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Ausgegraben: Der Wörterbuchentwurf Von Samuel Birch Ein Werkstattbericht

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Ausgegraben: Der Wörterbuchentwurf Von Samuel Birch Ein Werkstattbericht Ausgegraben: Der Wörterbuchentwurf von Samuel Birch Ein Werkstattbericht Gunnar Sperveslage The project Altägyptische Wörterbücher im Verbund at the University of Leipzig analyses dictionaries of the ancient Egyptian language compiled in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This contribution reports some pre- liminary results of this project by discussing the Sketch of a Hieroglyphical Dictionary, published by Samuel Birch in 1838. The Sketch is a short, 12-page draft containing only 94 entries. Birch could not continue his project until 1867, due to the prohibitive expense of lithographic printing and the very small number of scholars then interested in an Egyptian dictionary. But although Birch‘s undertaking was restricted by the limited number of texts and publications available at the time, his methodological approach was quite progressive. He followed Champollion’s system, used a slip archive, and included references for the definitions proposed. Wenngleich der Fokus seiner Forschungen auf dem zelnen Wörterbücher werden mit der Wortliste des antiken Sudan und dem Horn von Afrika liegt, hat Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae (TLA)2 verknüpft und sich Steffen Wenig mit nahezu allen Aspekten der mit Metadaten angereichert, so dass der Nutzer die altägyptischen Kultur, bis hin zur Rezeptionsge- Wörterbücher einzeln durchblättern und Informa- schichte, beschäftigt. Im Rahmen der gemeinsamen tionen zu den Einträgen und ihrer Wertigkeit erhal- redaktionellen Arbeit am Abschluss des 18. Bandes ten, aber auch gezielt und wörterbuchübergreifend der Reihe Meroitica haben wir uns über unsere aktu- nach spezifischen Lemmata suchen kann. Darüber ellen Forschungstätigkeiten austauschen können hinaus werden verschiedene komplexe Suchanfragen und dabei gewinnbringende Diskussionen geführt. möglich sein.3 Aufgrund Ihrer vielseitigen Interessen und Ihrer Neben der Aufbereitung der Wörterbücher und großen Anteilnahme an meiner Arbeit hoffe ich der Auswertung der erhobenen Daten beschäftigt daher, lieber Herr Wenig, dass auch meine hier vor- sich das Projekt mit der Geschichte der altägypti- gelegten Bemerkungen zu den Anfängen der Lexi- schen Lexikographie und der angewandten Metho- kographie des Altägyptischen Ihr Interesse finden. den.4 Dazu gehören u.a. die Ermittlung der verwen- Wie Sie sehen werden, lohnt es sich, gelegentlich auch deten Quellen, die Erschließung der Methoden zur einmal Ausgrabungen in der Philologie zu betreiben. Bedeutungsermittlung sowie die Biographien der Wörterbuchautoren. Die wissenschaftsgeschichtli- che Auseinandersetzung soll damit am Ende einen 1. Einleitung Beitrag zur Standortbestimmung des Faches Ägyp- Im Rahmen des Projektes Altägyptische Wörterbü- cher im Verbund wird am Ägyptologischen Institut ägyptologische Teilprojekt arbeitet unter der Leitung von der Universität Leipzig eine Datenbank aufgebaut, Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert, Tonio Sebastian Richter und in der Wörterbücher aus der Zeit vor der Entste- Peter Dils, Mitarbeiter sind Marc Brose, Josephine Hensel hung des Wörterbuches der aegyptischen Sprache von und der Verfasser; von Seiten der Informatik wird das Pro- Adolf Erman und Hermann Grapow digital aufbe- jekt von David Georg Reichelt unterstützt. Allen genann- reitet und annotiert werden.1 Die Einträge der ein- ten sei für Diskussionen und Anregungen herzlich gedankt. 2 Erarbeitet im Akademienprojekt Altägyptisches Wörter- buch an der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wis- 1 Das Projekt ist Teil des multidisziplinären Projektes Wis- senschaften und an der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissen- sensrohstoff Text mit Subprojekten aus sieben verschie- schaften zu Leipzig; Fortführung im laufenden Neuprojekt denen Disziplinen: <http://wirote.informatik.uni-leipzig. Strukturen und Transformationen des Wortschatzes der de/wrote/>. Angesiedelt ist es am Institut für Informatik, ägyptischen Sprache an denselben Einrichtungen. Abteilung für Automatische Sprachverarbeitung, an der 3 Eine Website zur Veröffentlichung der Datenbank im Universität Leipzig. Geleitet wird das Projekt von Gerhard Internet ist derzeit in der Entwicklung. Heyer, gefördert vom Europäischen Sozialfond (ESF). Das 4 Siehe hierzu demnächst auch Brose i.V. 324 Gunnar Sperveslage tologie liefern, indem sie Genese, Stand und Perspek- das Studium der Arbeiten von Champollion und tiven der ägyptischen Wortforschung analysiert. Young zur Ägyptologie gelangt war, veröffentlich- Als Einblick in die Arbeit an den frühen Wörter- te ab 1836 mehrere ägyptologische Publikationen. büchern und als Werkstattbericht soll an dieser Stelle, Zwischen 1837 und 1855 erschienen seine Egyptian nach einem knappen Überblick über die Anfänge Inscriptions in drei Bänden, die zu seiner Zeit eines der altägyptischen Lexikographie, der Entwurf eines der größten Corpora an publizierten Inschriften dar- Wörterbuches von Samuel Birch, der im Herbst 1838 stellten und daher wesentlich zur weiteren Wort- unter dem Titel Sketch of a Hieroglyphical Dictio- forschung beitrugen. Sharpes Rudiments enthält auf nary publiziert wurde, vorgestellt und besprochen 151 Seiten und 16 Tafeln 1050 thematisch sortierte werden. Einträge. Er gibt keine Umschrift der Wörter, son- dern nur eine Übersetzung, häufig zusätzlich oder auch anstelle der Übersetzung eine Erklärung des 2. Die Anfänge der altägyptischen Lexikographie Lemmas. Meist folgen kulturwissenschaftliche oder religionsgeschichtliche Erläuterungen. Die Einträge Die Erforschung der altägyptischen Lexikographie selbst bestehen hauptsächlich aus Götter-, Personen- und damit des Fundamentes, auf dem Adolf Erman und Königsnamen sowie Phrasen, v.a. Elementen aus und Hermann Grapow das Wörterbuch der aegyp- Opferformeln und Königsepitheta. Als Belegangabe tischen Sprache aufbauten, ist eine der Aufgaben, steht häufig ein Verweis auf den 1837 erschienen die sich das Projekt Altägyptische Wörterbücher im ersten Teil der Egyptian Inscriptions. Aus drucktech- Verbund gestellt hat.5 Samuel Birch gehört zu den nischen Gründen abgetrennt befinden sich die hiero- Pionieren der altägyptischen Lexikographie, auch glyphischen Schreibungen in einem lithographierten wenn die Anfänge noch weiter zurückreichen. Bevor Tafelteil im Anhang. Eine erweiterte Ausgabe mit die ersten Wörterbücher entstanden, wurden Glos- 2035 Einträgen folgte 24 Jahre später unter dem sare und Listen von Wörtern und Wortgruppen Titel Egyptian Hieroglyphics: Being an Attempt to erstellt. Basierend auf dem demotischen Text des Explain their Nature, Origin, and Meaning. With a Steins von Rosette erstellten sowohl Johan David Vocabulary. Åkerblad als auch Thomas Young Listen der von Fast zeitgleich zu Sharpes Rudiments erschien ihnen entzifferten Wörter.6 Die Lexikographie des 1838 der Wörterbuchentwurf von Samuel Birch Koptischen blickt auf eine noch längere Geschich- (1813-1885), der sich konzeptionell deutlich von te und geht bis Athanasius Kircher, u.a. sein 1643 Sharpe unterscheidet und unten ausführlich bespro- erschienenes Werk Lingua aegyptiaca restituta, chen wird. Aus Gründen, die noch erläutert werden, zurück. 1775 folgte das Lexicon aegyptiaco-latinum blieb es bei dem Entwurf. Ein vollständiges Wör- von Mathurin Veyssière de Lacroze, 1804 Collectio terbuch konnte Birch erst 1867 im fünften Band der et explicatio vocum aegytiacarum von Paul Ernst englischen Übersetzung von Christian Carl Josias Jablonski und 1808 Etymologiae aegyptiacae von von Bunsens Aegyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte Ignatius Rossi. 1835 wurden die koptischen Wör- vorlegen.9 terbücher von Amadeus Peyron und Henry Tattam, sowie auf diese aufbauend 1844 das Vocabularium Das erste ausführliche Wörterbuch der ägypti- von Gustav Parthey veröffentlicht.7 schen Sprache erschien 1841. Aus dem Nachlass Das erste hieroglyphische Wörterbuch erschien Jean François Champollions (1790-1832) hat sein 1837 unter dem Titel Rudiments of a Vocabulary of älterer Bruder Jacques-Joseph Champollion-Figeac Egyptian Hieroglyphics, verfasst von Samuel Shar- (1778-1867) den Dictionnaire égyptien en écriture pe (1799-1881).8 Sharpe, der sich aufgrund seines hiéroglyphique kompiliert. Dieses Wörterbuch ist Interesses an Alter Geschichte und biblischen Stu- anhand einer nach Sachgruppen definierten Zeichen- dien mit dem Koptischen befasst hatte und über liste von 566 hieroglyphischen Zeichen geordnet.10 5 An Überblicken zur altägyptischen Lexikographie siehe 9 Birch 1867. u.a. Budge 1920, v-lxxii; Sturtewagen 1994; Schenkel 1995; 10 Die Klassifizierung und Gruppeneinteilung der Zeichen Dils 2010; vgl. auch die Bemerkungen bei Borger 1984; für entspricht weitgehend dem System der Sign List von eine Liste ägyptischer Wörterbücher siehe Degardin 1972 Alan H. Gardiner, der auffälligste Unterschied ist die sowie eine aktuellere Liste von Simon Schweitzer auf der Reihenfolge der Gruppen, die bei Champollion einem Website des Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae (TLA) unter kosmischen Prinzip folgt, nach dem zuerst die Gruppe der http://aaew.bbaw.de/projekt/bibliographie (10.02.2014). Himmelskörper, dann der Mensch, die Tiere und schließ- 6 Åkerblad 1802; Young 1831. lich Dinge folgen. Eine Untersuchung dieser und weiterer 7 Peyron 1835; Tattam 1835; Parthey 1844. früher Zeichenlisten, u.a. von Emmanuel de Rougé, Hein- 8 Zur Person siehe Bierbrier 2012, 505-506. rich Brugsch und Simeone Levi, sowie die Erstellung einer Der Wörterbuchentwurf von Samuel Birch 325 Unter jeder Nummer sind alle Wörter zusammen- gefasst, in denen das Zeichen vorkommt bzw. für die es signifikant ist, unabhängig davon, an welcher Position das Zeichen steht, ob es
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