Nouvelle Méthode De Dépistage De Phytopathogènes Fongiques Et De Plantes Au Potentiel Envahissant Par Métabarcodage

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Nouvelle Méthode De Dépistage De Phytopathogènes Fongiques Et De Plantes Au Potentiel Envahissant Par Métabarcodage Nouvelle méthode de dépistage de phytopathogènes fongiques et de plantes au potentiel envahissant par métabarcodage Thèse Emilie Tremblay Doctorat en microbiologie Philosophiæ doctor (Ph. D.) Québec, Canada © Emilie Tremblay, 2019 NOUVELLE MÉTHODE DE DÉPISTAGE DE PHYTOPATHOGÈNES FONGIQUES ET DE PLANTES AU POTENTIEL ENVAHISSANT PAR MÉTABARCODAGE Thèse ÉMILIE D. TREMBLAY Sous la direction de : Claude Lemieux, directeur de recherche Guillaume Bilodeau, codirecteur de recherche Résumé Les dommages causés par les pathogènes des plantes sont une menace redoutable pour l’environnement, la diversité, ainsi que pour une partie considérable des ressources naturelles forestières et agronomiques telles que les arbres, les plantes et les récoltes. Les endroits situés à proximité des ports d’importation pour le commerce international et des sites de décharge de déchets verts sont considérés comme étant à risque pour l’introduction d’organismes exotiques et indésirables tels que des insectes, des phytopathogènes et des plantes envahissantes. Bien qu’il existe plusieurs méthodes développées et validées selon des standards établis visant à détecter certains genres préoccupants ou espèces ciblées, la plupart d’entre elles sont mal adaptées aux analyses à grande échelle ou sont limitées en ce qui concerne le nombre d’organismes différents pouvant être détectés simultanément. L’objectif principal de ce projet était de développer une méthode de détection nouvelle, plus rapide, à haut débit, hyper sensible et couvrant de plus grandes superficies afin de contribuer à l’amélioration des méthodes de dépistage et de lutte contre les phytopathogènes et les espèces envahissantes. Le projet a tiré avantage d’enquêtes en entomologie d’envergure nationale et préétablies par l’Agence Canadienne d’Inspection des Aliments en réutilisant les liquides de préservation provenant de pièges à insectes. Ces pièges, en plus de pièges à spores et de pièges à granules de pollen issus du butinage par des abeilles, ont été utilisés pour recueillir des échantillons environnementaux à travers le Canada. Le développement d’un pipeline bio-informatique adapté aux types d’organismes recherchés a permis de supporter et d’analyser efficacement les grandes charges de données produites par la plateforme de séquençage de nouvelle génération (SNG) Ion Torrent. De plus, la conception d’amorces de fusion a conféré un pouvoir de multiplexage significatif aux analyses. Le pipeline intégré au métabarcodage a permis d’effectuer la biosurveillance d’entités phytopathogènes fongiques et oomycètes, de plantes envahissantes ainsi que de localiser des régions géographiques d’intérêt où des organismes indésirables ont été trouvés. Les résultats suggèrent l’existence de pathosystèmes entre des insectes xylophages et des maladies fongiques n’ayant jamais été reportés auparavant. De plus, certains pathogènes fongiques et leurs plantes hôtes ont été trouvés dans les échantillons de granules de pollen, et les espèces de plantes identifiées par SNG corroboraient avec l’identification visuelle des plantes ayant été effectuée sur le terrain. Certains des résultats obtenus par métabarcodage ont été validés avec des tests qPCR spécifiques à certaines espèces cibles, ce qui a confirmé le pouvoir et la sensibilité de cette nouvelle méthode. Par exemple, iii de minimes quantités de propagules d’espèces de Phytophthora spp. ont été obtenues. Plusieurs espèces faisant partie de genres préoccupants ont été détectées, dont les champignons phytopathogènes Heterobasidion annosum s.s., H. abietinum/H. parviporum, Leptographium spp., Ophiostoma spp., Gremmeniella spp. et Geosmithia spp. et les oomycètes phytopathogènes Peronospora spp., Pythium spp. et Phytophthora spp. Ces résultats prometteurs indiquent que des organismes de réglementation de partout dans le monde pourraient ajouter cette méthode de métabarcodage à leur boîte à outils servant à faire la biosurveillance et la détection d’espèces réglementées. Dans le cas où des zones nécessitant des enquêtes approfondies étaient localisées selon les résultats de métagénomique, des tests qPCR ou tout autre test validé demeurent essentiels, surtout lorsqu’il s’agit d’identifier des espèces critiques comme des ravageurs réglementés. En outre, comme les technologies de séquençage évoluent continuellement, elles produisent des données dont la qualité s’améliore constamment, et ce, à moindre coût. Par conséquent, il est anticipé que la qualité des bases de données sur lesquelles repose le métabarcodage se perfectionne du même coup, permettant également d’augmenter la capacité de résolution de la nouvelle méthodologie décrite. iv Abstract Damage caused by plant pathogens represents a devastating threat to the environment, diversity, and a significant part of natural forest and agronomic resources such as trees, plants, and crops. Areas that are in close proximity to international trade ports and green waste disposal facilities are considered high-risk introduction sites for exotic and unwanted organisms such as insects, phytopathogens, and invasive plants. Although there are many standard methods developed to detect numerous specific genera of concern or target species, most are ill-suited for large-scale screening, or are limited in the number of different organisms that can be assessed at a time. The main objective of this project was to develop a new detection method which is fast, high-throughput, highly sensitive, and targets vast survey areas, in order to contribute in the improvement of the methods for screening and battling of phytopathogens and invasive species. Spore traps, insect traps, and honeybee-foraged pollen clusters were used to collect environmental samples across Canada. The project took advantage of entomology surveys conducted by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency by reusing preservative fluids from those insect traps. The development of a bioinformatics pipeline customized for the types of organisms screened allowed for the handling and efficient analysis of the large data loads produced with the Ion Torrent next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform. Additionally, the design of fusion primers conferred the analyses a significant multiplexing power. Integrating the pipeline to metabarcoding allowed for the biosurveillance of fungal and oomycete phytopathogens, as well as invasive plants, and pinpointing geographical regions of concern where unwanted species were found. Results suggest the existence of wood-boring insects and fungal diseases pathosystems never previously reported. In addition, certain fungal pathogens and their plant hosts were detected from the pollen cluster samples, and the plants species identified by NGS corroborated the records of the visual plant inspections performed in the field. Some of the metabarcoding results were validated with some species-specific qPCR assays, which confirmed the power and the sensitivity of this new method. For example, very low levels of some Phytophthora species propagules could be detected. Multiple species within genera of concern were identified, including the plant pathogenic fungi Heterobasidion annosum s.s., H. abietinum/H. parviporum, Leptographium spp., Ophiostoma spp., Gremmeniella spp., and Geosmithia spp., and the oomycetes Peronospora spp., Pythium spp., and Phytophthora spp. These promising results indicate that regulatory agencies across the world could combine our new metabarcoding approach to their regulated species monitoring and detection toolbox v for biosurveillance and screening. In the case where areas requiring further inquiries are pinpointed based on the metagenomics results, qPCR or alternate validated assays remain essential, especially to resolve the identification of critical species such as regulated pests. Furthermore, given that constantly evolving sequencing technologies yield increasing quality data continually, and at reduced costs, it is anticipated that the quality of the databases on which metabarcoding relies will improve at the same time, therefore increasing the resolving capacity of the new method described. vi Table des matières Résumé ................................................................................................................................................. iii Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. v Table des matières ............................................................................................................................... vii Liste des figures ..................................................................................................................................... x Liste des tableaux ................................................................................................................................. xii Remerciements .................................................................................................................................... xv Avant-propos ....................................................................................................................................... xix Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapitre 1: Revue de littérature ............................................................................................................. 3 1.1.1 Champignons phytopathogènes ..........................................................................................
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