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Ultramontanism and Catholic Modernism Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: D History, Archaeology & Anthropology Volume 20 Issue 2 Version 1.0 Year 2020 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X Ultramontanism and Catholic Modernism: An Analysis of Political- Ecclesiastic Controversy in Germany of the 19th Century By Robson Rodrigues Gomes Filho & Felipe Monteiro Pereira De Araújo Universidade Estadual de Goi ás Abstract- The purpose of this paper is to analyze the roots of Catholic modernism in Germany from previous intellectual and theological movements, such as Catholic Enlightenment. Therfore, this paper analyzes the internal and external conflicts of the Catholic Church in Germany during the process of consolidation of modernity, in the 19th century, until culminating in the modernist movement and its consequences in the beginning of the 20th century. Keywords: modernism, catholic church, ultramontanism. GJHSS-D Classification: FOR Code: 220208p UltramontanismandCatholicModernismAnAnalysisofPoliticalEcclesiasticControversyinGermanyofthe19thCentury Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2020. Robson Rodrigues Gomes Filho & Felipe Monteiro Pereira De Araújo. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Ultramontanism and Catholic Modernism: An Analysis of Political-Ecclesiastic Controversy in Germany of the 19th Century α σ Robson Rodrigues Gomes Filho & Felipe Monteiro Pereira De Araújo Abstract - The purpose of this paper is to analyze the roots of consolidation of modernity, in the 19th century, until Catholic modernism in Germany from previous intellectual and culminating in the modernist movement and its theological movements, such as Catholic Enlightenment. consequences in the beginning of the 20th century. Therfore, this paper analyzes the internal and external co nflicts of the Catholic Church in Germany during the process of 2020 II. The Enlightenment and the Roots of consolidation of moder nity, in the 19th century, until Catholic Modernism in the 18th and culminating in the modernist movement and its consequences ear Y in the beginning of the 20th century. 19th Centuries Keywords: modernism, catholic church, ultramontanism. 1 The crisis of the Ancien Régime in Europe I. Introduction triggered political, cultural and ideological upheavals in the western world also within institutions that were in he relationship between the Catholic Church and force with it in the form of an absolutist monarchical modernity - in its most varied aspects, theoretical, system. However, even though strongly criticized by the Ttechnical and practical - was a conflict at least until Enlightenment (main adversary of the Ancien Régime), the Second Vatican Council, between 1962 and 1965. the Catholic Church remained active throughout the Therefore, throughout the 19th century and half of the European continent. Whether in its political aspect or in 20th century, modernity was seen by the Catholic its cultural dynamics, the Catholic Church has survived Church, at its institutional and papal level, as an enemy the collapse of all the institutions that have supported it of Christianity to be fought, sometimes externally, since the Roman Empire, adapting to new sometimes internally to the institution itself. In Germany, circumstances and reshaping its dialogue with the in a special way, the consolidation of modernity took society that surrounds it. The context of the rise and ) D place in a process that united both technical consolidation of the modern world was no different. ( Volume XX Issue II Version I advancement and the discursive dispute for the political Although the Roman central curia took more than a and cultural legitimacy of building national identity. century to adapt to the moral, political, cultural and There, therefore, the Catholic Church found itself caught social transformations of modernity, at the local level, up in political, cultural and theological disputes that several adaptations made possible the survival of culminated in the persecution from the German State, Catholicism in the face of the collapse of the regimes on - newly unified in 1870, to the institution, through a set of which it was based. laws called Kulturkampf. In Germany, in a specific way, it is possible to However, despite the clashes between the affirm that the survival of Catholicism in the country that papacy and triumphant modernity in the 19th century, was the cradle of the Protestant Reformation was the several movements within the Catholic Church have result mainly of two main factors: on the one hand, by emerged over these nearly two centuries in support and the vigor of popular Catholicism widely supported by lay attempt to adapt the institution to the modern world. management in a country marked by religious contrast From the Enlightenment to the Catholic modernism, the biconfessional 1; and, on the other, the emergence of an Church went through conflicts not only external, but, Enlighted Catholicism2, which made it possible for the above all, internal to remain antimodern in a world in Global Journal of Human Social Science constant transformation. 1 The "popular Catholicism" in nineteenth-century Germany treated Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to here refers, in general, to the practices of lay Catholicism popularly analyze the root s of Catholic modernism in Germany accepted and widespread in the German kingdoms until the rise of from previous intellectual and theological movements, ultramontanism and the end of Vormärz in 1848. About popula r such as Catholic Enlightenment. Therfore, this paper Catholicism in Germany nineteenth century, see: SPERBER (1984).The expression Vormärz (in free translation, “before March”), which is analyzes the internal and external conflicts of the widely used by German historiography about the 19th century, refers Catholic Church in Germany during the process of to the period between the end of the 18th century and the liberal revolutions of March 1848. 2 Author α σ: Universidade Estadual de Goiás. “Enlighted Catholicism” refers to a late 18th century Catholic tendency to adapt the Church to the Enlightenment's intellectual e-mails: [email protected], feh_ mj@h otmail.com ©2020 Global Journals Ultramontanism and Catholic Modernism: An Analysis of Political-Ecclesiastic Controversy in Germany of the 19th Century rising bourgeois class to institutionally support Therefore, the 18th century Catholic reform Catholicism in Germany. intended by Enlighted Catholicism, although socially Unlike its neighbors in Europe, Germany at the mirrored in Protestantism, rejected an abandonment to end of the 18th century had neither a unified state nor a the institution (although it wanted independence from it), single established religious confession - two essential intending, on the contrary, to adapt it to the political, factors in understanding the nature of German cultural and temporal transformations by which the Illustration. The Enlightenment in Germany, therefore, modern world passed. This non-abandonment of the was the product of an educated middle class, of readers Catholic bourgeoisie from its own religious institution is and writers who increasingly found themselves at the justified in the fact that, although they desired their service of the State or the Church. The Catholic aspect political independence from Rome, these bourgeois, still of Enlightenment thought, in turn, was only possible due Catholics, were spiritually dependent on the Church. to a series of hist orical factors from the end of the 18th This means that an analysis of such eighteenth-century century that allowed the middle class and Catholic reformers (whether lay or clergy) should not dispense bourgeoisie in Germany to have a social self-awareness with the substantial fact that religious belief is a that prompted them to rethink their own religious determining factor in the way of thinking and acting of 2020 institution belonged. According to Michel Printy, such subjects. As the Franco-German historian and ear In the eighteenth century, German Catholics rethought philosopher Bernhard Groethuysen reiterates, Y the church in a series of efforts at practical reform. In order to understand the development of bourgeois 2 Their efforts were made possible by a confluence of consciousness in its relation and opposition to the crisis and opportunity. By the middle of the eighteenth church, we must not proceed from particular views of century, the papacy seemed to be at a political low the church which allow themselves to be presented point. The easing of confessional tensions in Germany and formulated, but rather from the shape of – as well as the perception that Catholics and ecclesiastical life itself [kirchliche Leben]. In the Protestants could make common cause against eighteenth century, the Catholic church remains freethinking as well as superstition – rendered the “reality.” In large measure it still determines the need for defensive postures less acute. The rethinking thoughts and feelings of an entire segment of the of the church, threfore, proceeded in a pragmatic and population: it is a social reality … Millions of people detailed fashion, but it could not anticipate the total continue
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