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UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order Online
UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order online Table of Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Glossary 1. Executive Summary The 1999 Offensive The Chain of Command The War Crimes Tribunal Abuses by the KLA Role of the International Community 2. Background Introduction Brief History of the Kosovo Conflict Kosovo in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Kosovo in the 1990s The 1998 Armed Conflict Conclusion 3. Forces of the Conflict Forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Army Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs Paramilitaries Chain of Command and Superior Responsibility Stucture and Strategy of the KLA Appendix: Post-War Promotions of Serbian Police and Yugoslav Army Members 4. march–june 1999: An Overview The Geography of Abuses The Killings Death Toll,the Missing and Body Removal Targeted Killings Rape and Sexual Assault Forced Expulsions Arbitrary Arrests and Detentions Destruction of Civilian Property and Mosques Contamination of Water Wells Robbery and Extortion Detentions and Compulsory Labor 1 Human Shields Landmines 5. Drenica Region Izbica Rezala Poklek Staro Cikatovo The April 30 Offensive Vrbovac Stutica Baks The Cirez Mosque The Shavarina Mine Detention and Interrogation in Glogovac Detention and Compusory Labor Glogovac Town Killing of Civilians Detention and Abuse Forced Expulsion 6. Djakovica Municipality Djakovica City Phase One—March 24 to April 2 Phase Two—March 7 to March 13 The Withdrawal Meja Motives: Five Policeman Killed Perpetrators Korenica 7. Istok Municipality Dubrava Prison The Prison The NATO Bombing The Massacre The Exhumations Perpetrators 8. Lipljan Municipality Slovinje Perpetrators 9. Orahovac Municipality Pusto Selo 10. Pec Municipality Pec City The “Cleansing” Looting and Burning A Final Killing Rape Cuska Background The Killings The Attacks in Pavljan and Zahac The Perpetrators Ljubenic 11. -
The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800S-1900S
The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800s-1900s February 2003 Katrin Bozeva-Abazi Department of History McGill University, Montreal A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 Contents 1. Abstract/Resume 3 2. Note on Transliteration and Spelling of Names 6 3. Acknowledgments 7 4. Introduction 8 How "popular" nationalism was created 5. Chapter One 33 Peasants and intellectuals, 1830-1914 6. Chapter Two 78 The invention of the modern Balkan state: Serbia and Bulgaria, 1830-1914 7. Chapter Three 126 The Church and national indoctrination 8. Chapter Four 171 The national army 8. Chapter Five 219 Education and national indoctrination 9. Conclusions 264 10. Bibliography 273 Abstract The nation-state is now the dominant form of sovereign statehood, however, a century and a half ago the political map of Europe comprised only a handful of sovereign states, very few of them nations in the modern sense. Balkan historiography often tends to minimize the complexity of nation-building, either by referring to the national community as to a monolithic and homogenous unit, or simply by neglecting different social groups whose consciousness varied depending on region, gender and generation. Further, Bulgarian and Serbian historiography pay far more attention to the problem of "how" and "why" certain events have happened than to the emergence of national consciousness of the Balkan peoples as a complex and durable process of mental evolution. This dissertation on the concept of nationality in which most Bulgarians and Serbs were educated and socialized examines how the modern idea of nationhood was disseminated among the ordinary people and it presents the complicated process of national indoctrination carried out by various state institutions. -
(1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) As Political Myths
Department of Political and Economic Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Helsinki The Battle Backwards A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths Brendan Humphreys ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in hall XII, University main building, Fabianinkatu 33, on 13 December 2013, at noon. Helsinki 2013 Publications of the Department of Political and Economic Studies 12 (2013) Political History © Brendan Humphreys Cover: Riikka Hyypiä Distribution and Sales: Unigrafia Bookstore http://kirjakauppa.unigrafia.fi/ [email protected] PL 4 (Vuorikatu 3 A) 00014 Helsingin yliopisto ISSN-L 2243-3635 ISSN 2243-3635 (Print) ISSN 2243-3643 (Online) ISBN 978-952-10-9084-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-10-9085-1 (PDF) Unigrafia, Helsinki 2013 We continue the battle We continue it backwards Vasko Popa, Worriors of the Field of the Blackbird A whole volume could well be written on the myths of modern man, on the mythologies camouflaged in the plays that he enjoys, in the books that he reads. The cinema, that “dream factory” takes over and employs countless mythical motifs – the fight between hero and monster, initiatory combats and ordeals, paradigmatic figures and images (the maiden, the hero, the paradisiacal landscape, hell and do on). Even reading includes a mythological function, only because it replaces the recitation of myths in archaic societies and the oral literature that still lives in the rural communities of Europe, but particularly because, through reading, the modern man succeeds in obtaining an ‘escape from time’ comparable to the ‘emergence from time’ effected by myths. -
The Rise of Bulgarian Nationalism and Russia's Influence Upon It
University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-2014 The rise of Bulgarian nationalism and Russia's influence upon it. Lin Wenshuang University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Wenshuang, Lin, "The rise of Bulgarian nationalism and Russia's influence upon it." (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1548. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1548 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RISE OF BULGARIAN NATIONALISM AND RUSSIA‘S INFLUENCE UPON IT by Lin Wenshuang B. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 1997 M. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 2002 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Humanities University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky May 2014 Copyright © 2014 by Lin Wenshuang All Rights Reserved THE RISE OF BULGARIAN NATIONALISM AND RUSSIA‘S INFLUENCE UPON IT by Lin Wenshuang B. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 1997 M. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 2002 A Dissertation Approved on April 1, 2014 By the following Dissertation Committee __________________________________ Prof. -
MT 59-01 Danijela Sarcevic.Indd
UDK: 613.281(497.11)(091) ; 641.56(497.11)(091) meat technology ID: 265894924 Founder and publisher: Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade https://doi.org/10.18485/meattech.2018.59.1.7 Review paper Meat in traditional Serbian cuisine Milan Z. Baltic1, Janjic Jelena1, Milka Popovic2, Tatjana Baltic3, Marija Boskovic1, Marija Starcevic4, Danijela Sarcevic3* A b s t r a c t: The use of meat in traditional Serbian cuisine can be divided into three periods. The fi rst period is the time from the arrival of Slavs in the Balkans, through the Middle Ages to the early 19th century. The second period, the 19th and the fi rst half of the 20th centuries, can be marked as special due to signifi cant changes that impacted traditional Serbian cuisine, compared to the fi rst period. It was a period during which the Europeanization of Serbia took place in all spheres of life, including cuisine. After World War II, Serbia and many surrounding countries eperienced a great surge in industrialization in all economic fi elds, including that of food production. The last sixty years has seen the globalization of our food supply, with food being transported globally from one part of the world to another, and which resulted in neglected traditional, local cuisines. Therefore, many countries, including Serbia, recognize a need for preserving traditional cuisine. This recognition has initiated several mechanisms for maintaining Europe’s gastronomic herit- age. Preservation of traditional cuisine in Serbia has special signifi cance for tourism development. Keywords: tradition, nutrition, history, heritage. Introduction and preparation is not complex. -
SOUTH SERBIA 5 Days – by Bus Or by Car
SOUTH SERBIA 5 days – by bus or by car TRAVEL PROGRAM: 1.dan BELGRADE. Landing at the airport Nikola Tesla. Transfer to the hotel. Dinner. Overnight stay. 2.dan BELGRADE. Breakfast. Departure of sightseeing city tour by bus and on foot. Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, is one of the oldest cities in Europe which has been a crucial junction since times before and a crossroad between East and West Europe. Belgrade lays on two international rivers, on the delta of Sava and Danube and the river waters surround it from three sides. Its location rightfully earned it a nickname “the gate to Balkans” and “the door of Central Europe”. The oldest archeological findings from this area date to the fifth millennia before Christ. In the historical center of Belgrade, in 1938, during the construction of Albanija Palace and where it still stands today, the remains of a Neanderthal, who died fighting a mammoth, were found. His remains were found in the vicinity, which testifies to an existence of a habitat on the territory of today’s Belgrade even in the prehistoric times. On the river bank of Danube a prehistoric settlement Vinca can be found, with the remains of artifacts of a prehistoric man. A Celtic tribe has founded Singidunum in 3 rd century BC and the city is even mentioned in some ancient sources. Later on, this territory was occupied by Romans and with the division of the empire in year 395 it becomes a part of Byzantine Empire. In the 6 th century the Slavs have started crossing the river more often and then permanently stayed in this area, and so, on the rocky highland over the delta of river Sava their settlement has been created – Beli Grad – White City. -
Travel Gives You Wings... for GROUPS
Travel gives you wings... FOR GROUPS : “DISCOVER THE CULTURES OF THE BALKANS “IN 12 DAYS INTRODUCTION During this tour you will discover a very special place in Europe marked by the dominant trade route in the Mediterranean until the 17th century, connecting Europe with Asia Minor. The trade route was already in use by the Celts, then appeared the Greeks, the Romans and finally the Slavs in the 7th century AD. This parade of civilizations happened before the eyes of the local population, the Illyrians, a people of shepherds, ancestors of today’s Albanians. This part of Europe was first dominated by Byzantium, then two great powers will fight for supremacy: Republics of Venice and Dubrovnik. Division of the Roman Empire was the event that marked the cultures. The border between the Eastern and Western Roman Empire goes through the Balkans. This separation will finally cause the schism in the Middle Age between the Catholic and Orthodox Church. The Ottoman Empire will enhance this cultural melting pot and create a colourful mosaic of local identities. The Balkans thus saw the appearance of various religious movements such as the Church of Bosnia called “Bogumil Church” or the Greek Catholic Church. The Balkans are determined by a surprising climate of tolerance and very original political systems. This tour’s goal is to emphasize this usually hidden side of South East Europe. The 20th century was marked by the nation-state creation games. Differences were weaponized in order to justify political struggles which inevitably led to great confusion. This was fertile ground for Tito's socialism seen as a gluing element which would restore the bygone harmony. -
The Memorial Church of St. Sava on Vračar Hill in Belgrade
Balkanologie Revue d'études pluridisciplinaires Vol. VII, n° 2 | 2003 Volume VII Numéro 2 Nationalism in Construction: The Memorial Church of St. Sava on Vračar Hill in Belgrade Bojan Aleksov Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/balkanologie/494 DOI: 10.4000/balkanologie.494 ISSN: 1965-0582 Publisher Association française d'études sur les Balkans (Afebalk) Printed version Date of publication: 1 December 2003 Number of pages: 47-72 ISSN: 1279-7952 Electronic reference Bojan Aleksov, « Nationalism in Construction: The Memorial Church of St. Sava on Vračar Hill in Belgrade », Balkanologie [Online], Vol. VII, n° 2 | 2003, Online since 19 February 2009, connection on 17 December 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/balkanologie/494 ; DOI : https://doi.org/ 10.4000/balkanologie.494 © Tous droits réservés Balkanologie VII (2), décembre 2003, p. 47-72 \ 47 NATIONALISM IN CONSTRUCTION : THE MEMORIAL CHURCH OF ST. SAVA ON VRAČAR HILL IN BELGRADE Bojan Aleksov* During the combat we all saw St. Sava, robed in white, and seated in a white chariot drawn by white horses, leading us on to victory.1 The role of St. Sava, whom the late Serbian Patriarch German praised as the "Sun of Serbian heaven" in Serbian oral tradition during medieval and Ottoman period was to always watch over Serbian people2. In many popular le gends and folk tales he is the creator of miraculous springs, a master of the for ces of nature with all features of a God who blesses and punishes. Often cruel in punishing and horrendous in his rage, St. Sava, has the features of a primi tive pagan god and, though a Christian saint, in the eyes of popular culture he embodied a pre-Christian pagan divinity or the ancient Serbian god of the un- derworkR In the age of nationalism however, the Serbian cult of St. -
08D Serbia & Mokra Gora Steam Train
08D SERBIA & MOKRA GORA STEAM TRAIN Tel: (021) 567 3222 21 Aug 2021 - (8D) by Turkish Airlines Whatsapp: +6281545558888 HARI 1 : JAKARTA – BELGRADE SAT, 21 AUG 2021 Hari ini Anda berkumpul di Bandara Soekarno - Hatta untuk menuju kota Belgrade, Serbia Akomodasi: Dalam pesawat HARI 2 : TIBA DI BELGRADE SUN, 22 AUG 2021 SELAMAT DATANG DI BELGRADE. Anda akan memulai city tour dengan mengunjungi Belgrade Fortress guna melihat pemandangan kota Belgrade dari atas bukit, Church of Saint Sava yang merupakan salah satu gereja orthodox terbesar di dunia, Cemetery of Josip Broz Tito yang merupakan Presiden pertama Yugoslavia serta tokoh penting dalam pendiri “Gerakan Non Blok” (Mausoleum tutup setiap hari Senin). Kemudian melewati Knez Mihailova Street, Republic Square, Statue of Prince Michael, National Theater, National Museum, Terazije Square, National Assembly, City Council. Kemudian menikmati makan malam lokal Serbia. Akomodasi: Hotel INN atau setaraf Dinner HARI 3 : BELGRADE – SMEDEREVO – TOPOLA – NIS MON, 23 AUG 2021 Setelah makan pagi, Anda akan diajak menuju Smederevo Fortress benteng yang sudah berdiri dari abad ke-15 yang dulu konon katanya disebut ibukota dari Serbia dulunya, Republic Square yang merupakan dari pusat kota. Kemudian Anda akan diajak untuk mengunjungi Gereja Oplenac & Museum of Royal Serbian Dinasty yang merupakan tempat para raja dan keluarga dari dinasti Karadorde dan dinasti Serbia yang pernah berkuasa pada waktu negara ini menjadi negara sosialis Yugoslavia di tahun 1945. Kemudian perjalanan dilanjutkan menuju kota Nis, Anda akan diantar menuju ke hotel untuk beristirahat. Akomodasi: Best Western atau setaraf Breakfast Lunch Dinner HARI 4 : NIS - VRNJACKA BANJA TUE, 24 AUG 2021 Hari ini Anda akan menuju kota Nis yang merupakan sisa benteng-benteng yang dibangun oleh orang-orang Turki pada abad ke-18. -
The Balkans in Travel Writing
The Balkans in Travel Writing The Balkans in Travel Writing Edited by Marija Krivokapić The Balkans in Travel Writing Edited by Marija Krivokapić This book first published 2015 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2015 by Marija Krivokapić and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-7637-2 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-7637-7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Marija Krivokapić Part One: The Balkans in Travel Writing until the 1990s Earliest Travel Writings about Southeast Serbia and their Characteristics ... 15 Dragana Mašović Adolfo Rossi on Montenegro .................................................................... 29 Olivera Popović Macedonian Women through the Prism of the British Travel Writers ...... 39 Tatjana Panova-Ignjatović Onomasticon in the Mountain Travelogues Collected in Montenegrin Mountains—Travelogues and Records ..................................................... 55 Draško Došljak Montenegro on Old Maps .......................................................................... 67 Goran Barović -
OTTOMAN CULTURAL HERITAGE in SERBIA the CULTURAL TREASURES of SERBIA
NATIONAL TOURISM ORGANISATION of SERBIA OTTOMAN CULTURAL HERITAGE IN SERBIA THE CULTURAL TREASURES of SERBIA www.serbia.travel MAP OF SERBIA LEGEND INTRODUCTION International Border H Settlement Signs City County Center Rivers and Lakes RO Highway Highway Regional Road HR Airport Ottoman Heritage BIH Ot toman Cultural Heritage in Serbia BG Ottoman cultural heritage in the territory of Serbia can be The Ottoman Empire brought a new order, a new adminis- seen in preserved architectural monuments and the trac- trative apparatus and a new faith to Southeast Europe, but es left in the language, i.e. words of Turkish origin, also it did not dig up the roots of all the existing social relations known as Orientalisms, but also in the mutual influences and institutions, instead it partially accepted them, adapt- which created a specific cultural diet. ing them to its state model. The result of this synthesis was a new civilizational and cultural sphere, whose presence is At the height of its power, in the mid-16th century, the Ot- still felt today in most societies in the Balkans, which is de- toman Empire stretched across three continents and con- fined as “Oriental cultural heritage”. trolled the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the eastern part of the MNE Mediterranean. The civilizational, i.e. the social and cultural effects, were rarely one-sided. When two civilisations meet or clash, The Ottoman conquest of the lands which were part of the there is normally mutual permeation of two, where the powerful Serbian empire of Stefan Dušan, the Mighty, be- weakening society may offer something to the society that is gan after the Battle of Maritsa in 1371 and the Battle of Koso- on the rise, depending on how open said society is to foreign vo in 1389. -
Paradigms of Rural Tourism in Serbia in the Function of Village Revitalisation
HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography (2011) 5.2, 93‐102 www.humangeographies.org.ro PARADIGMS OF RURAL TOURISM IN SERBIA IN THE FUNCTION OF VILLAGE REVITALISATION Jovo Medojevic*, Sasa Milosavljevic, Milan Punisic Faculty of Sciences‐Department of Geography, University of Pristina ‐ temporarily settled in Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia Abstract: Rural regions in Serbia differ considerably in social, economic and demographic characteristics. Basic problems and trends almost all the rural regions share are migrations, poor diversification of economic activities, extensive agriculture, high level of unemployment, lack of employment possibilities, poor and underdeveloped infrastructure, low GDP per capita in comparison to the urban regions and unpolluted environment faced with potential threats . The subject of this paper is to point to the potentials of the rural tourism in Serbia with the aim of village revitalization, as well as its prevention from dying out. Also, the aim of the paper is to stress the fact that the rural tourism is a sustainable model of development and preservation of Serbian village and Serbian peasant from more aspects: economic, tourist, sociological, the spatial planning and ecological ones. Finally, the aim of the paper is to emphasize that it is possible to save village identity by its transformation into ethno village adopting the idea of European ethno villages. Rural tourism in Serbia must become `main` industry` and a generator of sleeping national economy. The main benefits belong to the rural households. Tourist agencies must be engaged in enabling a dialogue between their employees and local representatives. Clients must not only be observers but also critics in the spirit of trust and transparency.