes from HUD file. C1PGRC General Return Code 1 Postal matcher general return codes. This data comes from HUD file. C1PPRB Address Match Probability 1 Postal matcher address match probability return codes. -
Fips Pub 55-3
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology FIPS PUB 55-3 FEDERAL INFORMATION PROCESSING STANDARDS PUBLICATION (Supersedes FIPS PUB 55-2—1987 February 3 and 55DC-4—1987 January 16) GUIDELINE: CODES FOR NAMED POPULATED PLACES, PRIMARY COUNTY DIVISIONS, AND OTHER LOCATIONAL ENTITIES OF THE UNITED STATES, PUERTO RICO, AND THE OUTLYING AREAS Category: Data Standards and Guidelines Subcategory: Representation and Codes 1994 DECEMBER 28 55-3 PUB FIPS 468 . A8A3 NO.55-3 1994 FIPS PUB 55-3 FEDERAL INFORMATION PROCESSING STANDARDS PUBLICATION (Supersedes FIPS PUB 55-2—1987 February 3 and 55DC-4—1987 January 16) GUIDELINE: CODES FOR NAMED POPULATED PLACES, PRIMARY COUNTY DIVISIONS, AND OTHER LOCATIONAL ENTITIES OF THE UNITED STATES, PUERTO RICO, AND THE OUTLYING AREAS Category: Data Standards and Guidelines Subcategory: Representations and Codes Computer Systems Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001 Issued December 28, 1994 U.S. Department of Commerce Ronald H. Brown, Secretary Technology Administration Mary L. Good, Under Secretary for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology Arati Prabhakar, Director Foreword The Federal Information Processing Standards Publication Series of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is the official publication relating to standards and guidelines adopted and promulgated under the provisions of Section 111 (d) of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 as amended by the Computer Security Act of 1987, Public Law 100-235. These mandates have given the Secretary of Commerce and NIST important responsibilities for improving the utilization and management of computer and related telecommunications systems in the Federal Government. -
Quasi-Cities
QUASI-CITIES ∗ NADAV SHOKED INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1972 I. THE SPECIAL DISTRICT IN U.S. LAW ................................................. 1976 A. Legal History of Special Districts: The Judicial Struggle to Acknowledge a New Form of Government ............................ 1977 B. The Growth of Special Districts: New Deal Era Lawmakers’ Embrace of a New Form of Government .............. 1986 C. The Modern Legal Status of the Special District: Implications of Being a “Special District” Rather than a City ............................................................................................ 1987 D. Defining Special Districts .......................................................... 1991 1. Contending Definition Number One: Single Purpose Government ......................................................................... 1992 2. Contending Definition Number Two: Limited Function Government .......................................................... 1993 3. Contending Definition Number Three: A Non-Home Rule Local Government ...................................................... 1995 4. Suggested Definition: A Government Lacking Powers of Regulation Beyond Its Facilities ..................................... 1997 II. THE QUASI-CITY IN U.S. LAW: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE NEW SPECIAL DISTRICT ............................................................................. 1999 A. The Quasi-City as an Alternative to Incorporation ................... 2003 1. -
Census of Population and Housing, 1980: Summary Tape File 1F, School Districts
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 313 413 TM 014 179 TITLE Census of Population and Housing, 1980: Summary Tape File 1F, School Districts. Technical Documentation. INSTITUTION Bureau of the Census (DOC), Washington, D.C. Data User Services Div. REPORT NO EF-000082 PUB DATE 82 NOTE 207p.; For the corresponding data file, see TM 014 180. The questionnaire is sometimes illegible due to small and blurred print. PUB TYPE Guides Non-C1-Issroom Use (055) Statistical Data (110) Tests/Evaluation Instruments (160) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Assessed Valuation; *Census Figures; Databases; *Demography; Elementary Secondary Education; Family Characteristics; Geographic Regions; Hispanic Americans; *Housing; Marital Status; Online Systems; Questionnaires; Racial Distribution; *School Districts; *Statistical Surveys IDENTIFIERS *Census of Population Housing 1980 Sum Tape File 1F ABSTRACT This report provides technical documentation associated with a 1980 Census of Population and Housing Summary Tape File 1F--the School Districts File. The file contains complete-count data of population and housing aggregated by school district. Population items tabulated include age, race (provisional data), sex, marital status, Spanish origin (provisional data), household type, and household relationship. Housing items tabulated include occupancy/vacancy status, tenure, contract rent, value, condominium status, number of rooms, and plumbing facilities. Selected aggregates, means, and medians are alsc provided. Data are presented in E9 tables. Summaries are provided at the follmolng levels: national, regional, state, county, standard metropolitan area and other standard statistical geographical area, congressional district, census division, and minor civil division. Information specific to Summary Tape File 1 and information applicable to Summary Tape Files 1 through 5 are provided. -
The Modern Concept of Confederation Santorini, 22
Santorini 22 – 25 September 1994 CDL-STD(1994)011 Or. Engl. Science and technique of democracy No. 11 EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) The modern concept of confederation Santorini, 22-25 September 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS Opening session ..................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Introductory statement by Mr Constantin ECONOMIDES ..................................................... 3 Historical Aspects ...........................................................................................5 Conceptual Aspects .......................................................................................39 a. The classical notions of a confederation and of a federal state - Report by Professor Giorgio MALINVERNI ................................................... 39 b. The modern concept of confederation - Report by Gérald- A. BEAUDOIN .......................................................................................................... 56 c. Towards a new concept of confederation - Report by Professor Murray FORSYTH ..................................................................................... 64 d. A new concept of confederation - Intervention by Mr Maarten Theo JANS ................................................................................................... 76 Examples of present and possible applications ................................................77 a. International and constitutional law aspects of the preliminary agreement concerning the establishment -
2020 Census National Redistricting Data Summary File 2020 Census of Population and Housing
2020 Census National Redistricting Data Summary File 2020 Census of Population and Housing Technical Documentation Issued February 2021 SFNRD/20-02 Additional For additional information concerning the Census Redistricting Data Information Program and the Public Law 94-171 Redistricting Data, contact the Census Redistricting and Voting Rights Data Office, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 20233 or phone 1-301-763-4039. For additional information concerning data disc software issues, contact the COTS Integration Branch, Applications Development and Services Division, Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 20233 or phone 1-301-763-8004. For additional information concerning data downloads, contact the Dissemination Outreach Branch of the Census Bureau at <[email protected]> or the Call Center at 1-800-823-8282. 2020 Census National Redistricting Data Summary File Issued February 2021 2020 Census of Population and Housing SFNRD/20-01 U.S. Department of Commerce Wynn Coggins, Acting Agency Head U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Dr. Ron Jarmin, Acting Director Suggested Citation FILE: 2020 Census National Redistricting Data Summary File Prepared by the U.S. Census Bureau, 2021 TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION: 2020 Census National Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Technical Documentation Prepared by the U.S. Census Bureau, 2021 U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Dr. Ron Jarmin, Acting Director Dr. Ron Jarmin, Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer Albert E. Fontenot, Jr., Associate Director for Decennial Census Programs Deborah M. Stempowski, Assistant Director for Decennial Census Programs Operations and Schedule Management Michael T. Thieme, Assistant Director for Decennial Census Programs Systems and Contracts Jennifer W. Reichert, Chief, Decennial Census Management Division Chapter 1.