Genetics of Resistance in Lettuce to Races 1 and 2 of Verticillium Dahliae from Different Host Species

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Genetics of Resistance in Lettuce to Races 1 and 2 of Verticillium Dahliae from Different Host Species Euphytica (2017) 213:20 DOI 10.1007/s10681-016-1813-0 Genetics of resistance in lettuce to races 1 and 2 of Verticillium dahliae from different host species German V. Sandoya . Suraj Gurung . Dylan P. Short . Krishna V. Subbarao . Richard W. Michelmore . Ryan J. Hayes Received: 23 June 2016 / Accepted: 2 December 2016 / Published online: 23 December 2016 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht (outside the USA) 2017 Abstract Race 1 resistance against Verticillium originating from hosts other than lettuce. This indi- dahliae in lettuce was originally shown in the cultivar cated that cultivars resistant to race 1 and the breeding La Brillante to be conditioned by a single dominant lines derived from them would also be resistant to race gene (Verticillium resistance 1, Vr1). Multiple, mor- 1 isolates from other hosts; similarly, the partial phologically diverse sources of germplasm have been resistance would be effective against race 1 and 2 identified as resistant to race 1. In this study, allelism isolates from hosts other than lettuce. Nevertheless, tests indicated that resistance in these different lettuce there were specific interactions that warrant further cultivars is closely linked or allelic to the Vr1 gene. study. Although race 1 currently predominates in the The Vr1 gene is defeated by race 2 isolates of V. major lettuce production area of the Salinas Valley, dahliae. Only partial resistance to race 2 isolates is CA, breeding lettuce for resistance to V. dahliae available in a few plant introductions (PIs). Green- should take both races into account. house and field experiments conducted with these PIs demonstrated partial resistance to V. dahliae race 1 as Keywords Breeding Á Disease Á Disease resistance Á well as race 2 isolates from lettuce. Cultivars resistant Diversity Á Genetic Á Host-pathogen interaction Á to race 1 and PIs with partial resistance to race 2 were Lactuca sativa Á Vegetable Á Verticillium wilt challenged with several race 1 and 2 isolates G. V. Sandoya Á R. W. Michelmore The Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, S. Gurung University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Sakata Seed of America, Salinas, CA 93907, USA Davis, CA 95616, USA D. P. Short Present Address: Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia G. V. Sandoya University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA Everglades Research Education Center, Horticultural Sciences Department – IFAS, University of Florida, Belle Glade, R. J. Hayes (&) FL 33430, USA National Forage Seed Production Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, USDA, 3450 SW S. Gurung Á D. P. Short Á K. V. Subbarao Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, e-mail: [email protected] Davis, 1636 E Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905, USA 123 20 Page 2 of 12 Euphytica (2017) 213:20 Introduction single aggressive isolate each of race 1 (VdLs16) and race 2 (VdLs17), Hayes et al. (2007) identified seven Fifty percent of the lettuce consumed in the USA is cultivars from a diversity of lettuce types that were grown in the Salinas Valley of California and is worth completely or highly resistant to race 1 but susceptible more than $1 billion annually (Anonymus 2014). to race 2 (Hayes et al. 2007). Only partial resistance to Verticillium wilt, caused by the soil borne fungus race 2 of Verticillium wilt is known in lettuce (Hayes Verticillium dahliae Kleb., is a destructive disease of et al. 2011b). Plant introductions (PIs) 169511, lettuce in coastal California with the potential to 171674, 204707 and 226641 were shown to express severely reduce lettuce production in the region a lower incidence of Verticillium wilt compared to cv. (Subbarao et al. 1997). Symptoms of the disease Salinas when challenged with either the race 1 isolate include wilting of outer leaves, discoloration of the VdLs16 or race 2 isolate VdLs17 (Gurung et al. 2015; root vascular system, and ultimately plant death. Even Hayes et al. 2011b). though all lettuce types are susceptible, wilting is more The majority of V. dahliae isolates recovered from pronounced and economically damaging in iceberg the Salinas Valley are race 1 (Gurung et al. 2014); lettuce (Vallad et al. 2004). however, extensive crop production with Vr1 carrying Feasible methods for control of Verticillium wilt of cultivars, reduced fumigation, and inadvertent impor- lettuce are limited. Crop rotation is generally not tation of novel isolates could cause shifts in the effective since the pathogen is able to colonize a predominant populations in the future (Atallah et al. diverse range of dicotyledonous crops and weeds 2011; Short et al. 2014). Identifying new resistance (Atallah et al. 2011). This includes crops commonly genes, including among race 1 resistant cultivars (strawberry, artichoke and spinach) or occasionally would broaden the genetic base of resistance (Ye and (tomato, potato, eggplant and pepper) grown in Smith 2008). Additionally, the efficacy of resistance in rotation with lettuce (Bhat and Subbarao 1999). lettuce germplasm when challenged with V. dahliae Fumigation can reduce pathogen levels; however, isolates from diverse crops, particularly those com- the availability of fumigants is decreasing and monly rotated with lettuce, was unknown. As high- pathogen populations may return to pre-fumigation levels of resistance and race non-specific resistance is levels in as few as three lettuce crops (Short et al. generally more valuable, additional information on 2015). isolate specificity would be useful for prioritizing The most sustainable control method is to develop germplasm within current breeding efforts. Therefore and deploy resistant lettuce cultivars (Hayes et al. the objectives of this research were to determine: (1) 2007). There are two characterized races of Verticil- the allelic relationships of resistance in germplasm lium dahliae of lettuce (Vallad et al. 2006). The resistant to race 1 and (2) the effectiveness of resistant heirloom Batavian cultivar (cv.) La Brillante pos- lettuce germplasm against V. dahliae isolates origi- sesses the single dominant gene Verticillium resis- nating from diverse hosts other than lettuce. tance 1(Vr1), which confers complete resistance to race 1 isolates (Hayes et al. 2011c). Isolates that cause disease on Vr1 carrying germplasm are known and are Materials and methods designated as race 2 (Hayes et al. 2011c; Maruthacha- lam et al. 2010). Tomato also has two races of V. Description of experiments dahliae, where the Ve1 resistance gene interacts with the avr1 V. dahliae effector (de Jonge et al. 2012). In a Several trials were conducted in either the greenhouse handful of other crop species a single major gene or field using a diverse range of V. dahliae isolates confers high level resistance to Verticillium wilt (Mert (Table 1). The lettuce cultivars used in testing or as et al. 2005). However in other crops such as potato, parents were previously reported as resistant to race 1 multiple major Verticillium wilt resistance genes have (Hayes et al. 2007) or partially resistant to race 2 been reported (Jansky et al. 2004). (Hayes et al. 2011b). The field trials were grown in a Multiple lettuce accessions and cultivars possess race 1 artificially infested field site at the USDA-ARS resistance to race 1 isolates, though the genetic basis of Station in Salinas, CA using standard procedures for this resistance was unknown in most cases. Using a lettuce production on the Central Coast of California 123 Euphytica (2017) 213:20 Page 3 of 12 20 Table 1 Isolates of Isolate Originating host Geographical origin Racea Verticillium dahliae used in this study along with their VdLs16 Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) CA Race 1 hosts and geographic origin CS1616 Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) CA Race 1 and race classification based on Short et al. (2014) LE1087 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) CA Race 1 CL1 Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) CA Race 1 VdLs17 Lettuce (L. sativa L.) CA Race 2 SM1 Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) CA Race 2 VD57 Mint (Mentha longifolia L.) WA Race 2 CB86.7.2 Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) WA Race 2 CF40 Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) CA Race 2 CF156 Pepper (C. frutescens L.) CA Race 2 303 Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) WA Race 2b G2D5 Spinach (S. oleracea L.) WA Race 2 a Short et al. (2014) PD494 Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa L.) CA Race 2 b Determined in this PD410 Strawberry (F. ananassa L.) CA Race 2b research (Ryder 1999; Hayes et al. 2007). In greenhouse and &5 kg of potting mix. The second method of inoc- field trials, the first set were aimed at determining the ulation involved pipetting a 2 9 106 conidia/ml allelism of resistance in cv. La Brillante and five other suspension into each plug-tray cell. The conidia and race 1-resistant cultivars. The second set tested PIs suspension were produced using the methods of that were partially resistant to race 2 and two lettuce Vallad et al. (2006). Control plants for each lettuce isolates (VdLs16 and VdLs17, race 1 and 2 respec- cultivars were mock inoculated with sterile water and tively) under greenhouse conditions and against race 1 grown in a non-replicated block. in field conditions. The third set of were conducted with nine race 1-resistant cultivars plus four race 2 Disease assessment partially resistant PIs against 14 race 1 or race 2 isolates of V. dahliae isolated from diverse hosts. Disease symptoms depend on plant development, and unless otherwise stated, assessments of greenhouse Greenhouse experiments experiments were done when plants began to flower. Disease severity (DS) of each plant was evaluated by Seed germination longitudinally cutting the taproot and examining the leaves and root vascular tissue for symptoms typical of Seeds were germinated in Sunshine No. 4 plug mix V. dahliae. Each plant was rated on a 0 to 5 rating scale, (Sun Gro Horticulture, Canada) in 341 or 200 cell plug where 0 = roots with no discoloration; 1 = 1–25% of trays (each cell was 19 9 19 9 60 mm) and incu- the taproot with vascular discoloration; 2 = 26–50% bated in the dark at 10 °C for approximately 48 h.
Recommended publications
  • No Evidence That Homologs of Key Circadian Clock Genes Direct Circadian Programs of Development Or Mrna Abundance in Verticillium Dahliae
    No evidence that homologs of key circadian clock genes direct circadian programs of development or mRNA abundance in Verticillium dahliae Article Published Version Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY) Open Access Cascant-Lopez, E., Crosthwaite, S. K., Johnson, L. J. and Harrison, R. J. (2020) No evidence that homologs of key circadian clock genes direct circadian programs of development or mRNA abundance in Verticillium dahliae. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11 (1977). ISSN 1664-302X doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01977 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/92562/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . Published version at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01977/full To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01977 Publisher: Frontiers All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online fmicb-11-01977 August 26, 2020 Time: 16:49 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 28 August 2020 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01977 No Evidence That Homologs of Key Circadian Clock Genes Direct Circadian Programs of Development or mRNA Abundance in Verticillium dahliae Emma Cascant-Lopez1, Susan K. Crosthwaite1, Louise J. Johnson2 and Richard J. Harrison1,3* 1 Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, East Malling, United Kingdom, 2 The School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, 3 National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), Cambridge, United Kingdom Many organisms harbor circadian clocks that promote their adaptation to the rhythmic environment.
    [Show full text]
  • 11 International Verticillium Symposium
    DPG Spectrum Phytomedizin BIRGER KOOPMANN, ANDREAS VON TIEDEMANN (EDS.) 11th International Verticillium Symposium held at the Georg-August-Universität,Göttingen, Germany, 5-8 May 2013 Persistent Identifier: urn:nbn:de:0294-sp-2013-Vert-0 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; Detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. ISBN: 978-3-941261-12-9 Das Werk einschließlich aller Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede kommerzielle Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung der Deutschen Phytomedizinischen Gesellschaft e.V. unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Die DPG gestattet die Vervielfältigung zum Zwecke der Ausbildung an Schulen und Universitäten. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced for commercial purpose, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. DPG allows the reproduction for education purpose at schools and universities. © 2013 DPG-Verlag Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig Email: [email protected] Internet: www.phytomedizin.org Lectorate: Dr. Birger Koopmann Production: Dr. C. Carstensen, InterKulturIntern, Edenkoben Design
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetics and Taxonomy of the Fungal Vascular Wilt Pathogen Verticillium, with the Descriptions of Five New Species
    Phylogenetics and Taxonomy of the Fungal Vascular Wilt Pathogen Verticillium, with the Descriptions of Five New Species Patrik Inderbitzin1, Richard M. Bostock1, R. Michael Davis1, Toshiyuki Usami2, Harold W. Platt3, Krishna V. Subbarao1* 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America, 2 Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan, 3 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown Research Centre, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada Abstract Knowledge of pathogen biology and genetic diversity is a cornerstone of effective disease management, and accurate identification of the pathogen is a foundation of pathogen biology. Species names provide an ideal framework for storage and retrieval of relevant information, a system that is contingent on a clear understanding of species boundaries and consistent species identification. Verticillium, a genus of ascomycete fungi, contains important plant pathogens whose species boundaries have been ill defined. Using phylogenetic analyses, morphological investigations and comparisons to herbarium material and the literature, we established a taxonomic framework for Verticillium comprising ten species, five of which are new to science. We used a collection of 74 isolates representing much of the diversity of Verticillium, and phylogenetic analyses based on the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), partial sequences of the protein coding genes actin (ACT), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) and tryptophan synthase (TS). Combined analyses of the ACT, EF, GPD and TS datasets recognized two major groups within Verticillium, Clade Flavexudans and Clade Flavnonexudans, reflecting the respective production and absence of yellow hyphal pigments. Clade Flavexudans comprised V. albo-atrum and V.
    [Show full text]
  • Homologues of Key Circadian Clock Genes Present in Verticillium Dahliae Do
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.20.883116; this version posted December 21, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Homologues of key circadian clock genes present in Verticillium dahliae do 2 not direct circadian programs of development or mRNA abundance. 3 4 Emma Cascant-Lopez1, Susan K. Crosthwaite1, Louise J. Johnson2 and Richard J. 5 Harrison1,3* 6 7 1 Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, East Malling, ME19 6BJ, UK. 8 2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK. 9 3NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK. 10 11 *Correspondence: 12 [email protected] 13 14 Abstract 15 Many organisms harbour circadian clocks that promote their adaptation to the rhythmic 16 environment. While a broad knowledge of the molecular mechanism of circadian clocks 17 has been gained through the fungal model Neurospora crassa, little is known about circadian 18 clocks in other fungi. N. crassa belongs to the same class as many important plant pathogens 19 including the vascular wilt fungus Verticillium dahliae. We identified homologues of N. crassa 20 clock proteins in V. dahliae, which showed high conservation in key protein domains. 21 However, no evidence for an endogenous, free-running and entrainable rhythm was observed 22 in the daily formation of conidia and microsclerotia. In N. crassa the frequency (frq) gene 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.20.883116; this version posted December 21, 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Lincoln University Digital Thesis
    Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Endophytic fungi associated with cabbage in New Zealand and their potential for biological control A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Michal Kuch´ar Bio-Protection Research Centre Lincoln University, New Zealand 2019 Abstract Agricultural crops such as cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) are vulnerable to a plethora of pests and diseases. Endophytic fungi are increasingly used in biological control against these pests and diseases as agricultural producers attempt to reduce their environmental footprint. In this study, putative endophytic fungi were isolated from cabbage grown in three regions in New Zealand in order to identify isolates with potential to assist crop production. Isolation method was optimised in an exploratory study, and subsequently large scale sampling took place, where a culture-independent method was also used to detect fungi associated with cabbage. Spatial patterns in fungal communities in various plant tissues and geographical regions were investigated based on data obtained by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of PCR-Based Methods for Rapid, Accurate Detection and Monitoring of Verticillium Dahliae in Woody Hosts by Real- Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Plant Pathology Plant Pathology 2014 Evaluation of PCR-Based Methods for Rapid, Accurate Detection and Monitoring of Verticillium Dahliae in Woody Hosts by Real- Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Baker Diwan Getheeth Aljawasim University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Aljawasim, Baker Diwan Getheeth, "Evaluation of PCR-Based Methods for Rapid, Accurate Detection and Monitoring of Verticillium Dahliae in Woody Hosts by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction" (2014). Theses and Dissertations--Plant Pathology. 13. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/plantpath_etds/13 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant Pathology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Plant Pathology by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known.
    [Show full text]
  • Sodiomyces Alkalinus, a New Holomorphic Alkaliphilic Ascomycete Within the Plectosphaerellaceae
    Persoonia 31, 2013: 147–158 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158513X673080 Sodiomyces alkalinus, a new holomorphic alkaliphilic ascomycete within the Plectosphaerellaceae A.A. Grum-Grzhimaylo1,3, A.J.M. Debets1, A.D. van Diepeningen2, M.L. Georgieva3, E.N. Bilanenko3 Key words Abstract In this study we reassess the taxonomic reference of the previously described holomorphic alkaliphilic fungus Heleococcum alkalinum isolated from soda soils in Russia, Mongolia and Tanzania. We show that it is not alkaliphilic fungi an actual member of the genus Heleococcum (order Hypocreales) as stated before and should, therefore, be ex- growth cluded from it and renamed. Multi-locus gene phylogeny analyses (based on nuclear ITS, 5.8S rDNA, 28S rDNA, Heleococcum alkalinum 18S rDNA, RPB2 and TEF1-alpha) have displayed this fungus as a new taxon at the genus level within the family molecular phylogeny Plectosphaerellaceae, Hypocreomycetidae, Ascomycota. The reference species of actual Heleococcum members scanning electron microscopy showed clear divergence from the strongly supported Heleococcum alkalinum position within the Plectosphaerel- taxonomy laceae, sister to the family Glomerellaceae. Eighteen strains isolated from soda lakes around the world show remarkable genetic similarity promoting speculations on their possible evolution in harsh alkaline environments. We established the pH growth optimum of this alkaliphilic fungus at c. pH 10 and tested growth on 30 carbon sources at pH 7 and 10. The new genus and species, Sodiomyces alkalinus gen. nov. comb. nov., is the second holomorphic fungus known within the family, the first one being Plectosphaerella – some members of this genus are known to be alkalitolerant.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterising Plant Pathogen Communities and Their Environmental Drivers at a National Scale
    Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Characterising plant pathogen communities and their environmental drivers at a national scale A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Andreas Makiola Lincoln University, New Zealand 2019 General abstract Plant pathogens play a critical role for global food security, conservation of natural ecosystems and future resilience and sustainability of ecosystem services in general. Thus, it is crucial to understand the large-scale processes that shape plant pathogen communities. The recent drop in DNA sequencing costs offers, for the first time, the opportunity to study multiple plant pathogens simultaneously in their naturally occurring environment effectively at large scale. In this thesis, my aims were (1) to employ next-generation sequencing (NGS) based metabarcoding for the detection and identification of plant pathogens at the ecosystem scale in New Zealand, (2) to characterise plant pathogen communities, and (3) to determine the environmental drivers of these communities. First, I investigated the suitability of NGS for the detection, identification and quantification of plant pathogens using rust fungi as a model system.
    [Show full text]
  • Nouvelle Méthode De Dépistage De Phytopathogènes Fongiques Et De Plantes Au Potentiel Envahissant Par Métabarcodage
    Nouvelle méthode de dépistage de phytopathogènes fongiques et de plantes au potentiel envahissant par métabarcodage Thèse Emilie Tremblay Doctorat en microbiologie Philosophiæ doctor (Ph. D.) Québec, Canada © Emilie Tremblay, 2019 NOUVELLE MÉTHODE DE DÉPISTAGE DE PHYTOPATHOGÈNES FONGIQUES ET DE PLANTES AU POTENTIEL ENVAHISSANT PAR MÉTABARCODAGE Thèse ÉMILIE D. TREMBLAY Sous la direction de : Claude Lemieux, directeur de recherche Guillaume Bilodeau, codirecteur de recherche Résumé Les dommages causés par les pathogènes des plantes sont une menace redoutable pour l’environnement, la diversité, ainsi que pour une partie considérable des ressources naturelles forestières et agronomiques telles que les arbres, les plantes et les récoltes. Les endroits situés à proximité des ports d’importation pour le commerce international et des sites de décharge de déchets verts sont considérés comme étant à risque pour l’introduction d’organismes exotiques et indésirables tels que des insectes, des phytopathogènes et des plantes envahissantes. Bien qu’il existe plusieurs méthodes développées et validées selon des standards établis visant à détecter certains genres préoccupants ou espèces ciblées, la plupart d’entre elles sont mal adaptées aux analyses à grande échelle ou sont limitées en ce qui concerne le nombre d’organismes différents pouvant être détectés simultanément. L’objectif principal de ce projet était de développer une méthode de détection nouvelle, plus rapide, à haut débit, hyper sensible et couvrant de plus grandes superficies afin de contribuer à l’amélioration des méthodes de dépistage et de lutte contre les phytopathogènes et les espèces envahissantes. Le projet a tiré avantage d’enquêtes en entomologie d’envergure nationale et préétablies par l’Agence Canadienne d’Inspection des Aliments en réutilisant les liquides de préservation provenant de pièges à insectes.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Molecular-Based Diagnostic Methods of Plant Pathogenic Fungi Affecting Berry Crops—A Review
    molecules Review Alternative Molecular-Based Diagnostic Methods of Plant Pathogenic Fungi Affecting Berry Crops—A Review Dominika Malarczyk , Jacek Panek * and Magdalena Fr ˛ac Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] (D.M.); [email protected] (M.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-81-744-5061 (int. 207) Academic Editors: Jacek Namie´snikand Justyna Płotka-Wasylka Received: 13 February 2019; Accepted: 23 March 2019; Published: 27 March 2019 Abstract: Increasing consumer awareness of potentially harmful pesticides used in conventional agriculture has prompted organic farming to become notably more prevalent in recent decades. Central European countries are some of the most important producers of blueberries, raspberries and strawberries in the world and organic cultivation methods for these fruits have a significant market share. Fungal pathogens are considered to be the most significant threat to organic crops of berries, causing serious economic losses and reducing yields. In order to ameliorate the harmful effects of pathogenic fungi on cultivations, the application of rapid and effective identification methods is essential. At present, various molecular methods are applied for fungal species recognition, such as PCR, qPCR, LAMP and NGS. Keywords: Colletotrichum acutatum; Verticillium spp.; Phytophthora spp.; Botrytis cinerea; PCR; qPCR; molecular identification; phytopathogenic fungi; strawberry; organic agriculture 1. Introduction Organic fruit production has been increasing constantly in recent decades and has also increased its market share in the production of food worldwide. Strawberry, blueberry and raspberry fruits are important products of Central Europe and increasing consumer demand to introduce organic methods of fruit cultivation is a major reason to seek alternative ways to reduce losses.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Differentiation of Verticillium Species and V. Longisporum Lineages by Simplex and Multiplex PCR Assays
    Identification and Differentiation of Verticillium Species and V. longisporum Lineages by Simplex and Multiplex PCR Assays Patrik Inderbitzin, R. Michael Davis, Richard M. Bostock, Krishna V. Subbarao* Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America Abstract Accurate species identification is essential for effective plant disease management, but is challenging in fungi including Verticillium sensu stricto (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes, Plectosphaerellaceae), a small genus of ten species that includes important plant pathogens. Here we present fifteen PCR assays for the identification of all recognized Verticillium species and the three lineages of the diploid hybrid V. longisporum. The assays were based on DNA sequence data from the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region, and coding and non-coding regions of actin, elongation factor 1-alpha, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and tryptophan synthase genes. The eleven single target (simplex) PCR assays resulted in amplicons of diagnostic size for V. alfalfae, V. albo-atrum, V. dahliae including V. longisporum lineage A1/D3, V. isaacii, V. klebahnii, V. nonalfalfae, V. nubilum, V. tricorpus, V. zaregamsianum, and Species A1 and Species D1, the two undescribed ancestors of V. longisporum. The four multiple target (multiplex) PCR assays simultaneously differentiated the species or lineages within the following four groups: Verticillium albo-atrum, V. alfalfae and V. nonalfalfae; Verticillium dahliae and V. longisporum lineages A1/D1, A1/D2 and A1/D3; Verticillium dahliae including V. longisporum lineage A1/D3, V. isaacii, V. klebahnii and V. tricorpus; Verticillium isaacii, V. klebahnii and V. tricorpus. Since V. dahliae is a parent of two of the three lineages of the diploid hybrid V.
    [Show full text]
  • IDENTIFIKACIJA in DIFERENCIACIJA PATOGENIH GLIV RODU Verticillium Z UPORABO NOVIH ENOSTAVNIH in MULTIPLEKS PCR OZNAČEVALCEV
    UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI BIOTEHNIŠKA FAKULTETA ŠTUDIJ BIOTEHNOLOGIJE Taja JESENIČNIK IDENTIFIKACIJA IN DIFERENCIACIJA PATOGENIH GLIV RODU Verticillium Z UPORABO NOVIH ENOSTAVNIH IN MULTIPLEKS PCR OZNAČEVALCEV MAGISTRSKO DELO Magistrski študij – 2. stopnja Ljubljana, 2014 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI BIOTEHNIŠKA FAKULTETA ŠTUDIJ BIOTEHNOLOGIJE Taja JESENIČNIK IDENTIFIKACIJA IN DIFERENCIACIJA PATOGENIH GLIV RODU Verticillium Z UPORABO NOVIH ENOSTAVNIH IN MULTIPLEKS PCR OZNAČEVALCEV MAGISTRSKO DELO Magistrski študij – 2. stopnja IDENTIFICATION AND DIFERENTIATION OF PATHOGENIC FUNGI GENUS Verticillium WITH NEW SIMPLEX AND MULTIPLEX PCR MARKERS M. Sc. THESIS Master Study Programmes Ljubljana, 2014 II Jeseničnik T. Identifikacija in diferenciacija … Verticillium z uporabo … PCR označevalcev. Mag. delo. Ljubljana, Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Študij biotehnologije, 2014 Magistrsko delo je zaključek magistrskega študijskega programa druge stopnje Biotehnologija na Biotehniški fakulteti, na Katedri za genetiko, biotehnologijo, statistiko in ţlahtnjenje rastlin. Komisija za študij 1. in 2. stopnje je dne 7.2.2014 sprejela temo in za mentorja imenovala doc. dr. Natašo Štajner, za somentorja prof. dr. Jerneja Jakšeta in za recenzenta dr. Sebastjana Radiška. Komisija za oceno in zagovor: Predsednica: prof. dr. Branka JAVORNIK Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za agronomijo Mentorica: doc. dr. Nataša ŠTAJNER Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za agronomijo Somentor: prof. dr. Jernej JAKŠE Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za agronomijo Recenzent: dr. Sebastjan RADIŠEK Inštitut za hmeljarstvo in pivovarstvo Slovenije Datum zagovora: 5.9.2014 Magistrsko delo je rezultat lastnega raziskovalnega dela. Podpisana se strinjam z objavo svojega dela na spletni strani Digitalne knjiţnice Biotehniške fakultete. Izjavljam, da je delo, ki sem ga oddala v elektronski obliki, identično tiskani verziji. Taja Jeseničnik III Jeseničnik T.
    [Show full text]