DOCSLIB.ORG

Characterization of Spinach Germplasm for Resistance Against

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Characterization of Spinach Germplasm for Resistance Against HORTSCIENCE 50(11):1631–1635. 2015. that 68 of 75 (91%) commercial seed lots produced in Denmark, Holland, New Zea- land, and the United States were infested with Characterization of Spinach V. dahliae with pathogen recovery rates ranging from 0.3% to 84.8% (du Toit et al., Germplasm for Resistance Against 2005). Similarly, Duressa et al. (2012) recorded seed infestation rates of up to 85% Two Races of Verticillium dahliae in commercial spinach seed lots. Spinach seeding rates are exceptionally high in Cal- Beiquan Mou1, Steven J. Klosterman, Amy Anchieta, ifornia with 8.6 to 9.9 million seeds planted and Elisabeth Wood per hectare for the popular baby leaf pro- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research duction (Koike et al., 2011). The introduction of a large amount of infected seeds coupled Service, 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905 with the steep increase in spinach production Krishna V. Subbarao in central coastal California since the 1990s has coincided with the appearance and spread Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o U. S. of verticillium wilt on lettuce, first discov- Agricultural Research Station, 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905 ered in the region in 1995 (Atallah et al., Additional index words. Verticillium tricorpus, Verticillium isaacii, verticillium wilt, disease 2011; Subbarao et al., 1997). Fumigation with methyl bromide or other chemicals is resistance, germplasm screening, spinach breeding effective, but is neither registered for use nor Abstract. Historically, wilt disease caused by Verticillium dahliae has not presented economically feasible for lettuce (Atallah a problem in California spinach production because the crop is harvested well before the et al., 2011). Crop rotation has limited prac- symptoms develop after the stem elongation (bolting) stage. However, infested spinach ticality in the control of the disease, since seeds introduce or increase inoculum in the soil for rotational crops such as lettuce. This most of the potential alternate crops are also investigation was designed to identify verticillium wilt-resistant accessions in the U.S. susceptible to verticillium wilt. Department of Agriculture (USDA) spinach germplasm collection against races 1 and 2 The most economical means of verticil- of V. dahliae, and to examine seed transmission of the pathogen in different spinach lium wilt management is through host re- genotypes. In a seed health assay of 392 accessions, 21(5.4%) were positive for V. dahliae, sistance. Resistance (R) genes against V. and 153 (39%) were positive for Verticillium isaacii. A total of 268 accessions plus nine dahliae race 1 have been identified in cotton, commercial cultivars were then screened against one race 1 and two race 2 isolates from sunflower, tomato, and lettuce (Fick and spinach in replicated greenhouse experiments. Disease incidence, severity, and seed Zimmer, 1974; Hayes et al., 2011c; Schaible transmission through plating on NP-10 medium and real-time quantitative polymerase et al., 1951; Zhang et al., 2011). Cross- chain reaction (qPCR) were assessed. There was wide variation among accessions in their pathogenicity of the race 1 isolates on differ- response to V. dahliae with disease incidence ranging from 0% to 100%. The two race 2 ent hosts, such as tomato and lettuce, has isolates differed in their virulence against spinach genotypes. Resistant accessions were been demonstrated (Maruthachalam et al., identified against both races 1 and 2. Recovery of V. dahliae from seeds plated on NP-10 2010). So far, only partial resistance to race medium and qPCR results were highly correlated (P = 0.00014). Some accessions 2 has been found in tomato (Baergen et al., identified as resistant based on disease incidence showed little seed transmission of the 1993) and lettuce (Hayes et al., 2011b). pathogen. Even though lower wilt incidence and severity generally corresponded with One recent study examined resistance to lower seed transmission rates, there were exceptions (r = 0.52). Variation among plants verticillium wilt in spinach (Villarroel- within accessions was also observed. Nevertheless, the sources of resistance identified in Zeballos et al., 2012). The authors screened this study are useful for spinach cultivar improvement. 120 spinach accessions from the USDA spinach collection and 10 commercial culti- vars against verticillium wilt. No accession Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungal produced by V. dahliae, known as microsclero- was immune (completely resistant) to the pathogen that causes wilt diseases and dev- tia, can survive in soil for up to 14 years disease, and there did not appear to be astating losses in many important crops (Wilhelm, 1955), and in seed and plant debris qualitative or major gene resistance to verti- (Klosterman et al., 2009). The resting structures for several years (Pegg and Brady, 2002). cillium wilt in the germplasm screened. De- The pathogen can be dispersed through soil, spite commercial fresh-market spinach crops seed, vegetative material, farm equipment, being unaffected by verticillium wilt, seed Received for publication 4 Sept. 2015. Accepted water, and air (Pegg and Brady, 2002). Two from resistant cultivars may reduce the quan- for publication 5 Oct. 2015. pathogenic races of V. dahliae have been tity of V. dahliae microsclerotia introduced The work was funded in part by the California identified in lettuce and tomato (Baergen into the soil when the crop is planted and Leafy Greens Research Program, the California et al., 1993; Hayes et al., 2011b; Vallad increase seed yields in spinach seed pro- Department of Food and Agriculture Specialty et al., 2006), and both of these races can be ducing regions. Crop Block Grant Agreement SCB09023, and the recovered from infested spinach (Spinacia There is also concern about the introduc- USDA Specialty Crop Research Initiative Grant oleracea L.) seeds (Short et al., 2014). tion of race 2 isolates of the pathogen on 2010-51181-21069. We thank K. Maruthachalam, J. Tanaka, R. Marchebout, California accounts for 70% of the spinach seeds, as disproportionate numbers S. Baker, S. Camberos, A. E. Estrada, J. Mora, and spinach production in the United States, of race 2 isolates of V. dahliae have been D. Zendejas for their technical support and help. valued at $271 million in 2014 (NASS, identified among isolates recovered from We also thank the USDA North Central Regional 2014). Although verticillium wilt has not infested spinach seed. A race-specific PCR Plant Introduction Station, Iowa State University, been perceived as a problem for California assay identified 96% of isolates as race 2 Ames, IA, for providing seeds of the spinach germ- spinach growers because disease symptoms from among the 340 V. dahliae isolates plasm collection for screening. normally appear following the stem elonga- recovered from spinach seeds produced in Mention of trade names or commercial products in tion (bolting) stage (du Toit et al., 2005), it is Chile, Denmark, the Netherlands, and the this publication is solely for the purpose of providing now apparent that infected spinach seeds specific information and does not imply recommen- United States (Short et al., 2014). With the dation or endorsement by the USDA. USDA is an introduce or increase inoculum levels in the deployment of race 1 resistance in lettuce equal opportunity provider and employer. soil for rotational crops of lettuce (Short cultivars (Hayes et al., 2011a), it is expected 1Corresponding author. E-mail: beiquan.mou@ars. et al., 2015) and also likely for artichoke, that the proportion of race 2 will increase in usda.gov. strawberry, etc. A seed health assay revealed California soils under the genetic selection HORTSCIENCE VOL. 50(11) NOVEMBER 2015 1631 pressure. For this reason, identification and (3:1, v/v). One week after transplanting, accessions and 9 commercial cultivars to development of spinach germplasm with re- daylengthwasextendedto19h·d–1 by select 12 putative resistant accessions for sistance to race 2 isolates are necessary. supplemental lighting to promote bolting, further testing. All commercial cultivars Except for the 120 accessions evaluated by as symptoms of verticillium wilt on spinach tested were susceptible to the disease caused Villarroel-Zeballos et al. (2012), the majority mainly develop after the bolting stage. by isolate So 923 (data not shown). Two of of the USDA spinach germplasm collection Disease evaluations. Starting from 3 weeks the commercial cultivars, Tarpy and Polar has remained untested for resistance to ver- after the last inoculation, severity of symp- Bear; two susceptible accessions, PI 648942 ticillium wilt. This investigation was under- toms were rated weekly using a scale of and PI 648948; and four resistant accessions taken to: 1) identify verticillium wilt– 0 to 4: 0 = no symptoms, 1 = lower leaves from a previous screening of the germplasm resistant genotypes in the USDA spinach with patches of yellow areas or wilting, 2 = collection (Villarroel-Zeballos et al., 2012) germplasm collection; 2) observe the re- middle leaves with patches of yellow areas or were included as controls in the subsequent sponses of spinach varieties to race 1 and wilting, 3 = upper leaves with patches of tests after the preliminary screening. There race 2 isolates of V. dahliae; and 3) examine yellow areas or wilting, and 4 = all leaves was a wide range of variation among geno- the seed transmission of V. dahliae in spinach died. After the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • No Evidence That Homologs of Key Circadian Clock Genes Direct Circadian Programs of Development Or Mrna Abundance in Verticillium Dahliae
    No evidence that homologs of key circadian clock genes direct circadian programs of development or mRNA abundance in Verticillium dahliae Article Published Version Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY) Open Access Cascant-Lopez, E., Crosthwaite, S. K., Johnson, L. J. and Harrison, R. J. (2020) No evidence that homologs of key circadian clock genes direct circadian programs of development or mRNA abundance in Verticillium dahliae. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11 (1977). ISSN 1664-302X doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01977 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/92562/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . Published version at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01977/full To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01977 Publisher: Frontiers All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online fmicb-11-01977 August 26, 2020 Time: 16:49 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 28 August 2020 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01977 No Evidence That Homologs of Key Circadian Clock Genes Direct Circadian Programs of Development or mRNA Abundance in Verticillium dahliae Emma Cascant-Lopez1, Susan K. Crosthwaite1, Louise J. Johnson2 and Richard J. Harrison1,3* 1 Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, East Malling, United Kingdom, 2 The School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, 3 National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), Cambridge, United Kingdom Many organisms harbor circadian clocks that promote their adaptation to the rhythmic environment.
    [Show full text]
  • 11 International Verticillium Symposium
    DPG Spectrum Phytomedizin BIRGER KOOPMANN, ANDREAS VON TIEDEMANN (EDS.) 11th International Verticillium Symposium held at the Georg-August-Universität,Göttingen, Germany, 5-8 May 2013 Persistent Identifier: urn:nbn:de:0294-sp-2013-Vert-0 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; Detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. ISBN: 978-3-941261-12-9 Das Werk einschließlich aller Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede kommerzielle Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung der Deutschen Phytomedizinischen Gesellschaft e.V. unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Die DPG gestattet die Vervielfältigung zum Zwecke der Ausbildung an Schulen und Universitäten. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced for commercial purpose, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. DPG allows the reproduction for education purpose at schools and universities. © 2013 DPG-Verlag Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig Email: [email protected] Internet: www.phytomedizin.org Lectorate: Dr. Birger Koopmann Production: Dr. C. Carstensen, InterKulturIntern, Edenkoben Design
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetics and Taxonomy of the Fungal Vascular Wilt Pathogen Verticillium, with the Descriptions of Five New Species
    Phylogenetics and Taxonomy of the Fungal Vascular Wilt Pathogen Verticillium, with the Descriptions of Five New Species Patrik Inderbitzin1, Richard M. Bostock1, R. Michael Davis1, Toshiyuki Usami2, Harold W. Platt3, Krishna V. Subbarao1* 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America, 2 Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan, 3 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown Research Centre, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada Abstract Knowledge of pathogen biology and genetic diversity is a cornerstone of effective disease management, and accurate identification of the pathogen is a foundation of pathogen biology. Species names provide an ideal framework for storage and retrieval of relevant information, a system that is contingent on a clear understanding of species boundaries and consistent species identification. Verticillium, a genus of ascomycete fungi, contains important plant pathogens whose species boundaries have been ill defined. Using phylogenetic analyses, morphological investigations and comparisons to herbarium material and the literature, we established a taxonomic framework for Verticillium comprising ten species, five of which are new to science. We used a collection of 74 isolates representing much of the diversity of Verticillium, and phylogenetic analyses based on the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), partial sequences of the protein coding genes actin (ACT), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) and tryptophan synthase (TS). Combined analyses of the ACT, EF, GPD and TS datasets recognized two major groups within Verticillium, Clade Flavexudans and Clade Flavnonexudans, reflecting the respective production and absence of yellow hyphal pigments. Clade Flavexudans comprised V. albo-atrum and V.
    [Show full text]
  • Homologues of Key Circadian Clock Genes Present in Verticillium Dahliae Do
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.20.883116; this version posted December 21, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Homologues of key circadian clock genes present in Verticillium dahliae do 2 not direct circadian programs of development or mRNA abundance. 3 4 Emma Cascant-Lopez1, Susan K. Crosthwaite1, Louise J. Johnson2 and Richard J. 5 Harrison1,3* 6 7 1 Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, East Malling, ME19 6BJ, UK. 8 2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK. 9 3NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK. 10 11 *Correspondence: 12 [email protected] 13 14 Abstract 15 Many organisms harbour circadian clocks that promote their adaptation to the rhythmic 16 environment. While a broad knowledge of the molecular mechanism of circadian clocks 17 has been gained through the fungal model Neurospora crassa, little is known about circadian 18 clocks in other fungi. N. crassa belongs to the same class as many important plant pathogens 19 including the vascular wilt fungus Verticillium dahliae. We identified homologues of N. crassa 20 clock proteins in V. dahliae, which showed high conservation in key protein domains. 21 However, no evidence for an endogenous, free-running and entrainable rhythm was observed 22 in the daily formation of conidia and microsclerotia. In N. crassa the frequency (frq) gene 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.20.883116; this version posted December 21, 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Lincoln University Digital Thesis
    Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Endophytic fungi associated with cabbage in New Zealand and their potential for biological control A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Michal Kuch´ar Bio-Protection Research Centre Lincoln University, New Zealand 2019 Abstract Agricultural crops such as cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) are vulnerable to a plethora of pests and diseases. Endophytic fungi are increasingly used in biological control against these pests and diseases as agricultural producers attempt to reduce their environmental footprint. In this study, putative endophytic fungi were isolated from cabbage grown in three regions in New Zealand in order to identify isolates with potential to assist crop production. Isolation method was optimised in an exploratory study, and subsequently large scale sampling took place, where a culture-independent method was also used to detect fungi associated with cabbage. Spatial patterns in fungal communities in various plant tissues and geographical regions were investigated based on data obtained by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of PCR-Based Methods for Rapid, Accurate Detection and Monitoring of Verticillium Dahliae in Woody Hosts by Real- Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Plant Pathology Plant Pathology 2014 Evaluation of PCR-Based Methods for Rapid, Accurate Detection and Monitoring of Verticillium Dahliae in Woody Hosts by Real- Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Baker Diwan Getheeth Aljawasim University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Aljawasim, Baker Diwan Getheeth, "Evaluation of PCR-Based Methods for Rapid, Accurate Detection and Monitoring of Verticillium Dahliae in Woody Hosts by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction" (2014). Theses and Dissertations--Plant Pathology. 13. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/plantpath_etds/13 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant Pathology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Plant Pathology by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known.
    [Show full text]
  • Sodiomyces Alkalinus, a New Holomorphic Alkaliphilic Ascomycete Within the Plectosphaerellaceae
    Persoonia 31, 2013: 147–158 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158513X673080 Sodiomyces alkalinus, a new holomorphic alkaliphilic ascomycete within the Plectosphaerellaceae A.A. Grum-Grzhimaylo1,3, A.J.M. Debets1, A.D. van Diepeningen2, M.L. Georgieva3, E.N. Bilanenko3 Key words Abstract In this study we reassess the taxonomic reference of the previously described holomorphic alkaliphilic fungus Heleococcum alkalinum isolated from soda soils in Russia, Mongolia and Tanzania. We show that it is not alkaliphilic fungi an actual member of the genus Heleococcum (order Hypocreales) as stated before and should, therefore, be ex- growth cluded from it and renamed. Multi-locus gene phylogeny analyses (based on nuclear ITS, 5.8S rDNA, 28S rDNA, Heleococcum alkalinum 18S rDNA, RPB2 and TEF1-alpha) have displayed this fungus as a new taxon at the genus level within the family molecular phylogeny Plectosphaerellaceae, Hypocreomycetidae, Ascomycota. The reference species of actual Heleococcum members scanning electron microscopy showed clear divergence from the strongly supported Heleococcum alkalinum position within the Plectosphaerel- taxonomy laceae, sister to the family Glomerellaceae. Eighteen strains isolated from soda lakes around the world show remarkable genetic similarity promoting speculations on their possible evolution in harsh alkaline environments. We established the pH growth optimum of this alkaliphilic fungus at c. pH 10 and tested growth on 30 carbon sources at pH 7 and 10. The new genus and species, Sodiomyces alkalinus gen. nov. comb. nov., is the second holomorphic fungus known within the family, the first one being Plectosphaerella – some members of this genus are known to be alkalitolerant.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterising Plant Pathogen Communities and Their Environmental Drivers at a National Scale
    Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Characterising plant pathogen communities and their environmental drivers at a national scale A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Andreas Makiola Lincoln University, New Zealand 2019 General abstract Plant pathogens play a critical role for global food security, conservation of natural ecosystems and future resilience and sustainability of ecosystem services in general. Thus, it is crucial to understand the large-scale processes that shape plant pathogen communities. The recent drop in DNA sequencing costs offers, for the first time, the opportunity to study multiple plant pathogens simultaneously in their naturally occurring environment effectively at large scale. In this thesis, my aims were (1) to employ next-generation sequencing (NGS) based metabarcoding for the detection and identification of plant pathogens at the ecosystem scale in New Zealand, (2) to characterise plant pathogen communities, and (3) to determine the environmental drivers of these communities. First, I investigated the suitability of NGS for the detection, identification and quantification of plant pathogens using rust fungi as a model system.
    [Show full text]
  • Nouvelle Méthode De Dépistage De Phytopathogènes Fongiques Et De Plantes Au Potentiel Envahissant Par Métabarcodage
    Nouvelle méthode de dépistage de phytopathogènes fongiques et de plantes au potentiel envahissant par métabarcodage Thèse Emilie Tremblay Doctorat en microbiologie Philosophiæ doctor (Ph. D.) Québec, Canada © Emilie Tremblay, 2019 NOUVELLE MÉTHODE DE DÉPISTAGE DE PHYTOPATHOGÈNES FONGIQUES ET DE PLANTES AU POTENTIEL ENVAHISSANT PAR MÉTABARCODAGE Thèse ÉMILIE D. TREMBLAY Sous la direction de : Claude Lemieux, directeur de recherche Guillaume Bilodeau, codirecteur de recherche Résumé Les dommages causés par les pathogènes des plantes sont une menace redoutable pour l’environnement, la diversité, ainsi que pour une partie considérable des ressources naturelles forestières et agronomiques telles que les arbres, les plantes et les récoltes. Les endroits situés à proximité des ports d’importation pour le commerce international et des sites de décharge de déchets verts sont considérés comme étant à risque pour l’introduction d’organismes exotiques et indésirables tels que des insectes, des phytopathogènes et des plantes envahissantes. Bien qu’il existe plusieurs méthodes développées et validées selon des standards établis visant à détecter certains genres préoccupants ou espèces ciblées, la plupart d’entre elles sont mal adaptées aux analyses à grande échelle ou sont limitées en ce qui concerne le nombre d’organismes différents pouvant être détectés simultanément. L’objectif principal de ce projet était de développer une méthode de détection nouvelle, plus rapide, à haut débit, hyper sensible et couvrant de plus grandes superficies afin de contribuer à l’amélioration des méthodes de dépistage et de lutte contre les phytopathogènes et les espèces envahissantes. Le projet a tiré avantage d’enquêtes en entomologie d’envergure nationale et préétablies par l’Agence Canadienne d’Inspection des Aliments en réutilisant les liquides de préservation provenant de pièges à insectes.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Molecular-Based Diagnostic Methods of Plant Pathogenic Fungi Affecting Berry Crops—A Review
    molecules Review Alternative Molecular-Based Diagnostic Methods of Plant Pathogenic Fungi Affecting Berry Crops—A Review Dominika Malarczyk , Jacek Panek * and Magdalena Fr ˛ac Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] (D.M.); [email protected] (M.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-81-744-5061 (int. 207) Academic Editors: Jacek Namie´snikand Justyna Płotka-Wasylka Received: 13 February 2019; Accepted: 23 March 2019; Published: 27 March 2019 Abstract: Increasing consumer awareness of potentially harmful pesticides used in conventional agriculture has prompted organic farming to become notably more prevalent in recent decades. Central European countries are some of the most important producers of blueberries, raspberries and strawberries in the world and organic cultivation methods for these fruits have a significant market share. Fungal pathogens are considered to be the most significant threat to organic crops of berries, causing serious economic losses and reducing yields. In order to ameliorate the harmful effects of pathogenic fungi on cultivations, the application of rapid and effective identification methods is essential. At present, various molecular methods are applied for fungal species recognition, such as PCR, qPCR, LAMP and NGS. Keywords: Colletotrichum acutatum; Verticillium spp.; Phytophthora spp.; Botrytis cinerea; PCR; qPCR; molecular identification; phytopathogenic fungi; strawberry; organic agriculture 1. Introduction Organic fruit production has been increasing constantly in recent decades and has also increased its market share in the production of food worldwide. Strawberry, blueberry and raspberry fruits are important products of Central Europe and increasing consumer demand to introduce organic methods of fruit cultivation is a major reason to seek alternative ways to reduce losses.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Differentiation of Verticillium Species and V. Longisporum Lineages by Simplex and Multiplex PCR Assays
    Identification and Differentiation of Verticillium Species and V. longisporum Lineages by Simplex and Multiplex PCR Assays Patrik Inderbitzin, R. Michael Davis, Richard M. Bostock, Krishna V. Subbarao* Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America Abstract Accurate species identification is essential for effective plant disease management, but is challenging in fungi including Verticillium sensu stricto (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes, Plectosphaerellaceae), a small genus of ten species that includes important plant pathogens. Here we present fifteen PCR assays for the identification of all recognized Verticillium species and the three lineages of the diploid hybrid V. longisporum. The assays were based on DNA sequence data from the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region, and coding and non-coding regions of actin, elongation factor 1-alpha, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and tryptophan synthase genes. The eleven single target (simplex) PCR assays resulted in amplicons of diagnostic size for V. alfalfae, V. albo-atrum, V. dahliae including V. longisporum lineage A1/D3, V. isaacii, V. klebahnii, V. nonalfalfae, V. nubilum, V. tricorpus, V. zaregamsianum, and Species A1 and Species D1, the two undescribed ancestors of V. longisporum. The four multiple target (multiplex) PCR assays simultaneously differentiated the species or lineages within the following four groups: Verticillium albo-atrum, V. alfalfae and V. nonalfalfae; Verticillium dahliae and V. longisporum lineages A1/D1, A1/D2 and A1/D3; Verticillium dahliae including V. longisporum lineage A1/D3, V. isaacii, V. klebahnii and V. tricorpus; Verticillium isaacii, V. klebahnii and V. tricorpus. Since V. dahliae is a parent of two of the three lineages of the diploid hybrid V.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetics of Resistance in Lettuce to Races 1 and 2 of Verticillium Dahliae from Different Host Species
    Euphytica (2017) 213:20 DOI 10.1007/s10681-016-1813-0 Genetics of resistance in lettuce to races 1 and 2 of Verticillium dahliae from different host species German V. Sandoya . Suraj Gurung . Dylan P. Short . Krishna V. Subbarao . Richard W. Michelmore . Ryan J. Hayes Received: 23 June 2016 / Accepted: 2 December 2016 / Published online: 23 December 2016 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht (outside the USA) 2017 Abstract Race 1 resistance against Verticillium originating from hosts other than lettuce. This indi- dahliae in lettuce was originally shown in the cultivar cated that cultivars resistant to race 1 and the breeding La Brillante to be conditioned by a single dominant lines derived from them would also be resistant to race gene (Verticillium resistance 1, Vr1). Multiple, mor- 1 isolates from other hosts; similarly, the partial phologically diverse sources of germplasm have been resistance would be effective against race 1 and 2 identified as resistant to race 1. In this study, allelism isolates from hosts other than lettuce. Nevertheless, tests indicated that resistance in these different lettuce there were specific interactions that warrant further cultivars is closely linked or allelic to the Vr1 gene. study. Although race 1 currently predominates in the The Vr1 gene is defeated by race 2 isolates of V. major lettuce production area of the Salinas Valley, dahliae. Only partial resistance to race 2 isolates is CA, breeding lettuce for resistance to V. dahliae available in a few plant introductions (PIs). Green- should take both races into account. house and field experiments conducted with these PIs demonstrated partial resistance to V.
    [Show full text]