DOCSLIB.ORG

And Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene by R

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
And Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene by R Designing and Engineering a Sustainable Polymer Material by Blending Poly(lactic acid) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene by Ryan Vadori A Thesis Presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Ryan Vadori, December, 2016 ABSTRACT DESIGNING AND ENGINEERING A SUSTAINABLE POLYMER MATERIAL BY BLENDING POLY(LACTIC ACID) AND ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE Ryan Richard Vadori Advisor: University of Guelph, 2017 Professor M.Misra Polymer blends containing poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) were made by extrusion and injection molding. Due to the immiscible nature of the two, coupling was required. Additives were found that increased adhesion between the two, leading to increased performance. This work outlines the development and detailed characterization of the blends. There are several areas of focus in this work. The processing of each polymer was assessed and the effects of particular process conditions were studied. Notably, ABS had a propensity to thermo-oxidative degradation, which is outline in the first original research chapter. The effects of the additives on the blend properties were investigated on the blends, showing the development of high performance blends. The effect of increasing the range of PLA contents was also studied. Statistical optimization was done to find the best blend formulation. Finally, the structure development of the blends was studied. Dedicated to my wife, Alexandra iii Acknowledgements The road to a Ph.D. dissertation is paved with the help of friends, colleagues, and mentors. The help and guidance of my co-advisors, Dr. Manju Misra and Dr. Amar Mohanty cannot be overstated. I wish to sincerely thank them for providing me the opportunity to work as their student. Their presence, guidance, and support, throughout my studies cannot be expressed in words. I would like to thank them for their trust and belief in me, their encouragement has instilled a self-confidence that I will carry with me into my future. I am also grateful to my committee advisors, Dr. Fantahun Defersha and Dr. Alfons Weersink who has brought perspective to me work. They took an interest not only in the path of my research, but also in my personal welfare throughout my studies. I am thankful to my Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre (BDDC) colleagues, especially the ones that were available for guidance. Dr. Nima Zarrinbakhsh was always available to offer very knowledgable advice. Ehsan Behazin, my fellow Ph.D. candidate, was my brother in the lab and the coffee shop. It is because of the support and encouragement of my family, especially my Mother and Father that I was able to complete. This doctorate too is due to them. The final but certainly not the least of my acknowledgments is to my wife. Her patience and understanding while I complete my studies are truly the attributes more commonly seen from members of sainthood. Her unending support is the reason that I am attaining this degree. This work is dedicated to her. iv The financial support from the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food Rural Affairs (OMAFRA)/University of Guelph - Bioeconomy for Industrial Uses Research Program (Project #200245); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC, Canada Discovery grants (Project #400322) and NSERC- AUTO21 NCE (Project #400372 & 400373); Ontario Research Fund, Research Excellence Program; Round-4 (ORF-RE04) from the Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation (MEDI) (Project #050289) and the Ontario Research Fund, Research Excellence Program; Round-7 (ORF-RE07) from the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation (MRI), currently known as the Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science (MRIS) (Project # 052644 and # 052665) to carry out this research is gratefully acknowledged. I greatly acknowledge the financial support from the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), Canada and the FedDev, Ontario for the BDDC infrastructure facility to carry out this research. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ ix List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ x List of Abbreviations and Defined Terms ............................................................................... xiii List of Peer reviewed journal Publications ............................................................................... xv Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Structure Of The Thesis and Overall Connections ....................................................................... 7 1.3 Research Problem ............................................................................................................................. 9 1.5 Significance ..................................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2: A Criterion for Toughening PLA through Blending: Special Focus on Blending With ABS ..................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 PLA .................................................................................................................................................. 16 2.2.1 Structure & Synthesis ................................................................................................................ 16 2.2.2 Crystallinity ............................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.3 Properties & Processing Techniques ......................................................................................... 20 2.3 ABS .................................................................................................................................................. 21 2.3.1 Structure and Synthesis ............................................................................................................. 21 2.3.2 Properties................................................................................................................................... 23 2.3.3 ABS Toughening ....................................................................................................................... 24 2.4 General Blending/Toughening Theory ......................................................................................... 26 2.5 Failure Mechanisms ....................................................................................................................... 28 2.5.1 Poly(lactic acid) ........................................................................................................................ 28 2.5.2 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ................................................................................................ 30 2.6 Toughening Criterion – Critical Matrix Ligament Thickness Theory ...................................... 30 2.7 Strategies For Toughening ............................................................................................................. 33 2.7.1 Reactive Compatibilization ....................................................................................................... 34 2.7.2 Reactive Polymer Synthesis ...................................................................................................... 40 2.7.3 Processing Steps ........................................................................................................................ 44 2.7.4 Strategy Outlook ....................................................................................................................... 44 2.8 Philosophy of Experimentation ..................................................................................................... 46 2.9 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 46 2.10 References ..................................................................................................................................... 47 Chapter 3: Studies on the Reaction of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene to Melt Processing Conditions .................................................................................................................................... 57 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 58 3.2 Experimental ................................................................................................................................... 59 3.2.1 Materials ...................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Film Performance of Poly(Lactic Acid) Blends for Packaging Applications
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Film Performance of Poly(lactic acid) Blends for Packaging Applications PREFACE API 2015 Carlos Diaz Hsun Yi (Sarah) Pao Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester Institute of Technology [email protected] [email protected] Sungyoung Kim Rochester Institute of Technology [email protected] ABSTRACT Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a biodegradable thermoplastic derived from renewable resources, stands out as a substitute to petroleum-based plastics. PLA based films for food packaging has been an area of both commercial and research interest within the context of sustainability. In spite of its high strength, packaging applications have been limited because PLA is more brittle than traditional oil-based plastics. Because of this, films display low tear and impact resistance and produce a loud crackling sound when manipulated. Although many studies address the toughening of PLA in the bulk, little attention has been placed on the film performance. The present study is aimed at providing a survey of binary PLA based blends with other biodegradable and non-biodegradable plastics. Acrylic impact modifier (AIM, 5 wt. %), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA, 20 wt.%), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA, 10 wt.%), polycaprolactone (PCL, 30 wt.%), polybutylene succinate (PBS, 20 wt.%) and polypropylene carbonate (PPC, 30 wt.%) were each blended with PLA through single-screw extrusion and converted into films via the blown-film process. Tear and impact resistance, heat seal strength, and noise level were measured. EVA, PHA, PCL, and PBS improved the tear resistance with EVA having the highest effect (>2x). Similarly AIM, EVA and PPC improved the resistance of the film to impact-puncture penetration. Heat seal strength was significantly improved by the PHA and moderately increased by AIM (2x) and EVA.
    [Show full text]
  • Extrusion Foaming of Bioplastics for Lightweight Structure in Food Packaging
    EXTRUSION FOAMING OF BIOPLASTICS FOR LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURE IN FOOD PACKAGING A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Sitthi Duangphet School of Engineering and Design Brunel University December 2012 i Abstract This thesis reports the systematic approaches to overcome the key drawbacks of the pure PHBV, namely low crystallisation rate, tensile strength, ductility, melt viscosity, thermal stability and high materials cost. The physical, mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of the pure PHBV were studied systematically first to lay a solid foundation for formulation development. The influence of blending with other biopolymers, inclusion of filler, and chain extender additives in terms of mechanical properties, rheology, thermal decomposition and crystallization kinetics were then followed. Creating lightweight structures by foaming is considered to be one of the effective ways to reduce material consumption, hence the reduction of density and morphology of PHBV-based foams using extrusion foaming technique were studied comprehensively in terms of extrusion conditions (temperature profiles, screw speed and material feeding rate) and the blowing agent content. The material cost reduction was achieved by adding low-cost filler (e.g. CaCO3) and reduction of density by foaming. The thermal instability was enhanced by incorporation of chain extender (e.g. Joncryl) and blending with a high thermal stability biopolymer (e.g. PBAT). The polymer blend also improved the ductility. Adding nucleation agent enhanced the crystallization rate to reduce stickiness of extruded sheet. The final formulation (PHBV/PBAT/CaCO3 composite) was successfully extruded into high quality sheet and thermoformed to produce prototype trays in an industrial scale trial. The effect of the extrusion conditions (temperature profiles, screw speed and material feeding rate) and the blowing agent content are correlated to the density reduction of the foams.
    [Show full text]
  • Quadrant EPP Cestilene™ HD 1000 Polyethylene Datasheet
    www.lookpolymers.com email : [email protected] Quadrant EPP Cestilene™ HD 1000 Polyethylene Category : Polymer , Thermoplastic , Polyethylene (PE) , HDPE , High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Injection Molded Material Notes: Data provided by Quadrant Engineering Plastic Products for polymers in their European product line. Order this product through the following link: http://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_Quadrant-EPP-Cestilene-HD-1000-Polyethylene.php Physical Properties Metric English Comments Density 0.930 g/cc 0.0336 lb/in³ ISO 1183 Water Absorption 0.010 % 0.010 % immersion Mechanical Properties Metric English Comments Hardness, Shore D 60 60 after 15 sec.; ISO 868 62 62 after 3 sec.; ISO 868 Ball Indentation Hardness 36.0 MPa 5220 psi ISO 2039-1 Tensile Strength, Yield 19.0 MPa 2760 psi ISO 527 Elongation at Break >= 50 % >= 50 % ISO 527 Elongation at Yield 15 % 15 % ISO 527 Tensile Modulus 0.750 GPa 109 ksi ISO 527 Compressive Yield Strength 4.50 MPa 653 psi at 1% nominal strain; ISO 604 8.00 MPa 1160 psi at 2% nominal strain; ISO 604 14.0 MPa 2030 psi at 5% nominal strain; ISO 604 Charpy Impact Unnotched NB NB ISO 179/1eU Charpy Impact, Notched 11.0 J/cm² 52.4 ft-lb/in² Partial Break; ISO 179/1eA Abrasion 100 100 Relative loss per DSM internal test (CESTILENE HD 1000 = 100) Thermal Properties Metric English Comments 175 - 225 µm/m-°C 97.2 - 125 µin/in-°F CTE, linear @Temperature 20.0 °C @Temperature 68.0 °F Thermal Conductivity 0.400 W/m-K 2.78 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F Melting Point 130 - 135 °C 266 - 275 °F ISO 3146; DSC, 10°C/min
    [Show full text]
  • Engineered-Plastics.Pdf
    PLASTIC PLASTICS REFERENCE HANDBOOK REGAL PLASTIC SUPPLY COMPANY PLASTICS REFERENCE HANDBOOK Copyright 1999—2000 Regal Plastic Supply Company, a division of Regal Supply Company INTRODUCTION Established in 1954, Regal Plastic Supply Company is considered one of the foremost pioneers in the plastic distribution industry. Throughout the years, the innovative “customer- oriented plan for success” thinking has become a credible trademark our customers rely on. Fortifying that philosophy, Regal introduced its Plastic Materials Reference Guide in 1984. As products and industries continue to evolve, so does this compilation of technical data. We view providing our customers with tools for effective planning and purchasing as important as meeting product “supply and demand”. You will find this guide an invaluable reference source for researching or finding the answer pertaining to your plastic application. The product information contained herein covers the most commonly used materials; it does not reflect our total capacity. True customer service is a thought process not developed overnight. Our experience and stability in the industry gives Regal the opportunity to assist you in your plastics endeavors as you utilize staff who are accessible, knowledgeable and resourceful with regard to all inquiries. We invite you to visit the Regal Plastic Supply Company location in your vicinity. All locations maintain generous inventories of plastic sheet, rod, tube, film, and numerous finished products. Regal Plastic Supply Company thanks all of our customers for their patronage over the years. We will continue in our efforts to provide the best in JIT inventory and personal service. Plastic is in your future and Regal Plastic Supply Company is your best source.
    [Show full text]
  • Biobased Polymers Keep Textiles Green
    SPECIAL REPORT GREEN AND BIOBASED MATERIALS Biobased polymers keep textiles green a 4% share by 2020, according the nova-insti- Growing demands from brand owners and consumers tute, an organisation dedicated to advancing for fibres and textiles that are more environmentally the use of renewable raw materials. The textile industry share of worldwide friendly are now creating a huge market for biobased biobased polymer production in 2013 is esti- polymers produced using renewable feedstocks mated by the group to be 18%, but expected to decline to 8% in 2020 due to more rapid growth in consumption of biobased polymers/ plastics in the packaging sector (which is attributed to the fast growth of biobased PET). In fact, nova-institute projects production capacity for PET to reach 7m tonnes/year by 2020, while production capacities for PLA and PHA will expand nearly four and tenfold, respectively, between 2013 and 2020. Examples of leading companies producing biobased polymers and fibres intended for use in the textile industry include DuPont, NatureWorks, Invista, Corbion, Kaneka and Cathay Industrial Biotech. DUPONT OFFERINGS GROW DuPont makes Sorona (polytrimethylene tere- phthalate, PTT) biobased fibres (37% renewably sourced by weight) for carpet and apparel applications via continuous polymerisation of bio-PDO (1,3-propanediol), which is made from fermented sugars, and terephthalic acid (TPA). Sorona production uses 30% less energy and releases 63% fewer greenhouse gas emis- sions compared to the production of nylon 6, according to Michael
    [Show full text]
  • Brominated Polystyrene(BPS) FR
    Brominated Polystyrene(BPS) FR Description Product Name : Brominated Polystyrene(BPS) Equivalent Name : Albermarle Saytex HP3010 ; Albermarle Saytex HP7010 ; Dead Sea FR‐803P Cas No. : 88497‐56‐7 Application It provides outstanding thermal stability and electrical performance. It is particularly suitable for engineering plastic applications such as polyesters (PET, PBT, PCT) and PA (nylons).it has outstanding thermal stability. It is an ideal choice for high temperature applications such as engineering plastics. Due to its stability, it can often be used where other flame retardants fail to survive. Due toits polymeric structure, it is non‐blooming in all applications. Excellent electrical properties provide yet another reason to choose this flame retardant for demanding engineering plastic applications. Benefits and Features Excellent Flow In Resin，Superior Color，Excellent Thermal Stability， Excellent Melt Stability， Excellent Non Blistering Performance， Improved Mechanical Properties，Low Loading Typical Properties BPS 3010 Appearance .............................................................................................................................................................. White grain/ yellowish powder. Content % ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................66 min. Melting point °C .............................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Recent Developments in Biobased Polymers Toward
    polymers Review The Recent Developments in Biobased Polymers toward General and Engineering Applications: Polymers that Are Upgraded from Biodegradable Polymers, Analogous to Petroleum-Derived Polymers, and Newly Developed Hajime Nakajima, Peter Dijkstra and Katja Loos * ID Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; [email protected] (H.N.); [email protected] (P.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +31-50-363-6867 Received: 31 August 2017; Accepted: 18 September 2017; Published: 18 October 2017 Abstract: The main motivation for development of biobased polymers was their biodegradability, which is becoming important due to strong public concern about waste. Reflecting recent changes in the polymer industry, the sustainability of biobased polymers allows them to be used for general and engineering applications. This expansion is driven by the remarkable progress in the processes for refining biomass feedstocks to produce biobased building blocks that allow biobased polymers to have more versatile and adaptable polymer chemical structures and to achieve target properties and functionalities. In this review, biobased polymers are categorized as those that are: (1) upgrades from biodegradable polylactides (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and others; (2) analogous to petroleum-derived polymers such as bio-poly(ethylene terephthalate) (bio-PET); and (3) new biobased polymers such as poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)
    [Show full text]
  • Filament Extrusion and Its 3D Printing of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Styrene-Co-Methyl Methacrylate) Blends
    applied sciences Article Filament Extrusion and Its 3D Printing of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Styrene-co-Methyl Methacrylate) Blends Luis Enrique Solorio-Rodríguez and Alejandro Vega-Rios * Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Miguel de Cervantes No. 120. Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-01-614-439-4831 Received: 18 September 2019; Accepted: 22 October 2019; Published: 28 November 2019 Abstract: Herein, we report the melt blending of amorphous poly(lactide acid) (PLA) with poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) (poly(S-co-MMA)). The PLAx/poly(S-co-MMA)y blends were made using amorphous PLA compositions from 50, 75, and 90wt.%, namely PLA50/poly(S-co-MMA)50, PLA75/poly(S-co-MMA)25, and PLA90/poly(S-co-MMA)10, respectively. The PLAx/poly(S-co-MMA)y blend pellets were extruded into filaments through a prototype extruder at 195 ◦C. The 3D printing was done via fused deposition modeling (FDM) at the same temperature and a 40 mm/s feed rate. Furthermore, thermogravimetric curves of the PLAx/poly(S-co-MMA)y blends showed slight thermal decomposition with less than 0.2% mass loss during filament extrusion and 3D printing. However, the thermal decomposition of the blends is lower when compared to amorphous PLA and poly(S-co-MMA). On the contrary, the PLAx/poly(S-co-MMA)y blend has a higher Young’s modulus (E) than amorphous PLA, and is closer to poly(S-co-MMA), in particular, PLA90/poly(S-co-MMA)10.
    [Show full text]
  • UV Resistance
    UV resistance Technical Bulletin 370904 Ingeo™ Fiber Outperforms Other Synthetics in Resistance to UV Light Made entirely from annually renewable resources procedure such as corn, IngeoTM fibers have the performance Spun yarns knitted on FAK sample knitter advantages of both natural and synthetic Samples washed in hot water/cold rinse materials. Additionally, the performance benefits (no detergent) of Ingeo are inherent in the fiber, requiring no Samples cut into 6” x 6” specimens treatment or finish. The performance will not Specimens placed between two black diminish or fade after washings or over time. cardboard cutouts Front exposure window 4” x 4” to UV light, with solid back piece Test #1, Fabric Exposure Atlas weatherometer used for UV light exposure method - AATCC 16E exposure Xenon light source Specimens pulled at 240, 500 and 1000 Continuous light cycle, no water spray hours exposure Black panel temperature (63 ± 1 ° C) Dry bulb temperature (43 ± 2° C) Relative humidity (30 ± 5%) burst strength results samples PLA: 1.2 d staple, Ne 20/1 ring spun yarn, 41.6 in/course, single jersey knit tube sleeves PET: Ne 18/1 open end spun yarn, 41.6 in/course, single jersey knit tube sleeves Acrylic: Ne 18.7/1, 41.6 in/course, single jersey knit tube sleeves measurements Burst strength vs. exposure time (ASTM D3787) Molecular weight vs. exposure time (GPC) Color change vs. exposure time (HunterLab Colorimeter) UV resistance percent molecular weight loss results HunterLab colorimeter results A garnett or card clothed with wire type and density suitable for the fiber denier is required.
    [Show full text]
  • Fracture of Polycarbonate/Abs Blends
    FRACTURE OF POLYCARBONATE/ABS BLENDS PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Twente, op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. F.A. van Vught, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 27 april 2001 om 13.15 uur door Judith Pouwlien Frederika Inberg geboren op 27 juli 1972 te Britswerd Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: Prof. L.C.E. Struik en de assistent-promotor: Dr. R.J. Gaymans ".... Het voornaamste probleem met die Tijdbesparingsobsessie ligt heel eenvoudig: tijd kun je niet besparen. Je kunt hem alleen besteden." Benjamin Hoff, in Tao van Poeh Fracture of polycarbonate/ABS blends J.P.F. Inberg Thesis, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands April 2001 ISBN 90 365 1553x Cover: TEM picture of deformation zone ahead of an arrested crack in a co-continuous polycarbonate/ABS blend Ó J.P.F. Inberg Printed by: Grafisch Centrum Twente, Enschede Voorwoord Met dit proefschrift sluit ik mijn tijd binnen de onderzoeksgroep 'Synthese en Technologie van Engineering Plastics' (STEP) af, en komt er tevens een einde aan mijn tijd in Enschede. Het schrijven van een proefschrift mag dan een wat eenzaam karwei zijn, velen hebben bijgedragen aan het tot stand komen van dit proefschrift, waarvoor allen dank. Een aantal van hen wil ik hier met name noemen. Mijn mentor Reinoud Gaymans, voor het bieden van de mogelijkheid te promoveren binnen een gezellige groep, en de begeleiding van de afgelopen 4 jaar. Mijn promotor Professor Struik, voor de kritische maar altijd bijzonder waardevolle opmerkingen en aanwijzingen.
    [Show full text]
  • Blown Films for Chilled and Frozen Food Packaging Applications
    polymers Article Evaluation of the Suitability of Poly(Lactide)/Poly(Butylene-Adipate-co-Terephthalate) Blown Films for Chilled and Frozen Food Packaging Applications Arianna Pietrosanto, Paola Scarfato * , Luciano Di Maio , Maria Rossella Nobile and Loredana Incarnato Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (L.D.M.); [email protected] (M.R.N.); [email protected] (L.I.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 20 December 2019; Accepted: 12 March 2020; Published: 3 April 2020 Abstract: The use of biopolymers can reduce the environmental impact generated by plastic materials. Among biopolymers, blends made of poly(lactide) (PLA) and poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) prove to have adequate performances for food packaging applications. Therefore, the present work deals with the production and the characterization of blown films based on PLA and PBAT blends in a wide range of compositions, in order to evaluate their suitability as chilled and frozen food packaging materials, thus extending their range of applications. The blends were fully characterized: they showed the typical two-phase structure, with a morphology varying from fibrillar to globular in accordance with their viscosity ratio. The increase of PBAT content in the blends led to a decrease of the barrier properties to oxygen and water vapor, and to an increase of the toughness of the films. The mechanical properties of the most ductile blends were also evaluated at 4 C and 25 C. The ◦ − ◦ decrease in temperature caused an increase of the stiffness and a decrease of the ductility of the films to a different extent, depending upon the blend composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Characterization of Liquid Natural Rubber As Impact Modifier for Epoxy Resin
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Physics Procedia 55 ( 2014 ) 129 – 137 Eight International Conference on Material Sciences (CSM8-ISM5) Synthesis And Characterization Of Liquid Natural Rubber As Impact Modifier For Epoxy Resin A.B. BEN SALEHa, Z.A. MOHD ISHAKb, A. S. HASHIMb, W.A. KAMILc, U.S. ISHIAKUd Faculty of education, Misurata University,Misurata, Libyaa, School of Material and Mineral Resourcesb School of Chemical Sciencec Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-kud Kyoto 606-8585, Japan Abstract Liquid natural rubber (LNR) with a molecular weight CMn =16×103 was prepared by the depolymerization of deproteinized natural rubber latex (DPNR). The liquid natural rubber (LNR) was characterized by FTIR and H’NMR spectroscopic analysis. LNR was premixed with the epoxy resin (EP) and cured with a diamine curing agent for 1 h at 100 °C and post cured at 110 °C, for 2 h in air oven. The modified EP containing different contents of LNR (5, 10, 15 and 20 phr) were evaluated. Thermal, mechanical and morphology properties were determined. The fracture toughness (KIC) of both unmodified and modified EPs were determined on static loaded single edge notched (SEN-B) specimens at room temperature. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the modified EPs were decreased with increasing LNR content. The strengths and modulus of EPs were slightly reduced with the incorporation of LNR. The effect was also reflected in the significant increase in the tensile strain of modified EP. Fracture toughness of the EP was observed to increase with the presence of LNR.
    [Show full text]