DOCSLIB.ORG

A Critical Review of Alternative Tourism: Full Fare Tourism? a Case Study of Mundo Maya

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Critical Review of Alternative Tourism: Full Fare Tourism? a Case Study of Mundo Maya A CRITICAL REVIEW OF ALTERNATIVE TOURISM: FULL FARE TOURISM? A CASE STUDY OF MUNDO MAYA by ALISON M. JOHNSTON BA. The University of British Columbia, 1990 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Community & Regional Planning We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA October 1994 ©Alison M. Johnston, 1994 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of QOHMAOMlTM A f-e^lOMAt. PlAWA)iM^ f The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date OOP DE-6 (2/88) ABSTRACT Many planners concerned about the serious social and ecological impacts associated with the tourism industry now promote a shade of tourism called 'alternative' tourism. The difference between regular tourism and alternative tourism is that the latter has the connotation of being 'full fare' or sustainable. Generally speaking, alternative tourism is no less exploitive than regular tourism. The set of tourism activities now labelled as 'alternative' is merely a sub-component of the notorious mainstream tourism model. It unleashes the same type of negative social and ecological impacts as regular tourism, because the same planning methodology is employed. Mundo Maya, an alternative tourism program launched in 1990 but marketed before proper planning had taken place, follows this trend. The problems arising from the tourism industry's interpretation of alternative tourism points to a need to revisit the theory of alternative tourism and look to the 'success stories'. If present forms of alternative tourism are not sustainable, then it is vital that a line be drawn between tourism purporting to be alternative tourism and true alternative tourism. Otherwise a valuable body of theory could be discarded on the basis of misguided implementation efforts and opportunistic marketing. Within Mundo Maya, several small-scale independent success stories exist. These illustrate the conditions under which tourism can be 'full fare'. When the gap between the theory and practice of alternative tourism is closed, alternative tourism is a viable and rewarding community development tool. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT. TABLE OF CONTENTS. LIST OF TABLES. FIGURES & MAPS vii LIST OF ACRONYMS ix GLOSSARY OF SPANISH TERMS xi INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER 1: DEVELOPMENT PLANNING & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION 4 I. Traditional Development Theory & Its Goals 5 1.1 The First Goal: Modernization 5 1.2 The Second Goal: Integration 6 1.3 The Third Goal: Higher Consumption & Economic Growth 7 II. The Reconceptualization of Development Under the NEP 8 2.1 Rethinking Economic Growth 8 2.2 The New Policy Direction 9 2.3 Synthesis of New Policy Direction by Tourism Industry 10 III. Sustainable Development 11 3.1 Definition of Sustainable Development 11 3.2 Planning Implications ...12 3.3 Sustainable Tourism 15 IV. The Ethical Dimensions of the Sustainability Debate 17 4.1 North vs. South 17 4.2 Equity 19 4.3 Power Differentials 21 V. The Role of Tourism in Development 22 5.1 Tourism as a Development Tool 22 5.2 Alternative Tourism as a Development Tool 24 CONCLUSION 26 CHAPTER 2: ALTERNATIVE TOURISM THEORY & PRACTICE 28 INTRODUCTION 28 I. The History of Alternative Tourism 28 1.1 Green Consumerism 28 1.2 The Emergence of Alternative Tourism 29 - iv - II. Evolution of the Alternative Tourism Concept 31 2.1 The Ambiguity of 'Alternative' Tourism 31 2.2 Alternative Tourism as a Response to Mass Tourism 32 2.3 Alternative Tourism as a Subversion of the DSP 33 III. Defining Alternative Tourism 34 3.1 The Theory of Alternative Tourism 34 3.2 Definition of 'Full Fare' Alternative Tourism 37 IV. The Different Shades of Alternative Tourism 40 4.1 Adventure Tourism 40 4.2 Ecotourism 40 4.3 Low Impact or Supply-side Tourism 43 CONCLUSION 44 CHAPTER 3: THE EARLY MANIFESTATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE TOURISM IN MESOAMERICA INTRODUCTION 48 I. Economic Diversification Through Alternative Tourism 48 1.1 Problems Facing the Mayan Region 48 1.2 Solutions Contemplated by Regional Planners 52 II. Regional Tourism Collaboration 54 2.1 Conception of La Ruta Maya 54 2.2 Description of La Ruta Maya 56 CONCLUSION 58 CHAPTER 4: THE CONCEPT & STRUCTURE OF MUNDO MAYA 60 INTRODUCTION 60 I. The Concept Behind Mundo Maya 60 1.1 The Birth of Mundo Maya 60 1.2 Evolution of the Mundo Maya Concept 61 1.3 Objectives of Mundo Maya 62 1.4 Target Market of Mundo Maya 62 II. Structure of Mundo Maya 64 2.1 Organizational Framework of Mundo Maya 64 2.2 Involvement of the Private Sector 64 2.3 The Creation of Destination Circuits 66 2.4 Intra-Regional & External Technical Assistance 67 CONCLUSION 69 CHAPTER 5: POLICIES FACILITATING & INHIBITING MUNDO MAYA 70 INTRODUCTION 70 I. Policies Facilitating the Achievement of Mundo Maya Goals 70 1.1 Complementary Policy in Mexico 70 1.2 Complementary Policy in Guatemala 73 1.3 Complementary Policy in Belize 79 II. Policies Threatening the Achievement of Mundo Maya Goals 80 2.1 Background 80 2.2 Cancun as the Gateway to Mundo Maya 80 2.3 Conflicting Policies in the Laconddn and Pet6n Rainforests 83 - V - 2.3(a) Road Building 85 2.3(b) Colonization 85 2.3(c) Cattle Ranching 87 2.3(d) Oil Exploration 87 2.3(e) Hydro-Electric Projects 88 2.4 Summary of Policies Threatening Mundo Maya 90 CONCLUSION 92 CHAPTER 6: MARKETING MUNDO MAYA 94 INTRODUCTION 94 I. The Alternative Tourist 95 1.1 Definition & Discussion of Alternative Tourists 95 1.2 Management Implications for Mundo Maya 97 II. Narrowing the Target Market of Mundo Maya 99 2.1 European Alternative Tourists 99 2.2 American Mass Tourists 101 2.3 Cultural Tourists: The Alleged Target Market 102 2.4 Archaeological Tourists: The Real Target Market 104 CONCLUSION 105 CHAPTER 7: MUNDO MAYA PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS 108 INTRODUCTION 108 I. Public Sector Brochures 109 1.1 Mexican Ministry of Tourism Brochures 109 1.2 Guatemalan Ministry of Tourism Brochures 109 1.3 Mundo Maya Organization Brochures 111 1.4 Summary of Public Sector Mundo Maya Brochures 113 II. Private Sector Brochures 113 2.1 Introduction 113 2.2 Smorgasbord Category 114 2.3 High-End Study Category 114 2.4 Action Category 115 2.5 Concerned Citizens Category 116 2.6 Committed Citizens Category 116 2.7 Volunteer Category 118 2.8 Summary of Private Sector Mundo Maya Brochures 118 CONCLUSION 119 CHAPTER 8: DEMAND-SIDE OR PSEUDO ALTERNATIVE TOURISM 122 INTRODUCTION 122 I. Visitation Levels 122 1.1 Industry Trends 122 1.2 Management Implications for Mundo Maya 123 II. The Social & Ecological Impacts 127 2.1 Industry Trends 127 2.2 Management Implications for Mundo Maya 129 III. Demand-Side Pricing & Profit Distribution 131 - vi - 3.1 Industry Trends 131 3.2 Management Implications for Mundo Maya 134 CONCLUSION 136 CHAPTER 9: SUPPLY-SIDE OR TRUE ALTERNATIVE TOURISM 141 INTRODUCTION 141 I. Getting Mundo Maya Back on Track 142 1.1 Deliberate Policy 142 1.2 Integrated Planning 143 II. Bottom-up Development 144 2.1 Top-Down vs. Bottom-up Development 144 2.2 Models for Bottom-up Development 147 2.2(a) Equity Partnerships 147 2.2(b) Common Interest Partnerships 149 2.2(c) Community Ownership 152 2.2(d) The Imaginative Entrepreneur 154 CONCLUSION 160 CHAPTER 10: THE PREREQUISITES FOR SUCCESSFUL BOTTOM-UP DEVELOPMENT. 162 INTRODUCTION 162 I. The Three Fundamental Pre-Requisites 162 1.1 Government Support for Grassroots Initiatives 162 1.2 Community Participation 164 1.3 Human Rights 168 CONCLUSION 173 CONCLUSION 174 BIBLIOGRAPHY 177 APPENDIX 1 207 Analysis of Private Sector Alternative Tourism Brochures on Case Study Region - Corporate Words vs. Deeds (Tables 6-11) APPENDIX 2 213 Analysis of Private Sector Alternative Tourism Brochures on Case Study Region - Corporate Field Practices (Tables 12-17) APPENDIX 3 219 Maps on Case Study Region - Vll - LIST OF TABLES. FIGURES & MAPS TABLES: TABLE 1: Summary of Private Sector Brochures (p. 120, 121) TABLE 2: Visitation Levels at Mexican Archaeological Sites - 1989 (p. 139) TABLE 3: Visitation Levels at Mexican Ecological Sites - 1989 (p. 139) TABLE 4: Park Fees in Worldwide Alternative Tourism Destinations (p. 140) TABLE 5: Park Fees in Mundo Maya Alternative Tourism Destinations (p. 140) TABLE 6: Smorgasbord Category - Corporate Words Versus Deeds (Appendix 1, p. 207) TABLE 7: High-End Study Category - Corporate Words Versus Deeds (Appendix 1, p. 208) TABLE 8: Action Category - Corporate Words Versus Deeds (Appendix 1, p. 209) TABLE 9: Concerned Citizens Category - Corporate Words Versus Deeds (Appendix 1, p. 210) TABLE 10: Committed Citizens Category - Corporate Words Versus Deeds (Appendix 1, p. 211 (a) and (b)) TABLE 11: Volunteer/Genuine Study Category - Corporate Words Versus Deeds (Appendix 1, p. 212) TABLE 12: Smorgasbord Category - Corporate Field Practices (Appendix 2, p. 213 (a) and (b)) TABLE 13: High-End Study Category - Corporate Field Practices (Appendix 2, p. 214) TABLE 14: Action Category - Corporate Field Practices (Appendix 2, p. 215) TABLE 15: Concerned Citizens Category - Corporate Field Practices (Appendix 2, p. 216) TABLE 16: Committed Citizens Category - Corporate Field Practices (Appendix 2, p. 217 (a) and (b) ) TABLE 17: Volunteer/Genuine Study Category - Corporate Field Practices (Appendix 2, p.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Promoting Alternative Tourism Models to Reduce Pressures in the Mediterranean Region
    PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TOURISM MODELS TO REDUCE PRESSURES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION June 2019 THE PROBLEM The tourism sector is amongst the highest income generators in the Mediterranean, contributing directly to regional economies thanks to sectoral synergies and powerful knock-on effects. However, as important as it is economically and socially, tourism also puts a great deal of strain on the natural, cultural and social environment. It creates a high demand for space on land and sea and leads to a high concentration of activities during specific periods and in specific geographical areas. The impacts of this dramatically affect the attractiveness of the area. Such pressures take their toll on many areas, including water and waste management and energy efficiency. Indeed, tourism worldwide is estimated to Current EU policies related to tourism only account for 5% of global CO2 emissions, 40% of partially reflect the socio-economic and which arise from air transport and 20% from environmental realities of the tourism industry, hotels and other types of accommodation. on the whole failing to take account of complex The remaining 40% is related to other types of and interconnected nature of this sector and, transport (cruises, cars, railway, etc.) and to the most importantly, of its sustainability challenges. recreational services provided by tourism1. More sustainable tourism planning and The growing awareness of those impacts has management practices would not only led to the promotion of sustainable tourism mitigate and prevent those impacts, but also as a major priority for the future of the sector; provide real opportunities to reverse those a challenge that must be taken up both for the trends.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Encourage Sustainable Tourism? a Short Guide for International Donors
    INDUSTRY REPORT How to encourage sustainable tourism? A short guide for international donors OCTOBER 2019 Sustainable Tourism Industry Report - October 2019 Sustainable Tourism: An area of Some examples of international donors are the European opportunity for International Donors Union, the World Bank, the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Japan International Cooperation Tourism is often a key sector of the economy of countries Agency and USAID etc. where international donors are involved. This trend is expected to continue: The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) While donors have a long history of financing tourism projects, recently revised its forecasts upwards and now expects an they rarely have a defined tourism strategy. Supported tourism average annual growth rate of international tourist flows of projects are under support to local development (value chains 5% per year until 2030. Countries in development are strengthening, structuring of activities, infrastructures), the particularly concerned by the growth of these flows. preservation of cultural heritage, urban development, support to small and medium enterprises, preservation of biodiversity, International donors are public, multilateral or bilateral and the fight against the effects of climate change. Thus, most organizations. They assist developing countries and countries donors support sustainable tourism, but this action has not with economies in transition, in implementing and financing been the result of a comprehensive and coherent vision. their development programs. The mission of international donors is to help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals Horwath HTL has identified key issues and recommendations set by the United Nations Organization. They grant borrowing to be considered in order to target and improve the governments loans or grants to finance economic or social effectiveness of international donors’ intervention for the development projects (access to water, energy, infrastructure sustainable development of tourism.
    [Show full text]
  • Bus Driver Fatigue and Stress Issues Study
    Bus Driver Fatigue and Stress Issues Study DTGH61-99-Z-00027 Final Report December 8, 1999 Prepared for Mr. Phil Hanley, HMCE-10 Federal Highway Administration Office of Motor Carriers 400 Seventh Street, SW, Room 4432A Washington, DC 20590 Prepared by Arrowhead Space & Telecommunications, Inc. 803 W. Broad Street, Suite 400 Falls Church, VA 22046 (703) 241-2801 voice (703) 241-2802 fax www.arrowheadsat.com Bus Driver Fatigue and Stress Issues Study Table of Contents I. Introduction 1 II. Approach 3 III. Literature Search 6 IV. Video Search 10 V. World Wide Web Search 11 VI. Industry Advisory Panel 32 VII. Federal and State Officials 35 VIII. Focus Group Sessions 36 IX. Identification of Issues from Focus Group Sessions and Phone Survey 39 X. Countermeasures 49 Appendix A: Focus Group and Phone Survey Participants Appendix B:Issues Identified at Focus Group Sessions Appendix C:Travel Industry Focus Group Report Appendix D:Safety Study Performed by Greyhound Lines, Inc. Bus Driver Fatigue and Stress Issues Study Final Report November 18, 1999 I INTRODUCTION Arrowhead Space and Telecommunications, Inc. conducted a research project to identify unique aspects of operations within the motorcoach industry which may produce bus driver fatigue and stress. Funding for and oversight of the study was provided by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Office of Motor Carriers (OMC). The purpose of this study is to (1) identify from direct interaction with motorcoach owners, safety directors, operations managers, and drivers those fatigue-inducing stresses which they believe are unique to the motorcoach industry; (2) evaluate the relative influence of these stresses on bus driver fatigue; (3) provide relevant feedback to the FHWA/OMC for its use in future decisions which will affect the motorcoach industry; and (4) develop an outreach video to help motorcoach drivers understand the effects of fatigue, the stresses that induce it, and means to reduce it.
    [Show full text]
  • FARM TOURISM and RURAL DEVELOPMENT. a SUCCESSFUL COMBINATION? a LOCAL EXPERIENCE∗ Antonietta IVONA University of Bari, Italy
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OpenstarTs FARM TOURISM AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT. A SUCCESSFUL COMBINATION? A LOCAL EXPERIENCE∗ Antonietta IVONA University of Bari, Italy 1. Introduction Most people consider the territory as a substratum almost inert and inorganic, as a simple stage for communities and human activities. Actually a territory as a region, is a whole and an organic structure with human and physical elements; one acts on the other (Bissanti, 1978). The knowledge of availability of landscape resources (landscape as a combination between human and physical tracts that bestows to a territory typical features), affects, for example, the economic and social development of a community but the use of resources depends on that development. The different distribution of men and their activities on space have a precise functionality and a particular aim: to emphasise resources and territories. Tourism is one of those activities that use and waste the territory; it, always, needs new and incontaminated spaces. At the same time it reproduces processes of urbanisation and thus typical features of places become less evident. An often notable change derives from territorial potentialities, whose consequence is that "space is not only visited; but it is also organized (remodelled, restructured) and also consumed" (Lozato-Giotart, 1999, p.20). There are three big areas in which changes take place: - life style and welfare of host community (probably a loss of cultural heritage occurs); - functional, productive and assimilative power of ecological system; - nature, with a change of the ecosystem. Careful tourism planning imbued with the principles of sustainable development, should prevent or restrict the pollution of sites made fragile by an excessive tourist crowd.
    [Show full text]
  • Ideology and Utopia Along the Backpacker Trail
    Responsibly Engaged: Ideology and Utopia along the Backpacker Trail By Sonja Bohn Submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology (2012) Abstract By following the backpacker trail beyond the „tourist bubble,‟ travellers invest in the ideals of freedom, engagement, and responsibility. Backpacker discourse foregrounds travellers‟ freedom to mobility as it constructs the world as „tourable‟; engagement is demonstrated in the search for „authentic‟ connections with cultural Others, beyond the reach of globalised capitalism; responsibility is shouldered by yearning to improve the lives of these Others, through capitalist development. While backpackers frequently question the attainability of these ideals, aspiring to them reveals a desire for a world that is open, diverse, and egalitarian. My perspective is framed by Fredric Jameson‟s reading of the interrelated concepts of ideology and utopia. While backpacker discourse functions ideologically to reify and obscure global inequalities, to entrench free market capitalism, and to limit the imagining of alternatives, it also figures for a utopian world in which such ideology is not necessary. Using this approach, I attempt to undertake critique of backpacker ideology without invalidating its utopian content, while seeking to reveal its limits. Overall, I suggest that late- capitalism subsumes utopian desires for a better way of living by presenting itself as the solution. This leaves backpackers feeling stranded, seeking to escape the ills of capitalism, via capitalism. ii Acknowledgements I am grateful to the backpackers who generously shared their travel stories and reflections for the purposes of this research, I wish you well on your future journeys.
    [Show full text]
  • Eco-Tourism As a Sutainable Alternative to Conventional Tourism Vir Singh* GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
    rism & ou H Singh, J Tourism Hospit 2015, 4:4 f T o s o l p http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-0269.1000168 a i t n a r l i u t y o J Journal of Tourism & Hospitality ISSN: 2167-0269 ShortResearch Communication Article OpenOpen Access Access Eco-Tourism as a Sutainable Alternative to Conventional Tourism Vir Singh* GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India Abstract Eco-tourism has been capturing attention of neo tourists, nature lovers and environmental planners for last two decades or so. Since then large body of literature has been created and much water has flown through Ganga. However, eco-tourism, due to lack of enchanting call through popular articles, still seems a distant dream to be realized. As such, a tourist will be seldom found posing himself or herself as a proud eco-tourist. This small article attempts to fill this gap. Keywords: Alternative tourism; Eco-tourism; Tourism social-cultural integrity of local people. Environmental and social responsibilities go hand in hand in eco-tourism. Environmental Introduction management needs recycling of wastes, energy efficiency and water conservation. Eco-tourism gives emphasis on all these aspects of sound Tourism is among the world’s largest industries. As consciousness environmental management. is increasing, education is spreading, economy is strengthening, transport connectivity is breaking barriers of inaccessibility and Conventional tourism is often impervious to the need of generating reducing distance, communication is becoming ever more effective employment opportunities, especially for local populace. The eco- and as nations of the world are coming close to each other through tourism, on the other hand, seeks such opportunities and attempts to the rapidly going on liberalization, privatization and globalization, the implement the same.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism and Place in Treasure Beach, Jamaica: Imagining Paradise and the Alternative. Michael J
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1999 Tourism and Place in Treasure Beach, Jamaica: Imagining Paradise and the Alternative. Michael J. Hawkins Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Hawkins, Michael J., "Tourism and Place in Treasure Beach, Jamaica: Imagining Paradise and the Alternative." (1999). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7044. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7044 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bteedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • City Living Rises to New Heights
    PAID ADVERTISEMENT Industry Trends Award-winning development team CITY LIVING RISES members offer their insights DEVELOPMENT Opus Northwest TO NEW HEIGHTS by Tom Parsons, Senior Vice President Fifteen Twenty-One Second Avenue represents Fifteen Twenty-One Second Avenue Establishes a successful collaboration between developer, municipality, community and homeowner that I a New Paradigm in Residential Development believe is the future of urban mixed-use develop- ment. The unique location of the site led to its In real estate development there are times when a new project breaks the mold on conventional design, inclusion in a special urban district which allowed changes civic policy or sets a record for market success – but there are very few occurrences where a project for increased density in exchange for contributions to the com- accomplishes all of the above. Without a doubt, Fifteen Twenty-One Second Avenue is such a development. munity. This influenced design elements such as sustainability, height, shape and relationship to the neighborhood and included a It was just three years ago that a typical parking lot and the former location of the Green Tortoise Hostel substantial financial contribution to the City of Seattle. By working occupied the site that would become Fifteen Twenty-One Second Avenue. Today, thirty-eight floors of within the new zoning code as part of Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels’ architectural indulgences stands 440-feet above The Pike Place Market — representing a shared vision Center City Plan, Opus Northwest provided $1.88 million to help establish affordable housing in the city. and the exhaustive efforts of all those that helped to realize this community.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism in Southeast Asia
    and parnwell hitchcock, king Tourism is one of the major forces for economic, social and cultural change in the Southeast Asian region and, as a complex multidimensional phenomenon, has attracted increasing scholarly attention during the past TOURISM two decades from researchers from a broad range of disciplines – not least anthropology, sociology, economics, political science, history, development IN SOUTHEAST ASIA studies and business/management. It has also commanded the attention of challenges and new directions policy-makers, planners and development practitioners. However, what has been lacking for many years is a volume that analyses tourism from the major disciplinary perspectives, considers major substantive themes of particular significance in the region (cultural IN TOURISM tourism, ecotourism, romance/sex tourism, etc.), and pays attention to such important conceptual issues as the interaction between local and global, the role of the state in identity formation, authenticity, the creation of ‘tradition’, and sustainability. Such a thorough analysis is offered by Tourism in Southeast Asia, which provides an up-to-date exploration of the state of tourism development and associated issues in one of the world’s most dynamic tourism destinations. The volume takes a close look at many of the challenges facing Southeast Asian tourism at a critical stage of transition and transformation, and following a recent series of crises and disasters. Building on and advancing the path-breaking Tourism in South-East ASIA SOUTHEAST Asia, produced by the same editors in 1993, it adopts a multidisciplinary approach and includes contributions from some of the leading researchers on tourism in Southeast Asia, presenting a number of fresh perspectives.
    [Show full text]
  • Inside the USA Guide
    Inside the USA Guide 2013 Contents Chapter 1 - Welcome and Introduction 1.1 Inside the USA – A Resource for Participants ...........................3 1.2 About InterExchange ................................................3 1.3 InterExchange Programs .............................................4 Chapter 2 - Pre-Departure Information 2.1 Improve Your English Language Skills .................................5 2.2 Airline Baggage Allowance...........................................5 2.3 What to Bring With You .............................................5 2.4 What to Leave at Home..............................................6 Chapter 3 - U.S. Culture & Culture Shock 3.1 U.S. Culture.........................................................7 3.2 Characteristics of U.S. Culture ........................................7 3.3 Signs of Culture Shock...............................................8 3.4 How to Cope With Culture Shock . 9 3.5 Take Care of Yourself ................................................9 3.6 Important Note for Non-Native English Speakers ......................10 Chapter 4 - Money in the U.S. 4.1 U.S. Money .........................................................11 4.2 Traveler’s Checks....................................................11 4.3 Banks............................................................. 12 4.4 Credit Cards ....................................................... 13 4.5 Sending Money Home .............................................. 13 Chapter 5 - The U.S. Postal Service 5.1 U.S. Mail .........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Promoting Eco-Adventure and Cultural Tourism for Inclusive and Sustainable Growth
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Picazo, Oscar F. Working Paper Green and Gold: Promoting Eco-Adventure and Cultural Tourism for Inclusive and Sustainable Growth PIDS Discussion Paper Series, No. 2015-33 Provided in Cooperation with: Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), Philippines Suggested Citation: Picazo, Oscar F. (2015) : Green and Gold: Promoting Eco-Adventure and Cultural Tourism for Inclusive and Sustainable Growth, PIDS Discussion Paper Series, No. 2015-33, Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), Makati City This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/127047 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Philippine Institute for Development Studies Surian sa mga Pag-aaral Pangkaunlaran ng Pilipinas Green and Gold: Promoting Eco-Adventure and Cultural Tourism for Inclusive and Sustainable Growth Oscar F.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Tourism Development: a Theoretical Background
    World Journal of Business and Management ISSN 2377-4622 2017, Vol. 3, No. 1 Alternative Tourism Development: A Theoretical Background Eirini Triarchi (Corresponding author) Lecturer, Department of Accounting and Finance Technological Educational Institute of Epirus 48100 Psathaki Preveza, Greece Tel: 302-682-050-622 E-mail: [email protected] Kostas Karamanis Assοciate Professor, Department of Accounting and Finance Technological Educational Institute of Epirus 48100 Psathaki Preveza, Greece Tel: 302-682-050-555 E-mail: [email protected] Received: October 5, 2016 Accepted: May 4, 2017 Published: May 10, 2017 doi:10.5296/wjbm.v3i1.11198 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/wjbm.v3i1.11198 Abstract This paper presents the development of tourism market through the alternative forms of tourism. Origins and main definitions are presented followed by an analysis of the complexity of classifying the alternative forms of tourism. It is about developing new forms of sustainable tourism that integrate local populations and both natural and human environments of host countries. Ecotourism, cultural tourism and creative tourism support a different philosophy of tourism. Ecotourism in recent years encloses many tourism forms focused on natural environment. In the concept of alternative tourism, the dynamic growth of cultural tourism can be explained by the fast growth of demand for trips to various cultural attractions and amenities. Τhe increase of educated population around the world, the globalization and technology supported this growth. Cultural tourist, from consumer is transforming to producer of the cultural products and experiences. Since this type of tourist becomes more interactive and creative, cultural tourism needs to be repositioned and become more “creative” too.
    [Show full text]