2016 Minerals Yearbook

AUSTRALIA [ADVANCE RELEASE]

U.S. Department of the Interior May 2021 U.S. Geological Survey The Mineral Industry of Australia By Spencer D. Buteyn

Australia’s nominal gross domestic product (GDP) was 1.68 petroleum extraction increased in value by 13%, followed by trillion Australian dollars (AUD) ($1.20 trillion1) in 2016. iron ore mining, which increased by 12%, and coal mining, 4%, Australia’s real GDP increased by 2.4% in 2016 compared whereas exploration and mining support services decreased by 17%, with that of 2015. Mining remained a significant contributor and other mining, by 7% (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018a). to the country’s growth, contributing 0.2 percentage points The mineral industry employed 163,484 people at the end to real GDP growth. Although mining investment continued of June 2016 compared with 177,670 in 2015 and from a to decrease in 2016—down by 33% from that of 2015 and peak of 194,205 in 2012. Metallic ore mining accounted for by 56% from the high in 2012—production amounts of most 40.0% of mining employment, followed by coal mining, 22.7%; mineral commodities continued to increase, and some mineral exploration and other mining services, 18.4%; natural gas and commodities, such as coal (all types) and iron ore, reached petroleum extraction, 11.7%; and nonmetallic mineral mining record highs. The decreased investment was owing to large and quarrying, 7.4%. Employment in every category of mining projects moving from the exploration and development stages decreased compared with that of 2015. Natural gas and petroleum to the production stage, which requires less capital expenditure, extraction was the only mineral extraction category to have higher as well as a decrease in the number of new exploration projects employment at the end of June 2016 compared with that of (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2017b, 2018a; Department of June 2012, with 19,147 people employed in 2016 and 17,435 Industry, Innovation, and Science, 2017b, p. 5–11). employed in 2012. Employment in exploration and other mining Australia continued to be among the world’s leading support services saw the largest decrease during the past 4 years, producers of such mineral commodities as bauxite, coal, cobalt, to 30,054 people at the end of June 2016 from 50,944 people at copper, gem and industrial diamond, gold, gypsum, ilmenite, the end of June 2012 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2017a). iron ore, lead, lithium, manganese, nickel, phosphate rock, rare- Total expenditures on exploration had decreased every year earth elements, rutile, salt, silver, tin, uranium, zinc, and zircon. since 2012. In 2016, expenditures on exploration decreased to Australia’s rutile production accounted for more than 47% of AUD 2.80 billion ($2.00 billion), which was a 33% decrease world production; industrial garnet, iron ore, and lithium, 37% compared with that of 2015. This was a 63% decrease from the each; zircon, 34%; bauxite, 30%; industrial diamond, 23%; high of AUD 7.66 billion ($7.62 billion) in 2012. Nonpetroleum alumina, 17%; manganese and ilmenite, 14% each; rare-earth mineral exploration accounted for 51% of total exploration oxide, 12%; lead and nickel, 10% each; gold, 9%; zinc, 8%; expenditures in 2016, whereas petroleum exploration accounted and cobalt and copper, 5% each.2 Australia was ranked third for 49%. Exploration expenditures for petroleum decreased by in global uranium production, accounting for approximately 50% compared with that of 2015, and those for nonpetroleum 10% of world production, and was ranked fourth in global coal minerals decreased by 1% (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018b). production, accounting for 7% of world production (BP p.l.c., With respect to the exploration for nonpetroleum minerals, 2017, p. 30; Bedinger, 2018a, b; Bray, 2018a, b; Corathers, identified deposits accounted for 68% of exploration 2018; Flanagan, 2018; Gambogi, 2018; George, 2018; Jaskula, expenditures, and new deposits accounted for the remaining 2018; Klochko, 2018; McRae, 2018; Olson, 2018; Shedd, 2018; 32%. In 2016, 6,728 kilometers (km) was drilled in the Singerling, 2018; Thomas, 2018; Tuck, 2018; World Nuclear exploration for nonpetroleum minerals, which was a 13% Association, 2018). increase compared with that of 2015. This was the first increase since 2011 when 10,920 km was drilled. Gold deposits Minerals in the National Economy accounted for the largest share of exploration expenditures among nonpetroleum minerals in 2016, accounting for 43% of In 2016, mining (including exploration and mining support the total, followed by iron ore deposits, 20%; copper deposits, services) accounted for 5.9% of Australia’s GDP compared with 9.5%; coal (undifferentiated), 8.7%; nickel-cobalt deposits, 5.8% in 2015. The gross output of the mineral sector overall 3.6%; silver-lead-zinc deposits, 3.3%; uranium, 1.6%; mineral increased in value by 4.9% to AUD 99.0 billion ($70.7 billion). sands [composed of titanium ore minerals (ilmenite, leucoxene, Iron ore mining accounted for 35% of the gross output of the and rutile), garnet, staurolite, and zircon], 1.4%; and diamond, mineral sector, followed by petroleum and gas extraction, 26%; 0.1%. Other minerals, which included construction sand and coal mining, 18%; other mining (which includes nonferrous gravel, crushed stone, tin, and tungsten (scheelite and wolframite), metals, industrial minerals, and uranium), 15%; and exploitation accounted for the remaining 8.2% of exploration expenditures. and mining services, 7%. The gross output of natural gas and Exploration expenditures on diamond decreased by 63.5% in 2016; uranium, 46.8%; coal, 41.7%; nickel-cobalt, 21.0%; 1 Where necessary, values have been converted from Australian dollars mineral sands, 18.8%; iron ore, 9.0%; and silver-lead-zinc, (AUD) to U.S. dollars at the rate of AUD 1.005=US$1.00 for 2012, AUD 1.078=US$1.00 for 2014, AUD 1.345=US$1.00 for 2015, and AUD 8.1% compared with those of 2015. Exploration expenditures 1.400=US$1.00 for 2016. increased only for gold and copper in 2016, by 29.9% and 12.2%, 2World rankings and percentages do not include U.S. production for ilmenite, respectively (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018b–e). rutile, and zircon.

Australia—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.1 Total expenditures on petroleum exploration was valued at and petroleum industries are regulated under the Mining Act AUD 1.37 billion ($981 million) in 2016, which was a 49.6% 1971, the Mining Regulations 2011, and the Petroleum and decrease from that of 2015. This was a decrease of 71% from Geothermal Energy Act 2000 and are managed by the Energy a peak of AUD 4.74 billion ($4.40 billion) in 2014. Offshore Resources Division and the Mineral Resources Division, both exploration accounted for 75% of total expenditures on part of the Department of State Development. The Tasmania petroleum exportation and decreased by 44.2% in 2016, whereas mining and petroleum industries are regulated under the Mineral expenditures on onshore exploration decreased by 60.8%. Resources Development Act 1995 and managed by the Mineral Drilling accounted for 44.8% of total onshore exploration Resources Tasmania, Department of State Growth. Victoria’s expenditures, whereas it accounted for 64.1% of offshore mining and petroleum industries are regulated under the expenditures (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018b, f). Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development) Act 1990 and the Petroleum Act 1998 and are managed by the Energy and Earth Government Policies and Programs Resources Division, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport, and Resources. Western Australia’s mining Land ownership in Australia is divided into two categories, and petroleum industries are regulated under the Mining Act freehold land, which includes land that is held by traditional 1978, the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Resources Act owner groups, such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land 1967, and the Petroleum (Submerged Lands 1982) and managed groups; and nonfreehold land or public land, commonly known by the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation, and Safety as Crown land. Mineral resources, irrespective of whether (Geoscience Australia, 2017, p. 19, 26, 28; Department of the they are located on freehold or Crown land, are owned by the Premier and Cabinet, 2018, p. 6). Government of Australia. The right to extract these minerals The Northern Territory mining and petroleum industry is is under the jurisdiction of the respective State governments managed by the Department of Primary Industry and Resources, (Australian Trade and Investment Commission, 2018). which replaced the Northern Territory Mines Department on In Australia’s three-tiered Government system—local, September 12, 2016. The Northern Territory’s nonpetroleum State or Territories, and Federal—each State or Territory mineral industry is regulated under the Minerals Act 2012. establishes its own legal framework for the mineral sector and The Government of the Northern Territory passed the Petroleum has the authority to grant mining rights. Mineral resources are Amendment Bill 2016 on May 26. This bill amended the existing considered owned by either the Federal or State governments. Petroleum Act 1984 to increase the Minister of Mines and States, however, do not engage in commercial exploration or Energy’s discretionary power over environmental management development of minerals; this is carried out solely by the private plans for onshore petroleum. The Northern Territory’s offshore sector. All States and Territories, apart from the Australian Capital petroleum industry in coastal waters is regulated under the Territory, have identified mineral resources and established Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1981 (Besgrove and mineral industries. Federal and State or Territory governments Michaels, 2016; Geoscience Australia, 2017, p. 26, 28). do invest in the collection and release of geoscientific data. Offshore exploration and production of petroleum that is beyond The Federal Government sets national policy regarding the State and Territory coastal waters, known as Commonwealth mineral sector as a whole, including the regulation of offshore Waters, is regulated under the Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse mining operations, foreign direct investment guidelines, Gas Storage Act 2006 (Commonwealth), Offshore Petroleum and taxation policy. The administration of offshore mineral and Greenhouse Gas Storage (Safety) Regulations 2009, resources is overseen by the National Offshore Petroleum Titles Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage (Environment) Administrator. Environmental and safety issues are overseen Regulations 2009, and Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse by the National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Gas Storage (Resource Management and Administration) Management Authority. States and Territories manage and Regulations 2011. Regulations of petroleum exploration allocate mineral and petroleum property rights onshore and in in Commonwealth waters are administered jointly by the coastal waters. Coastal waters are defined as those adjacent to Federal Government and the State and Territory governments. a State or Territory’s jurisdiction from the low-water mark out The National Offshore Petroleum Titles Administrator and to the outer limit of the first 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) of the the National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Territorial Sea Baseline. They also regulate mining operations Management Authority perform the regulatory activities and oversee the adherence to environmental, occupational associated with offshore petroleum exploration and production health, and safety laws; collect royalties; and oversee other (Geoscience Australia, 2017, p. 32). mineral-related laws and regulations that are not covered by The exploration and production of offshore minerals other Australia’s Constitution (Geoscience Australia, 2017, p. 18–19). than petroleum in Commonwealth Waters are regulated under The mining and petroleum industries of New South Wales the Commonwealth Offshore Minerals Act 1994. Most States are regulated under the Mining Act 1992 No. 29, and the have developed legislation for offshore minerals within their Petroleum (Onshore) Act 1991 and are managed by the Division respective coastal waters based on the Commonwealth Offshore of Resources and Energy, Department of Industry, Skills and Minerals Act 1994. This legislation includes the Offshore Regional Development. The Queensland mining and petroleum Minerals Act 1999 in New South Wales, the Offshore Minerals industries are regulated under the Mineral Resources Act Act 1998 in Queensland, the Offshore Minerals Act 2000 in 1989, Petroleum and Gas (Production and Safety) Act 2004, South Australia, and the Offshore Minerals Act 2003 in Western and Petroleum Act 1923 and are managed by the Department Australia. Offshore minerals in coastal waters are covered by of Natural Resources and Mines. South Australia’s mining

3.2 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2016 the Mineral Resources Development Act 1995 in the Northern more included nickel (plant production, unspecified), 88%; Territory and the Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development) tungsten (mine production, W content), 69%; manganese (mine Act 1990 in Victoria. Tasmania had no legislation relating production, gross weight), 57%; manganese (mine production, directly to nonpetroleum offshore minerals in its coastal waters Mn content), 56%; zinc (mine production, Zn content), 45%; (Geoscience Australia, 2017, p. 32, 37). silicomanganese, 35%; kaolin, 33%; lead (mine production, Pb Foreign investment in Australia is regulated under the Foreign content), 31%; fuller’s earth (attapulgite), 25%; ferromanganese, Acquisitions and Takeovers Act 1975. Foreign government- 23%; copper (leaching, electrowon), 23%; nickel matte controlled investors must receive approval from the Federal (intermediate production, nickel), 14%; refined lead [secondary Government before acquiring interest in a mineral or petroleum (excluding remelt)], 13%; nickel (refinery production, metal), exploration permit. Nongovernment foreign investors, however, 11%; and cobalt (Co content of nickel and zinc concentrate from may be issued exploration permits by a State or Territory lateritic ore), 10% (table 1). government without approval under the Foreign Acquisition and Takeover Act. Acquisitions of an interest of 15% or more Structure of the Mineral Industry in an Australian business valued at more than AUD 252 million The Australian Government and the State and Territory ($180 million) (indexed in 2016) by foreign investors require governments did not engage in exploration for nor development approval. Nongovernment investors from Chile, Japan, the of mineral resources. All exploration and mining operations Republic of Korea, New Zealand, and the United States can were undertaken by private entities. The mineral industry had acquire an interest of 15% in Australia businesses valued the largest share of foreign ownership among all Australia’s at less than AUD 1,094 million ($781 million) (indexed in industries. In 2016, 27.4% of mining businesses had some 2016) without the approval of the Federal Government, under foreign ownership (10.3% of the mining businesses were less associated Australian free trade agreement commitments than 10% foreign owned, 5.5% were between 10% and 50% (Foreign Investment Review Board, 2016; Geoscience Australia, foreign owned, and 11.6% were greater than 50% foreign 2017, p. 22). owned). Table 2 is a list of major mineral industry facilities In 2016, the net inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2017b, p. 58; toward Australia was valued at AUD 64.8 billion ($46.3 billion), Geoscience Australia, 2017, p. 18). which was a 150% increase from that of 2015. The mineral industry remained the leading recipient category of FDI, Mineral Trade accounting for 45.9% of total net inflow of FDI in 2016. Net inflow of FDI towards mining increased by 158% in 2016. The Australia’s nonfuel mineral exports were valued at leading source of FDI was the United States, which accounted AUD 106.9 billion ($76.4 billion) in 2016, which was a for 17.5% of the net inflow in 2016, followed by Japan, 15.8%; 3.8% increase compared with that of 2015 following a 14.0% the United Kingdom, 15.4%; and China (excluding the special decrease in 2014. The value of Australia’s mineral fuel exports administrative region of Hong Kong), 6.0%. The stock of FDI at increased by 8.8% to AUD 68.6 billion ($49.0 billion) in 2016. the end of 2016 was AUD 796 billion ($569 billion), of which Australia’s leading mineral export by value was iron ore, the mineral industry accounted for the largest share at 39% which increased by 9.5% to AUD 53.8 billion ($38.4 billion); followed by the manufacturing industry at 11.5%. The United followed by metallurgical coal, which increased by 24.9% to Stated accounted for 21.4% of FDI stocks at the end of the year. AUD 26.4 billion ($18.9 billion); LNG, which increased by Other countries with large shares of FDI stocks included the 8.9% to AUD 17.9 billion ($12.8 billion); gold, which increased United Kingdom, 13.2%; New Zealand, 12.0%; and Singapore, by 27.5% to AUD 17.8 billion ($12.7 billion); and thermal coal, 3.7% (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2017b, p. 48, which decreased by 0.2% to AUD 15.8 billion ($11.3 billion) 79, 82–83). (Department of Industry, Innovation, and Science, 2017b, p. 17). In 2016, Australia exported about 808 million metric Production tons (Mt) of iron ore (gross weight, including pellets); 23.2 Mt of bauxite; 17.9 Mt of alumina; 1.4 Mt of aluminum; Mineral commodities for which output increased by 10% 979,000 metric tons (t) of copper (Cu content of ore, or more included natural garnet (abrasives), 103%; liquefied concentrate, intermediate products, and refined metal); natural gas (LNG), 49%; platinum-group metals (mine 638,000 t of iron and steel; 611,000 t of ilmenite; 594,000 t of production, metal content), 43% (platinum content, 45%; and lead (Pb content of ore, concentrates, intermediate products, palladium content, 43%); ilmenite and leucoxene, 42%; talc and refined metal); 560,000 t of zircon concentrate; 217,000 t and related minerals (chlorite, pyrophyllite, and steatite), 39%; of rutile; 211,000 t of nickel (Ni content of ore, concentrate, antimony (mine production, Sb content), 35%; bentonite, 30%; intermediate products and refined metal); 100,000 t of natural gas (marketable), 27%; rare earths (mineral concentrate, leucoxene; and 329 t of gold. Australia exported 13 million rare-earth-oxide equivalent), 25%; refined cobalt (primary, carats of diamond (95% unsorted, 5% gem quality, in terms Co content), 22%; barite, 19%; gypsum, 17%; refined gold of weight) valued at AUD 642 million ($459 million) (50% (primary and secondary), 14%; refined silver, 14%; lignite, unsorted, 50% gem quality, in terms of value). Opal exports liquefied petroleum gas, and magnesite, 12% each; anthracite, were valued at AUD 60 million ($43 million) (20% rough, bituminous coal, metallurgical coal, and subbituminous coal, 80% cut and polished); rough sapphires, AUD 12 million 11% each; and uranium (mine production, U content), 10%. ($8 million); and other gemstones (including cut and polished Mineral commodities for which output decreased by 10% or

Australia—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.3 sapphires), AUD 22 million ($16 million) (Department of (Department of Industry, Innovation, and Science, 2017b, Industry, Innovation, and Science, 2017b, p. 16, 26). p. 23–25, 27–29, 31, 36). Fuel mineral exports in 2016 included 202 Mt of thermal The value of Australia’s mineral imports decreased by coal; 189 Mt of metallurgical coal; 42 Mt of LNG; 7,446 t 12.1% to AUD 36.9 billion ($26.3 billion). Australia’s leading of uranium oxide; about 81 million barrels (Mbbl) of crude mineral import by value was petroleum refinery products petroleum (including other refinery feedstock); and 20.3 Mbbl valued at AUD 15.5 billion ($11.0 billion), followed by crude of petroleum refinery products, of which liquefied petroleum petroleum (including other refinery feedstock), AUD 8.2 gas accounted for 69% of the total. The mineral export with the billion ($5.8 billion) and gold bullion (refined and unrefined), largest percentage increase in volume was petroleum refinery AUD 5.9 billion ($4.2 billion). Raw steel imports decreased products, which increased by 93.2%, followed by LNG and by 34% to 1.9 Mt in 2016, and iron ore imports decreased by gold, which increased by 50.5% and 16.8%, respectively. The 71% to 816,000 t. Imports of diamond (including sorted and largest percentage decreases were in refined silver, which unsorted, gem-quality and industrial diamond, and diamond dust decreased by 82.9%; rutile (synthetic), 81.6%; lead ore and and powder) increased by 50% to 518,195 carats, and phosphate concentrate (gross weight), 60.1%; and zinc ore and concentrate rock imports increased by 9.2% to 447,503 t (Department of (gross weight), 46.8% (Department of Industry, Innovation, and Industry, Innovation, and Science, 2017b, p. 19). Science, 2017b, p. 16, 35). Australia’s leading supplier of crude petroleum (including China (excluding Hong Kong), Japan, and the United States other refinery feedstock) was Malaysia, which accounted for were Australia’s leading export markets. Exports to China in 30.3% of Australia’s imports, followed by the United Arab 2016 increased by 8.9% to AUD 93.0 billion ($66.5 billion), Emirates, 18.9%; Indonesia, 11.2%; New Zealand, 7.4%; and accounting for 28.2% of Australia’s total exports. In 2016, Papua New Guinea, 7.1%. Morocco accounted for 24.8% of Australia’s major mineral commodity exports to China included Australia’s imports of phosphate rock, and Nauru accounted for 662 Mt of iron ore (including pellets), 36.4 Mt of thermal coal, 7.7% (Department of Industry, Innovation, and Science, 2017b, 28.2 Mt of metallurgical coal, 821,185 t of copper ore and p. 31–32). concentrates, 609,245 t of zinc concentrate, 234,998 t of refined copper, 143,039 t of refined zinc, 8,836 t of lead concentrate (a Commodity Review substantial decrease of 96%), 50,281 kilograms of gold bullion Metals (refined and unrefined) (a substantial decrease of 72%), and 17.6 Mbbl of crude petroleum (including other refinery feedstock) Bauxite and Alumina and Aluminum.—Western Australia (a substantial increase of 627%) (Department of Foreign Affairs remained Australia’s leading bauxite-producing State, and Trade, 2017a, p. 5, 33; Department of Industry, Innovation, accounting for 54% of the country’s bauxite production in 2016, and Science, 2017b, p. 23–25, 27–29, 31, 36). followed by Queensland, 35%, and the Northern Territory, 11%. Exports to Japan in 2016 decreased by 8.7% to AUD 38.5 billion In 2016, seven bauxite mines operated in the country—three ($27.5 billion), accounting for 11.7% of Australia’s total exports. in the Darling Range in Western Australia, two near Weipa in In 2016, Australia’s major commodity exports to Japan included Queensland, one at Gove in the Northern Territory, and one at 87.4 Mt of metallurgical coal (22.5% high quality and 77.5% Campbell Town in Tasmania. By capacity, Rio Tinto Aluminum other), 79.6 Mt of thermal coal, 73.0 Mt of iron ore, 459,130 t of Ltd. (Rio Tinto plc, 100%) operated the country’s leading bauxite aluminum, 363,269 t of copper ore and concentrates, 59,412 t of mine in Weipa, Queensland, followed by the Huntly Mine in lead concentrate, 168,772 t of zinc concentrates, and 5.4 Mbbl Western Australia, operated by Alcoa Australia Ltd. (Alcoa Corp., of crude petroleum (including other refinery feedstock). 100%), and the Boddington-Worsley Mine in Western Australia, Exports to the United States in 2016 decreased by 6.5% to operated by Worsley Alumina Pty. Ltd. [South32 Ltd., 86%; AUD 20.7 billion ($14.8 billion), accounting for 6.3% of Japan Alumina Associates (Australia) Pty, Ltd., 10%; and Sojitz Australia’s total exports. Australia exported 52,084 t of refined Alumina Pty., 4%]. Australian Bauxite Ltd.’s Bald Hill Mine zinc and 1.3 Mbbl of crude petroleum (including other refinery in Bald Hill, Tasmania, resumed operation in August following feedstock) to the United States (Department of Foreign Affairs the company’s suspension of operations in January, citing an and Trade, 2017a, p. 33; Department of Industry, Innovation, oversupply of Malaysian bauxite exported to China. Green Coast and Science, 2017b, 23–25, 28–29, 31, 36). Resources Pty Ltd. sent its first shipment of bauxite produced The Republic of Korea was a substantial importer of at its Hey Point Mine, south of Weipa, Queensland, in October lead concentrate, zinc concentrate, and aluminum from (table 2; Australian Bauxite Ltd., 2016, p. 3; McKillop, 2016; Australia, accounting for 53%, 33%, and 32% of the total Department of Industry, Innovation, and Science, 2017b, p. 23). exports, respectively, in terms of tonnage. India accounted In 2016, six alumina refineries operated in Australia—four in for 32% of Australia’s metallurgical coal exports, 19% of the Darling Range at Kwinana, Pinjarra, Wagerup, and Worsley, refined lead exports, and 15% of copper ore and concentrates and two near Gladstone, Queensland. A total of four aluminum exports. Malaysia and Taiwan were substantial importers of smelters remained operating in 2016, in Tomogo, New South refined copper from Australia, accounting for 19% and 12% Wales; Bell Bay, Tasmania; Boyne Island, Queensland; and of Australia’s exports, respectively. The United Kingdom Portland, Victoria (table 2). and Hong Kong accounted for 39% and 35% of Australia’s Rio Tinto continued to develop its Amrun project, a gold bullion (refined and unrefined) exports, respectively 22.8-million-metric-ton-per-year (Mt/yr) bauxite mine. The Amrun project was expected to begin operating in 2019 and had

3.4 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2016 a capital expenditure of $1.9 billion. Smaller bauxite projects Queensland produced 44% of the country’s zinc ore and expected to begin producing during the next 5 years included concentrate (Zn content), followed by the Northern Territory, Metallica Minerals Ltd.’s Urquhart project, Metro Mining Ltd.’s 22%; New South Wales, 15%; Tasmania, 10%; and Western Skarndon River and Bauxite Hills projects, and Australian Australia, 9%. The leading lead and zinc mines, by capacity, Bauxite’s Binjour project (Geoscience Australia, 2018, p. 19). were the Cannington Mine in Queensland, operated by South32, Copper.—South Australia remained Australia’s leading State and the McArthur River Mine in the Northern Territory, in the production of copper ore and concentrate, by copper operated by McArthur River Mining Pty Ltd. (Glencore plc of content, accounting for 31% of the copper ore and concentrate Switzerland, 100%). In 2016, approximately 150,000 t of lead produced in the country, followed by Queensland, 28%; New and 79,000 t of zinc were produced at the Cannington Mine, South Wales, 22%; Western Australia, 19%; and Tasmania, and 42,000 t of lead and 270,000 t of zinc were produced at the 0.2%. By capacity, the Olympic Dam Mine was Australia’s McArthur River Mine. Both mines also produced silver—570 t leading copper mine; the mine was owned and operated by at the Cannington Mine and about 44 t at the McArthur River BHP Billiton plc through its wholly owned subsidiary BHP Mine (table 2; South32 Ltd., 2016, p. 6; 2017; p. 6; Department Billiton Olympic Dam Corp. Pty. Ltd. (Department of Industry, of Industry, Innovation, and Science, 2017b, p. 29, 33, 36; Innovation, and Science, 2017b, p. 25). Glencore plc, 2017, p. 208). Gold.—Western Australia remained Australia’s leading Nickel.—Western Australia remained Australia’s sole nickel- gold-producing State, accounting for 67% of the country’s producing State. In 2016, major nickel operations, by capacity, gold production in 2016, followed by New South Wales, 14%; included the Leinster Mine and the Mount Keith Mine, both Queensland, 7%; the Northern Territory, 6%; South Australia of which were operated by BHP Billiton; the Murrin Murrin and Victoria, 3% each; and Tasmania, 0.4%. Major gold mines Mine, operated by Minara Resources Ltd. (Glencore, 100%); in Western Australia included the Boddington Mine, operated by and the Forrestania project (which included the Fly Fox Mine Newmont Mining Corp. of the United States, and the Kalgoorlie and the Spotted Quoll Mine), operated by Western Areas Ltd. Mine, operated by Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mine Pty Mincor Resources NL placed its Mariners and Miitel Mines Ltd. (Barrick Gold Corp. of Canada, 50%, and Newmont on care-and-maintenance status at the end of January owing to Mining Corp., 50%). Newcrest Mining Ltd. operated the Cadia low nickel prices (table 2; Ingram, 2016; Geoscience Australia, Valley mining complex, which was the leading gold-producing 2017, p. 30; 2018, p. 32). operation in New South Wales (Department of Industry, BHP Billiton operated the Kalgoorlie nickel smelter, which Innovation, and Science, 2017b, p. 27). was Australia’s leading nickel smelter, in Kalgoorlie, Western Iron Ore.—Western Australia remained Australia’s leading Australia. The smelter produced nickel matte, which was iron-ore-producing State, accounting for nearly 99% of the total transported to the Kwinana nickel refinery, also operated by iron ore production in 2016. South Australia accounted for 1% BHP Billiton. The Yabulu refinery, in Townsville, Queensland, of iron ore production, and Tasmania accounted for less than was operated by Queensland Nickel Pty Ltd. and produced 1%. The Pilbara Region in northwestern Western Australia was nickel metal from nickel hydroxide cake imported from New the country’s leading iron-ore-producing region. In this region, Caledonia. The refinery closed in March owing to decreasing Rio Tinto owned and operated nine mines through its wholly nickel prices and high operating costs (Australian Broadcasting owned subsidiary Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd. Another two mines Corp. 2016; Geoscience Australia, 2018, p. 32). were operated by Hope Downs Iron Ore Pty Ltd. (Hancock Prospecting Pty Ltd., 50%, and Hamersley, 50%). Other Rio Industrial Minerals Tinto joint ventures in the Pilbara Region included the Bao-HI Diamond.—Western Australia remained the sole diamond- Ranges Joint Venture (Hamersley, 54%, and Shanghai Baosteel producing State in Australia. The Argyle diamond mine was the Group Corp. of China, 46%), which operated the Eastern Range only significant producer of diamond in 2016 and was owned by Mine; the Channer Mining Joint Venture (Hamersley, 60%, and Rio Tinto through its subsidiary Argyle Diamonds Ltd. Diamond China Iron and Steel Industry & Trade Group Corp. of China, reserves and resources decreased sharply in 2016 owing to an 40%), which operated the Channer Mine; and the Robe River updated mining plan. Argyle was scheduled to close in 2021. Joint Venture (Rio Tinto, 53%; Mitsui & Co. Ltd. of Japan, Mining activities at the Merlin diamond mine in the Northern 33%; and Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corp. of Japan, Territory, which was owned and operated by Merlin Diamonds 14%), which operated three mines. BHP Billiton (85%), Itochu Ltd., recommenced in October after being inactive since 2003; Corp. of Japan (8%), and Mitsui (7%) combined owned and however, no significant diamond production took place in 2016 operated four iron ore operations in the Pilbara Region (table 2; (Geoscience Australia, 2017, p. 14, 43; Merlin Diamonds Ltd., Department of Industry, Innovation, and Science, 2017b, p. 28). 2017, p. 1–2). Lead, Silver, and Zinc.—Queensland remained Australia’s Lithium.—Western Australia was the sole lithium-producing leading lead-, silver-, and zinc-producing State. Queensland State in Australia. There were three active spodumene mines in produced 65% of the country’s lead ore and concentrate (Pb 2016; the Greenbushes Mine operated by Talison Lithium Pty. content), followed by New South Wales, 17%; the Northern Ltd. and owned by Windfield Holding Pty Ltd. (jointly owned Territory, 11%; Tasmania 6%; and Western Australia, 1%. by Sichuan Tianqi Lithium Industries Inc. of China, 51%, and Queensland produced 67% of the country’s silver, followed Albemarle Corp. of the United States, 49%); the Mount Cattlin by New South Wales, 12%; Western Australia, 7%; Tasmania Mine, owned and operated by Galaxy Resources Ltd.; and the 6%; South Australia, 4%; and the Northern Territory, 3%.

Australia—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.5 Mount Marion Mine, operated by Reed Industrial Minerals 225-km pipeline connecting it to an offshore platform (BP p.l.c., Pty Ltd. (jointly owned by Mineral Resources Ltd., 43.1%; 2017, p. 35; Chevron Corp., 2017, p. 2–3, 14, 23; 2018a, b; Ganfeng Lithium Co. Ltd. of China, 43.1%; and Neometals Department of Industry, Innovation, and Science, 2017a, p. 3). Ltd., 13.8%). Lithium concentrate produced at Greenbushes was Uranium.—South Australia produced the majority of shipped to lithium-carbonate- and lithium-hydroxide-producing uranium in Australia, accounting for 69% of the country’s facilities in Jiangxi and Sichuan, China, that were operated by production in 2016. The Northern Territory accounted for the Jiangxi Jiangli New Materials Science and Technologies Co. remaining 31% of Australia’s uranium production. Australia had Ltd. Albemarle acquired these facilities on December 31, 2016. three operating uranium mines in 2016—the Four Mile Mine, Production at the Mount Cattlin Mine restarted in April after which was owned by Quasar Resources Pty Ltd. (a subsidiary of being placed on care-and-maintenance status in March 2013. Heathgate Resources Pty. Ltd.); the Olympic Dam Mine, which Galaxy Resources reported that Mount Cattlin had produced was owned by BHP Billiton, in South Australia; and the Ranger 9,700 t of lithium concentrate by the end of the year. The Mount Mine, which was owned by Eastern Resources of Australia Marion Mine commenced production in September, and the first (Rio Tinto, 68.4%, and publicly held, 31.6%) in the Northern shipment of lithium concentrate totaling 15,000 t was expected Territory (table 2; Department of Industry, Innovation, and to be shipped in early February 2017. In September, Mineral Science, 2017b, p. 35). Resources completed its acquisition of the Wodgina Mine in Pilbara, Western Australia, from Global Advanced Metals Pty Reserves and Resources Ltd. of the United States. Mineral Resources planned to begin Geoscience Australia defined Economic Demonstrated construction of a hard-rock mine at the site in 2017 and to begin Resources (EDR) as resources that include Joint Ore Reserves producing direct-shipping ore (unprocessed spodumene ore) in Committee (JORC)-compliant reserves, proved and probable ore the same year (Mineral Resources Ltd., 2016; Albemarle Corp., reserves, and most measured and indicated mineral resources. 2017, p. 10; Galaxy Resources Ltd., 2017, p. 5, 54, 56; Mineral Minerals for which EDR increased in 2016 included potash, Resources Ltd., 2017, p. 14; Neometals Ltd., 2017, p. 1–3). which increased by 73%; lithium, 70%; cobalt, 13%; tin, 12%; Mineral Fuels and Related Materials mineral sands (ilmenite, rutile, and zircon), 11%; and tantalum, 9%. The EDR for diamond decreased by 45% and was the Coal.—Queensland remained Australia’s leading producer largest decrease in EDR in 2016. Other decreases included of anthracite and bituminous coal (reported as black coal by those of antimony, 13%; manganese ore, 6.0%; iron ore, 3.4%; Geoscience Australia), accounting for 55% of the country’s tungsten, 3.0%; uranium, 1.3%; and bauxite, 0.2%. Accessible anthracite and bituminous coal production in 2016, followed by EDR for selected minerals at the end of 2016 are shown in New South Wales, 44%; Western Australia, 1%; and Tasmania, table 3 (Geoscience Australia, 2016, p. 2; 2018, p. 1, 9, 10). 0.1%. The BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance (BMA) (BHP Billiton, 50%, and Mitsubishi, 50%) was the leading producer Outlook of anthracite and bituminous coal in Australia. BMA operated Investment in mining is expected to continue to decrease, seven mines in Queensland. The majority of lignite was whereas the quantities of mineral commodities produced produced in Victoria and used for domestic energy generation. and exported are likely to increase. Recovering mineral Australia’s leading lignite mines, by capacity, were the Loy commodity prices would encourage an increase of investment Yang Mine, which was operated by Loy Yang Power Ltd., in exploration. With the commissioning of the Gorgon project and the Hazelwood Mine, which was owned by ENGIE SA of in 2016 and the expected commissioning of the Wheatstone France, both in Victoria. The Hazelwood Mine and associated project, Australia’s LNG exports are likely to continue to Hazelwood coal-fired plant were scheduled to close in March increase to record levels as the country becomes a major global 2017 (table 2; Department of Industry, Innovation, and Science, source for LNG. Australia will also likely remain a major 2017b, p. 24; ENGIE SA, 2017, p. 143–144; Geoscience producer of bauxite. Developments in the bauxite industry Australia, 2018, p. 43). during the next 5 years are to include Rio Tinto’s Amrun project, Natural Gas.—Australia’s exports of LNG continued to which is expected to start in 2019, as well as smaller projects, increase in 2016, up by 49% compared with those of 2015. which include Metallica Minerals Ltd.’s Urquhart project, Metro This increase was owing to the commissioning in March of Mining Ltd.’s Skarndon River and Bauxite Hills projects, and the Gorgon project, which was owned by Chevron Corp. of Australian Bauxite’s Binjour project. The mineral industry the United States. The Gorgon project was expected to have continues to move towards directly exporting bauxite to China the capacity to produce 15.6 Mt/yr of LNG and was located on for refining following the closures of the Kurri Kurri and Point Barrow Island, 60 km offshore the coast of Western Australia. Henry aluminum smelters in 2012 and 2014, respectively, and Chevron successfully commissioned production trains 1 and 2 the Gove alumina refinery in 2014. With the commissioning of of the Gorgon project in January and October, respectively, the Mount Cattlin and Mount Marion Mines and the planned and was expected to commission train 3 in 2017. Chevron’s construction of the Wodgina Mines in 2017, Australia’s second LNG project, the Wheatstone project, was expected production of lithium is expected to increase significantly in the to be commissioned in 2017. The Wheatstone project was near future (Geoscience Australia, 2018, p. 19, 43). expected to have the capacity to produce 8.9 Mt/yr of LNG upon completion. The onshore Wheatstone facility was located 12 km west of Onslow, Western Australia, with a planned

3.6 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2016 References Cited BP p.l.c., 2017, BP statistical review of world energy June 2017: London, United Kingdom, BP p.l.c., 48 p. (Accessed March 3, 2018, at https://www.bp.com/ Albemarle Corp., 2017, Form 10–K—2016: U.S. Securities and Exchange content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2017/bp-statistical- Commission, 122 p. (Accessed May 2, 2018, at https://investors.albemarle. review-of-world-energy-2017-full-report.pdf.) com/static-files/73b69509-66f8-4dcf-a2aa-409df42c6301.) Bray, E.L., 2018a, Aluminum: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Australian Bauxite Ltd., 2016, Interim financial report for the half-year ended Summaries 2018, p. 20–21. 30 June 2016: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Australian Bauxite Bray, E.L., 2018b, Bauxite and alumina: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Ltd., 31 p. 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Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018d, Mineral and petroleum exploration, ENGIE SA, 2017, Management report and annual consolidated financial Australia, Dec 2017—Table 3b—Mineral exploration (other than for statements 2016: La Défense, France, ENGIE SA, 173 p. (Accessed petroleum)—Expenditure by type of deposit: Canberra, Australian Capital October 25, 2018, at https://www.engie.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/fy- Territory, Australia, Australian Bureau of Statistics. (Accessed April 2, 2018, 2016-management-report-and-annual-consolidated-financial-statements.pdf.) at http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/8412.0Dec%20 Flanagan, D.M., 2018, Copper: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity 2017?OpenDocument.) Summaries 2018, p. 52–53. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018e, Mineral and petroleum exploration, Foreign Investment Review Board, 2016, Monetary thresholds: Foreign Australia, Dec 2017—Table 5—Mineral exploration, (other than for Investment Review Board, December. (Accessed March 30, 2018, at petroleum)—Expenditure by mineral sought: Canberra, Australian Capital https://web.archive.org/web/20161224114036/http://firb.gov.au/exemption- Territory, Australia, Australian Bureau of Statistics. (Accessed April 2, 2018, thresholds/monetary-thresholds/.) at http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/8412.0Dec%20 Galaxy Resources Ltd., 2017, Annual report year ended 31 December 2016: 2017?OpenDocument.) Applecross, Western Australia, Australia, Galaxy Resources Ltd., Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018f, Mineral and petroleum exploration, 98 p. (Accessed September 25, 2018, at http://www.gxy.com/Investor/ Australia, Dec 2017—Table 6a—Petroleum exploration, expenditure gxy_ar_dec2016.pdf.) by onshore and offshore: Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Gambogi, Joseph, 2018, Rare earths: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Australia, Australian Bureau of Statistics. (Accessed April 2, 2018, at Commodity Summaries 2018, p. 132–133. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/8412.0Dec%20 George, M.W., 2018, Gold: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity 2017?OpenDocument.) Summaries 2018, p. 70–71. Australian Trade and Investment Commission, 2018, Land tenure: Canberra, Geoscience Australia, 2016, Australia’s identified mineral resources 2016: Australian Capital Territory, Australia, Australian Trade and Investment Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, Geoscience Australia, Commission. (Accessed March 31, 2018, at http://www.austrade.gov.au/ 16 p. (Accessed March 30, 2018, at http://d28rz98at9flks.cloudfront. land-tenure/land-tenure/about-land-tenure/about-land-tenure.) net/100121/100121_AIMR%202016_V2.pdf.) Bedinger, G.M., 2018a, Titanium mineral concentrates: U.S. Geological Survey Geoscience Australia, 2017, Minerals and petroleum in Australia—A guide Mineral Commodity Summaries 2018, p. 176–177. for investors: Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, Geoscience Bedinger, G.M., 2018b, Zirconium and hafnium: U.S. Geological Survey Australia, 85 p. (Accessed March 30, 2018, at https://d28rz98at9flks. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2018, p. 176–177. cloudfront.net/84578/Investors_Guide_v2.pdf.) Besgrove, Nicole, and Michaels, Margaret, 2016, Amendment to NT Petroleum Geoscience Australia, 2018, Australia’s identified mineral resources 2017: Act for regulations to protect environment: Clayton Utz, June 9. (Accessed Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, Geoscience Australia, April 24, 2018, at https://www.claytonutz.com/knowledge/2016/june/ 47 p. (Accessed March 30, 2018, at https://d28rz98at9flks.cloudfront. amendment-to-nt-petroleum-act-for-regulations-to-protect-the-environment.) net/116001/116001_AIMR.pdf.)

Australia—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.7 Glencore plc, 2017, Annual report 2016: Baar, Switzerland, Glencore plc, Neometals Ltd., 2017, Quarterly activities report for the quarter ended February 3, 222 p. (Accessed March 25, 2018, at https://www.chevron.com/-/ 31 December 2016: West Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Neometals Ltd., media/chevron/annual-report/2016/2016-Annual-Report.pdf.) January 31, 12 p. (Accessed May 3, 2018, at http://www.neometals.com.au/ Ingram, Tess, 2016, BHO’s Nickel West feeling the pressure of weak nickel reports/695-QADec2016Final.pdf.) price: The Sydney [Australia] Morning Herald, February 1. (Accessed Olson, D.W., 2018, Diamond (industrial): U.S. Geological Survey Mineral November 3, 2018, at https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/ Commodity Summaries 2018, p. 54–55. bhps-nickel-west-feeling-the-pressure-of-weak-nickel-price-20160201- Shedd, K.B., 2018, Cobalt: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity gmij0s.html.) Summaries 2018, p. 50–51. Jaskula, B.W., 2018, Lithium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Singerling, S.A., 2018, Garnet (industrial): U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Summaries 2018, p. 98–99. Commodity Summaries 2018, p. 64–65. Klochko, Kateryna, 2018, Lead: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity South32 Ltd., 2016, Quarterly report September 2016: Perth, Western Australia, Summaries 2018, p. 94–95. Australia, South32 Ltd., October 20, 8 p. (Accessed November 16, 2018, at McKillop, Charlie, 2016, Maiden bauxite shipment from Weipa’s Hey Point a https://www.south32.net/docs/default-source/exchange-releases/quarterly- step forward for Metallica Minerals: Australian Broadcasting Corporation, report-september-2016.pdf?sfvrsn=6895abcf_9.) October 25. (Accessed May 3, 2018, at http://www.abc.net.au/news/ South32 Ltd., 2017, Quarterly report March 2017: Perth, Western Australia, rural/2016-10-25/maiden-bauxite-voyage-paves-way-for-new-cape-york- Australia, South32 Ltd., April 27, 8 p. (Accessed November 16, 2018, at mines/7963994.) https://www.south32.net/docs/default-source/exchange-releases/quarterly- McRae, M.E., 2018, Nickel: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity report-march-2017.pdf?sfvrsn=b0b67d1_11.) Summaries 2018, p. 112–113. Thomas, C.L., 2018, Zinc: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Merlin Diamonds Ltd., 2017, Annual report 2017: Southbank, Victoria, Summaries 2018, p. 190–191. Australia, Merlin Diamonds Limited, September 28, 56 p. (Accessed Tuck, C.A., 2018, Iron ore: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity May 5, 2018, at http://www.merlindiamonds.com.au/resources/i/MED- Summaries 2018, p. 88–89. Annual-Report-final.pdf.) World Nuclear Association, 2018, World uranium mining production: Mineral Resources Ltd., 2016, Completion of Wodgina Mine assets purchase: London, United Kingdom, World Nuclear Association, July. (Accessed Applecross, Western Australia, Australia, Mineral Resources Ltd., November 20, 2018, at http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/ September 9. (Accessed May 3, 2018, at http://clients3.weblink.com.au/pdf/ nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production. MIN/01777676.pdf.) aspx.) Mineral Resources Ltd., 2017, Annual report: Applecross, Western Australia, Australia, Mineral Resources Ltd., October 10, 95 p. (Accessed May 3, 2018, at http://www.mineralresources.com.au/images/2016_annual_report_fin.pdf.)

3.8 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2016 TABLE 1 AUSTRALIA: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)

Commodity2 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 METALS Aluminum: Bauxite thousand metric tons 76,281 81,119 78,632 80,910 83,517 Alumina do. 20,915 21,528 20,474 20,097 20,681 Aluminum metal, primary do. 1,860 1,777 1,703 1,646 1,635 Antimony, mine production, Sb content3 2,481 3,275 3,639 3,712 5,000 Cadmium, refinery production, primary, metale 380 380 350 380 400 Chromite, mine production, Cr content 202,000 r, e 138,000 r, e 10,519 -- -- Cobalt, Co content: Mine production, laterite ore, Ni concentrate, and Zn concentrate 5,910 r 6,400 r 6,201 r 5,721 r 5,140 Refinery production, metal powder and oxide hydroxide 4,859 4,981 5,419 5,150 6,292 Copper: Mine production, concentrate, Cu contente thousand metric tons 883 r 963 r 928 r 925 r 918 Smelter production, primary do. 422 446 469 r 433 445 Refinery production: Leaching, electrowon do. 38 35 43 39 30 Primary, other do. 422 446 467 435 445 Gold: Mine production, Au content kilograms 250,441 267,062 274,047 279,190 287,690 Refinery production, primary and secondary, metal do. 308,479 306,546 303,500 302,271 344,253 Iron and steel: Pig iron thousand metric tons 3,480 3,342 3,282 3,594 3,642 Raw steel do. 4,851 4,731 4,582 4,935 5,215 Products, semimanufactured do. 5,381 4,400 4,092 4,308 4,419 Iron ore, mine production: Gross weight do. 519,356 609,730 739,682 r 809,882 r 858,026 Fe content do. 321,953 377,760 457,409 r 500,994 r 531,075 Lead: Mine production, Pb content 620,598 711,210 727,954 653,488 453,374 Refinery production: Primary: Bullione 185,000 r 139,000 r 109,000 165,000 r 153,000 Other 160,046 177,456 175,842 182,258 182,830 Secondary, excluding remelt 17,284 r 18,153 r 16,567 r 15,891 r 13,811 Manganese: Mine production: Gross weight thousand metric tons 7,208 7,447 7,670 7,500 3,200 Mn content do. 2,883 2,970 3,070 e, r 2,883 r 1,280 Ferromanganesee 131,000 147,000 165,000 153,000 117,000 Silicomanganesee 50,800 110,000 119,000 131,000 84,700 Nickel: Mine production, undifferentiated or thousand metric tons 304 r 293 r 266 225 203 other, Ni content Intermediate production, matte, Ni content do. 66 70 62 r 44 r 38 Refinery production, Ni content: Metal 112,674 132,753 129,862 132,074 117,920 Unspecified4 12,962 8,499 7,901 20,904 2,600 Platinum-group metals, mine production, primary: Palladium, Pd content kilograms 550 620 r 600 420 r 600 Platinum, Pt content do. 160 170 r 170 110 r 160 Total do. 710 790 r 770 530 r 760 Rare earths, mineral concentrate, rare-earth oxide equivalente 3,220 3,000 8,000 12,000 15,000 Silicon, silicon metale 30,000 30,000 48,000 48,000 50,000 See footnotes at end of table.

Australia—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.9 TABLE 1—Continued AUSTRALIA: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)

Commodity2 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 METALS—Continued Silver: Mine production, Ag content 1,727 1,840 1,847 1,430 r 1,418 Refinery production 780 1,222 944 1,064 1,209 Tin, mine production, Sn content 6,158 6,472 6,898 7,158 6,635 Titanium, mineral concentrates: Ilmenite and leucoxene thousand metric tons 1,570 1,560 1,250 1,160 1,650 Rutile do. 439 232 212 320 300 Tungsten, mine production, concentrate, W content 290 320 477 348 108 Zinc: Mine production, Zn content thousand metric tons 1,536 1,511 r 1,506 r 1,610 r 884 Smelter production, primary do. 498 498 482 489 r 464 Zirconium, mineral concentrates, zircon do. 605 388 798 601 600 INDUSTRIAL MINERALS Abrasives, garnet, natural 266,224 395,841 274,662 r 283,108 r 574,600 Barite 12,373 13,176 14,676 6,016 7,139 Cement, hydraulic thousand metric tons 8,500 e 8,400 e 9,000 e 9,100 9,000 Clay and shale: Bentonitee 82,000 110,000 66,000 71,000 92,000 Fuller's earth, attapulgite 10,000 10,543 10,176 16,216 12,200 Kaolin 89,000 200,000 172,000 246,000 165,000 Diamond: Gem thousand carats 430 574 r 464 r 678 r 698 Industrial do. 8,190 r 10,908 r 8,824 r 12,883 r 13,260 Total do. 8,620 r 11,482 9,288 13,561 r 13,958 Feldspar, mine productione 50,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 Gypsum thousand metric tons 2,120 e 2,270 e 2,418 r 2,542 r 2,983 Limee 2,200,000 2,100,000 1,950,000 1,990,000 2,000,000 Lithium, spodumene, concentrate 456,921 421,000 425,000 e 450,000 e 440,000 Magnesitee 587,000 450,000 500,000 420,000 470,000 Nitrogen, ammonia, N content 1,250,000 1,250,000 1,250,000 1,300,000 1,300,000 Perlite 940 1,300 -- -- 620 Phosphate rock:5 Gross weighte 2,800,000 2,500,000 2,900,000 3,300,000 3,000,000 e P2O5 content 644,000 580,000 670,000 760,000 690,000 Salt thousand metric tons 12,505 r 12,900 12,998 r 11,390 r 10,410 Soda ash, synthetice do. 300 150 r -- r -- r -- Stone, sand, and gravel: Sand and gravel, constructione do. 31,300 r 30,100 r 30,300 r 29,500 r 29,300 Silica, mine production, quartz and quartzitee do. 3,500 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 Stone, crushede do. 26,300 26,000 27,000 24,700 24,900 Sulfur, byproduct, S content: Metallurgye do. 800 810 810 810 810 Petroleume do. 60 90 90 90 90 Talc and related materials, chlorite, pyrophyllite, steatite, talce 140,000 104,000 115,000 80,000 111,000 MINERAL FUELS AND RELATED MATERIALS Coal: Anthracite thousand metric tons 492 464 15 189 210 Bituminous do. 228,000 215,000 234,000 230,000 255,000 Lignite do. 68,600 64,700 63,000 65,000 72,700 Metallurgical do. 174,000 164,300 186,000 191,000 212,000 Subbituminous do. 29,800 28,100 21,900 22,500 25,000 Total do. 500,892 472,564 504,915 508,689 564,910 Coke, metallurgical do. 2,980 3,040 2,820 2,920 2,900 e See footnotes at end of table.

3.10 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2016 TABLE 1—Continued AUSTRALIA: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)

Commodity2 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 MINERAL FUELS AND RELATED MATERIALS—Continued Liquefied natural gas thousand metric tons 20,000 23,200 24,900 28,200 42,000 Natural gas, marketable million cubic meters 60,197 r 62,479 r 67,335 r 76,791 r 97,328 Petroleum: Crude, including condensate thousand 42-gallon barrels 148,377 122,154 128,954 117,619 106,033 Refinery production: Liquefied petroleum gas do. 22,133 r 21,336 r 24,925 r 17,883 r 19,970 Unspecified do. 229,622 222,615 216,153 177,426 161,713 Total do. 251,755 243,951 241,078 195,309 181,683 Uranium, mine production, U content 7,010 r 6,393 r 5,100 r 5,655 r 6,234 eEstimated. rRevised. do. Ditto. -- Zero. 1Table includes data available through March 14, 2018. All data are reported unless otherwise noted. Estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2In addition to the commodities listed, Australia produced dimension stone, jade, kyanite, opal, sapphire, sulfuric acid, talc, and secondary tin metal. 3Antimony content of antimony ore and concentrate, lead concentrates, and lead-zinc concentrates. 4Products with a nickel content of less than 99%. Includes ferronickel, nickel oxides, and oxide sinter and excludes intermediate nickel-cobalt sulfide matte, regulus, and speiss for further refining. 5Data include production from Christmas Island.

Australia—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.11 TABLE 2 AUSTRALIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2016

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Facilities, major operating companies, and major equity owners Location of main facilities1, 2 capacitye Aluminum: Bauxite Gove open pit bauxite mine [Pacific Aluminum (Rio Tinto Ltd., 100%)] 15 km southeast of Nhulunbuy, NT 8,000 Do. Weipa-Ely open pit bauxite mine [Rio Tinto Aluminum Ltd., operator (Rio Weipa, QLD 28,000 Tinto plc, 100%)] Do. Hey Point Mine (Green Coast Resources Pty Ltd., 100%) Near Weipa, QLD 1,500 Do. Bald Hill Mine (Australian Bauxite Ltd., 100%) Campbell Town, TAS 900 Do. Huntly open pit bauxite mine [Alcoa of Australia Ltd. (Alcoa Corp., 100%)] 80 km south of Perth, WA 23,000 Do. Willowdale open pit bauxite mine [Alcoa of Australia Ltd. (Alcoa 130 km south of Perth, WA 10,000 World Alumina and Chemicals, 100%)] Do. Boddington-Worsley open pit bauxite mine {Worsley Alumina Pty. Ltd., 14 km south of Boddington, WA 19,000 manager [South32, 86%; Japan Alumina Associates (Australia) Pty. Ltd., 10%; Sojitz Alumina Pty. Ltd., 4%]} Alumina, refinery Queensland Alumina alumina refinery [Queensland Alumina Ltd., operator Gladstone, QLD 3,950 (Rio Tinto Ltd., 80%, and United Company RUSAL, 20%) Do. Gove alumina refinery3 (Rio Tinto Ltd., 100%) Nhulunbuy, Gove, NT 2,650 Do. Kwinana alumina refinery [Alcoa of Australia Ltd. (Alcoa World Kwinana, WA 2,200 Alumina and Chemicals, 100%)] Do. Pinjarra alumina refinery [Alcoa of Australia Ltd. (Alcoa World Pinjarra, WA 4,200 Alumina and Chemicals, 100%)] Do. Wagerup alumina refinery [Alcoa of Australia Ltd. (Alcoa World East of Waroona, WA 2,600 Alumina and Chemicals, 100%)] Do. Worsley alumina refinery {Worsley Alumina Pty. Ltd., manager 20 km northwest of Collie, WA 4,600 [South32, 86%; Japan Alumina Associates (Australia) Pty Ltd., 10%; Sojitz Alumina Pty. Ltd., 4%]} Do. Yarwun alumina refinery (Rio Tinto Ltd., 100%) Gladstone, QLD 3,400 Metal, smelter Bell Bay aluminum smelter [Pacific Aluminum (Rio Tinto Ltd., 100%)] Bell Bay, TAS 192 Do. Boyne Island aluminum smelter [Boyne Smelters Ltd., operator Boyne Island, QLD 571 (Rio Tinto Alcan, 59.39%; YKK Aluminum, 9.5%; UACJ Australia, 9.43%; Southern Cross Aluminum, 7.57%; Ryowa Development, 5.27%; Ryowa Development II, 6.34%; Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd. 2.5%] Do. Portland aluminum smelter [Alcoa of Australia, 55%, manager; Portland, VIC 345 China International Trust Investment Co. (China state-owned company), 22.5%; Marubeni Australia Pty. Ltd., 22.5%] Do. Tomago aluminum smelter {Tomago Aluminium Co. Pty. Ltd., operator Tomago, NSW 561 [Gove Aluminium Finance Ltd., 36.05%; Pacific Aluminum, 51.55% (Rio Tinto Ltd., 100%); Hydro Aluminium, 12.40%]} Antimony Costerfield underground antimony-gold mine [AGD Mining, operator 50 km east and southeast of 5 (Mandalay Resources Ltd., 100%)] Bendigo, VIC Do. Hillgrove Mine3 (Bracken Resources Pty Ltd., 100%) 25 km east of Armidale, NSW 10 Cement Adelaide Brighton Cement Pty Ltd., 100% Angaston, SA 250 Do. do. Birkenhead, SA 1,200 Do. do. Geelong, VIC 800 Do. do. Munster, SA 590 Do. Blue Circle Southern Cement Ltd. (Boral Ltd., 100%) Berrima, NSW 1,200 Do. do. Maldon, NSW 700 Do. do. Waurn Ponds, VIC 250 Do. Cement Australia Pty Ltd. (Hanson Ltd. and Holcim Australia Pty Ltd.) Brisbane, QLD 1,200 Do. do. Gladstone, QLD 1,700 Do. do. Railton, TAS 1,000 Do. Cockburn Cement Ltd., 100% Munster, 30 km south of Perth, WA 700 Clay: Bentonite Arumpo open pit bentonite mine (Arumpo Bentonite Pty. Ltd., 100%) 95 km northeast of Mildura, NSW 30 Do. Cedars open pit bentonite mine (PCP Douglass Pty. Ltd., 100%) 10 km southwest of Yarraman, QLD 20 See footnotes at end of table.

3.12 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2016 TABLE 2—Continued AUSTRALIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2016

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Facilities, major operating companies, and major equity owners Location of main facilities1, 2 capacitye Clay:—Continued Bentonite—Continued Cressfield open pit bentonite mine (Sibelco Group through Sibelco 15 km north of Scone, NSW 12 Australia Ltd., 100%) Do. Mantuan Downs (Pacific Enviromin Ltd., 100%) West of Springsure, QLD 100 Do. Miles open pit bentonite mine (Unimin Australia Ltd., 100%) 350 km west of Brisbane, QLD 100 Kaolin Axedale Clays open pit kaolin mine (E Clay Pty Ltd., 100%) 18 km east of Bendigo, VIC 50 Do. Pittong open pit kaolin mine (Imerys Minerals Australia Pty Ltd., 100%) 35 km southwest of Ballarat, VIC 110 Do. Skardon River open pit kaolin mine (Queensland Kaolin Pty. Ltd., 85 km north of Weipa, QLD 150 96.6%, and private, 3.4%) Coal Airly coal mine (Banpu Public Co. Ltd. through Centennial Coal 42 km northwest of Lithgow, NSW 1,900 Co. Ltd., 100%) Do. Angus Place longwall coal mine3 (Centennial Coal Co. Ltd., 50%, and 16 km northwest of Lithgow, NSW 4,000 SK Kores Australia Pty Ltd., 50%) Do. Appin longwall coal mine [Illawarra Coal Holdings Pty Ltd., operator 40 northwest of Wollongong, NSW 8,800 (South32 Ltd., 100%)] Do. Ashton open pit and underground coal mine (Yancoal Australia Ltd., 90%, 14 km northwest of Singleton, NSW 4,000 and Itochu Corp., 10%) Do. Austar underground coal mine [Yancoal Australia Ltd., 100% 65 km west of Newcastle, NSW 2,000 (Centennial Coal Co. Ltd., 100%)] Do. Baal Bone coal mine [Oakbridge Pty. Ltd., 74.1% 24 km northwest of Lithgow, NSW 2,500 (Glencore plc, 100%); Sumitomo Corp., 5%; Toyota Tsusho Mining (Australia) Pty Ltd. 4.75%; private, 14.44%] Do. Bengalla open pit coal mine (Rio Tinto Ltd., 40%) 5 km west of Muswellbrook, NSW 8,600 Do. Blackwater open pit coal mine (includes South Blackwater) [BHP 195 km west of Rockhampton, QLD 14,000 Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance (BHP Billiton Ltd., 50%, and Mitsubishi Corp., 50%)] Do. Broadmeadow open pit and underground coal mine [BHP Billiton Mitsubishi 30 km north of Moranbah, QLD 3,000 Alliance (BHP Billiton Ltd., 50%, and Mitsubishi Corp., 50%)] Do. Bulga open pit coal mine [Oakbridge Pty Ltd., manager (Glencore plc, 16 km southwest of Singleton, NSW 10,000 68.25%; Nippon Steel Australia Pty. Ltd., 12.5%; Toyota Tsusho Mining (Australia) Pty Ltd., 4.38%; private, 13.3%)] Do. Burton open pit coal mine (Peabody Energy Corp., 95%, 150 km southwest of Mackay, QLD 5,800 and Thiess Pty. Ltd., 5%) Do. Callide coal mine (Anglo Coal Pty Ltd., 100%) 120 km southwest of the Port of 10,700 Gladstone, QLD Do. Caval Ridge open pit coal mine [BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance, 160 km west of Mackay, QLD 5,500 manager (BHP Billiton Ltd., 50%, and Mitsubishi Corp., 50%)] Do. Carborough Downs underground coal mine (Vale S.A., 90%) Bowen basin, QLD 2,500 Do. Charbon open pit and underground coal mine3 (Banpu Public Co. Ltd. Western coalfields near Kandos, NSW 1,300 through Centennial Coal Co. Ltd., 95%, and SK Energy Australia Pty Ltd., 5%) Do. Clarence underground coal mine [Banpu Public Co. Ltd. through 10 km east of Lithgow, NSW 2,600 Centennial Coal Co., 85%, and SK Energy Australia Pty Ltd., 15%) Do. Clermont coal mine [GS Coal Pty Ltd. (Glencore plc and Sumitomo Corp.)] 12 km north of Clermont, QLD 12,000 Do. Commodore open pit coal mine [Roche Mining Pty. Ltd., operator 80 km southwest of Toowoomba, QLD 3,600 [Intergen (Australia) Pty Ltd., 100%] Do. Coppabella open pit coal mine (Macarthur Coal Ltd., 73.3%, and 140 km southwest of Mackay, QLD 4,000 others, 26.7%) Do. Cumnock No. 1 Colliery mine (Cumnock No. 1 Colliery Pty Ltd., 100%) 28 km northwest of Singleton, NSW 3,000 Do. Curragh open pit coal mine (Wesfarmers Ltd., 100%) 70 km east of Emerald, QLD 9,000 Do. Dartbrook coal mine3 (Anglo Coal Holdings Australia Ltd., 77.3%) 70 km north of Singleton, NSW 3,750 Do. Daunia open pit coal mine [BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance (BHP Central QLD 4,500 Billiton Ltd., 50%, and Mitsubishi Corp., 50%)] See footnotes at end of table.

Australia—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.13 TABLE 2—Continued AUSTRALIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2016

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Facilities, major operating companies, and major equity owners Location of main facilities1, 2 capacitye Coal—Continued Dawson coal complex (includes Moura, Taroom, and Theodore) 230 km west of Bundaberg, QLD 7,000 [Anglo American plc, 51%, and Mitsui & Co. (Australia) Ltd., 49%] Do. Dendrobium underground coal mine [Dendrobium Coal Pty Ltd., 15 km southwest of Wollongong, NSW 5,200 operator (South32 Ltd., 100%)] Do. Donaldson open pit coal mine (Donaldson Coal Pty Ltd., 100%) 5 km southeast of Maitland, NSW 2,500 Do. Drayton open pit coal mine [Anglo Coal Holdings Australia Ltd., 35 km northwest of Singleton, NSW 5,000 manager, 88.2%; Mitsui Coal Development Australia Pty. Ltd., 3.8%; Mitsui Mining (Australia) Pty. Ltd., 3%; others, 5%] Do. Duralie open pit coal mine (Gloucester Coal Ltd., 100%) 110 km of Newcastle, NSW 2,000 Do. Elouera underground coal mine (Gujarat NRE Resources NL, 100%) 15 km southwest of Wollongong, NSW 2,000 Do. Ensham-Yongala open pit coal mine [Idemitsu Kosan Co. Ltd., 85%; 40 km northeast of Emerald, QLD 9,000 J-Power (Australia) Pty. Ltd., 10%; LG International (Australia) Pty Ltd., 5%] Do. Ewington II open pit coal mine (Griffin Coal Mining Co. Pty. Ltd., 100%) 8 km east of Collie, WA 1,000 Do. Foxleigh open pit coal mine (Foxleigh Mining Pty Ltd., 100%) Bowen basin, QLD 3,600 Do. German Creek and German Creek East open pit and underground coal mines 275 km west-northwest of 6,000 [Anglo American plc, 70%, and Mitsui & Co. (Australia) Ltd., 30%] Rockhampton, QLD Do. Glennies Creek longwall coal mine (CVRD Inco Ltd., 85%; Nippon Steel 12 km north of Singleton, NSW 2,800 Australia Pty Ltd., 5%; POSCO Australia Pty Ltd., 5%; private, 5%) Do. Goonyella-Riverside open pit coal mines [BHP Billiton Mitsubishi 140 km southwest of Mackay, QLD 16,000 Alliance (BHP Billiton Ltd., 50%, and Mitsubishi Corp., 50%)] Do. Gregory Crinum open pit and underground coal mine [BHP Billiton 60 km north of Emerald, QLD 5,500 Mitsubishi Alliance, manager (BHP Billiton Ltd., 50%, and Mitsubishi Corp., 50%)] Do. Hunter Valley Operations (includes Carrington Chestnut, Howick, 10 km west and 25 km north of 15,000 Hunter Valley No. 1, Lemington, Riverview open pit coal mines) Singleton, NSW (Rio Tinto Ltd., 80%) Do. Hail Creek open pit coal mine (Rio Tinto Ltd., 82%; Nippon Steel 100 km west of Mackay, QLD 8,000 Australia Pty Ltd., 8%; Marubeni Coal Pty. Ltd., 6.66%) Do. Hazelwood open pit coal mine (ENGIE SA, 100%) 150 km southeast of Melbourne, VIC 20,000 Do. Integra coal complex (includes Camberwell and Glennies Creek 10 km northwest of Singleton, NSW 4,000 [Glencore plc, 68.4% (operator); Toyota Tsusho Corp.; 20.8%; JFE Holdings Inc., 3.6%; Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corp., 3.6%; POSCO, 3.6%] Do. Isaac Plains open pit coal mine (Vale S.A., 50%, and Sumitomo Corp., 50%) 7 km southeast of Moranbah, QLD 1,600 Do. Jellinbah East open pit coal mine (Queensland Coal Mine Management Pty. 90 km east of Emerald, QLD 4,000 Ltd., 70%; Marubeni Coal Pty. Ltd., 15%; Sojitz Australia Ltd., 15%) Do. Kestrel underground coal mine (Rio Tinto Ltd., 80%, and Mitsubishi 40 km north-northeast of 5,500 Corp., 20%) Emerald, QLD Do. Liddell open pit coal mine [Liddell Coal Operations Pty. Ltd. (Glencore plc 25 km northwest of Singleton, NSW 4,000 67.5%, and Mitsui Matushima Australia Pty. Ltd., 32.5%)] Do. Loy Yang open pit coal mine (Loy Yang Power Ltd., 100%) 165 km east of Melbourne, VIC 30,000 Do. Mondalong underground coal mine (Centennial Coal Co. Ltd., 100%) 35 km southwest of Newcastle, NSW 4,500 Do. Moorvale open pit coal mine (Macarthur Coal Ltd., 73.3%; CITIC 10 km south of Coppabella, QLD 3,400 Resources Australia Pty Ltd., 14%; Sojtz Australia Ltd., 7%; Nippon Steel Australia Pty Ltd., 2%) Do. Moranbah North longwall coal mine (Anglo American plc., 88%, and 150 km southwest of Mackay, QLD 5,800 Nippon Steel Australia Pty. Ltd., 5%) Do. Mount Arthur open pit coal mine (BHP Billiton Ltd., 100%) 5 km southwest of Muswellbrook, NSW 15,000 Do. Mount Owen open pit coal mine (Glencore plc, 100%) 20 km northwest of Singleton, NSW 7,700 Do. Mount Thorley open pit coal mine (Rio Tinto Ltd., 64%) 14 km southwest of Singleton, NSW 12,000 See footnotes at end of table.

3.14 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2016 TABLE 2—Continued AUSTRALIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2016

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Facilities, major operating companies, and major equity owners Location of main facilities1, 2 capacitye Coal—Continued Muja open pit coal mine (The Griffin Coal Mining Co. Pty. Ltd., 100%) 18 km southeast of Collie, WA 2,000 Do. Muswellbrook No. 2 open pit coal mine (Muswellbrook Coal Co., 100%) 4 km northeast of Muswellbrook, NSW 1,700 Do. Myuna underground coal mine (Centennial Coal Co. Ltd., 100%) 35 km south of Newcastle, NSW 2,000 Do. New Acland open pit coal mine (New Hope Corp. Ltd., 100%) 35 km northwest of Toowoomba, QLD 3,750 Do. Newlands-Collinsville-Abbot Point open pit coal mine (Glencore plc, 130 km west of Mackay, QLD 15,000 55%; Itochu Corp., 35%; Sumitomo Corp., 10%) Do. Newstan Colliery longwall coal mine3 (Centennial Coal Co. Ltd., 100%) 30 km southwest of Newcastle, NSW 4,000 Do. North Goonyella underground coal mine (Peabody Energy Corp., 100%) 40 km north Moranbah, QLD 3,000 Do. Norwich Park open pit coal mine (BHP Billiton Ltd., 50%, and 85 km north-northeast of 5,000 Mitsubishi Corp., 50%) Emerald, QLD Do. Oaky Creek longwall and Alliance open pit coal mines (Glencore plc, 300 km west-northwest of 9,500 55%; Sumitomo Coal Australia Pty. Ltd., 25%; Itocho Corp., 20%) Rockhampton, QLD Do. Peak Downs open pit coal mine [BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance (BHP 145 km north of Emerald, QLD 9,000 Billiton Ltd., 50%, and Mitsubishi Development Pty. Ltd., 50%)] Do. Poitrel open pit coal mine (BHP Billiton Ltd., 80% and Mitsui & Co. Bowen basin, QLD 3,100 (Australia) Ltd., 20%) Do. Premier open pit coal mine (Wesfarmers Premier Coal Ltd., 100%) 10 km southeast of Collie, WA 4,000 Do. Ravensworth-Narama open pit coal mine (includes Ravensworth East) 20 km northwest of Singleton, NSW 3,500 (Glencore plc, 90%, and Itochu Corp., 10%) Do. Rixs Creek open pit coal mine (Bloomfield Colliers Pty. Ltd., 100%) 5 km northwest of Singleton, NSW 2,000 Do. Rolleston open pit coal mine (Glencore plc, 75%; Itochu Corp., 12.5%; 90 km south-southeast of 8,000 Sumitomo Corp., 12.5%) Emerald, QLD Do. Saraji open pit coal mine [BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance (BHP 125 km north of Emerald, QLD 6,500 Billiton Ltd., 50%, and Mitsubishi Corp., 50%)] Do. South Walker Creek open pit and underground coal mine [BHP Billiton Ltd., 90 km southwest of Mackay, QLD 5,300 80%, and Mitsui & Co. (Australia) Ltd., 20%] Do. Springvale underground coal mine (Banpu Public Co. Ltd. through 16 km northwest of Lithgow, NSW 4,500 Centennial Coal Co. Ltd., 50%, and SK Kores Australia Pty Ltd., 50%) Do. Tahmoor longwall coal mine (includes Tahmoor North and Bargo) 70 km southwest of Sydney, NSW 2,500 [Austral Coal Ltd., operator (Glencore plc, 100%)] Do. Tarong-Meandu open pit coal mine (Rio Tinto Ltd., 100%) 85 km north of Toowoomba, QLD 7,000 Do. Ulan underground coal mine (Glencore plc, 90%, and Mitsubishi Corp., 10%) 45 km northwest of Mudgee, NSW 5,000 Do. United Collieries underground coal mine (Glencore plc, 95%, and 15 km west of Singleton, NSW 3,000 private, 5%) Do. Wambo open pit and underground coal mine (Peabody Energy Corp., 100%) 30 km from Singleton, NSW 6,000 Do. Warkworth coal mine (Rio Tinto Ltd., 55.57%) 15 km southwest of Singleton, NSW 1,300 Do. West Cliff longwall coal mine (South32 Ltd., 100%) 43 km northwest of Wollongong, NSW 2,300 Do. West Wallsend longwall coal mine (Glencore plc, 70%; Marubeni Coal 25 km southwest of Newcastle, NSW 2,500 Pty Ltd., 17%; private, 13%) Do. Yallourn open pit lignite mine (CLP Power Asia Ltd., 100%) 140 km southeast of Melbourne, VIC 18,000 Cobalt: Mine production, metric Murrin Murrin open pit nickel-cobalt mine (Minara Resources Ltd., 60 km east of Leonora, WA 2,000 Co content tons 60%, and Glencore plc, 40%) Do. do. Radio Hill underground nickel-cobalt mine (Fox Resources Ltd., 100%) 35 km south of Karratha, WA 200 Do. do. Ravensthorpe open pit mine (First Quantum Minerals Ltd., 100%) 155 km west of Esperance, WA 1,400 Refinery do. Yabulu nickel-cobalt refinery3 (Queensland Nickel Pty Ltd., 100%) Townsville, QLD 3,000 Copper: Mine production, Boddington open pit and underground gold mine (Newmont 130 km southeast of Perth, WA 35 Cu content Mining Corp., 100%) Do. Cadia Valley open pit and underground gold-copper mine (includes Cadia 25 km south-southwest of 90 East, Cadia Hill and Ridgeway) (Newcrest Mining Ltd., 100%) Orange, NSW Do. Cobar underground copper mine (Glencore plc, 100%) 12 km northwest of Cobar, NSW 30 Do. DeGrussa underground gold-copper mine (Sandfire Resources NL, 100%) 150 km north of Meekatharra, WA 300 Do. Eloise underground copper mine (FMR Investments Pty Ltd., 100%) 60 km southeast of Cloncurry, QLD 70 See footnotes at end of table.

Australia—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.15 TABLE 2—Continued AUSTRALIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2016

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Facilities, major operating companies, and major equity owners Location of main facilities1, 2 capacitye Copper:—Continued Mine production, Ernest Henry open pit and underground copper-gold mine (Glencore 35 km northeast of Cloncurry, QLD 115 Cu content— plc, 100%) Continued Do. Golden Grove underground zinc-copper mine [(MMG Ltd., operator) 225 km east of Geraldton, WA 20 China Minmetals Group, 100%] Do. Hellyer underground zinc-lead-copper-silver mine (Bass Metals Ltd., 100%) 80 km south-southwest of Burnie, TAS 1 Do. Lady Annie copper (solvent extraction-electrowinning) mine 100 km north-northwest of 19 (CST Mining Group Ltd., 100%) Mount Isa, QLD Do. Leichhardt copper mine (Cape Lambert Resources Ltd., 100%)3 110 km northwest of Cloncurry, QLD 10 Do. Mount Gordon open pit copper (solvent extraction-electrowinning) mine 120 km north of Mount Isa, QLD 50 (Aditya Birla Minerals Ltd., 100%) Do. Mount Isa underground copper-lead-zinc-silver mine (also includes Mount Isa, QLD 190 Enterprise, George Fisher, and Hilton Mines) (Glencore plc, 100%) Do. Mount Lyell underground copper-gold mine {Copper Mines of Tasmania 2 km northeast of Queenstown, TAS 35 Pty Ltd. [Sterlite Industries (India) Ltd., 100%]} Do. Nifty open pit copper (solvent extraction-electrowinning) mine 200 km southeast of Marble Bar, WA 25 (Aditya Birla Minerals Ltd., 100%) Do. Northparkes open pit and underground copper-gold mine 30 km northwest of Parkes, NSW 90 (China Molybdenum Co. Ltd., 80%; Sumitomo Metal Mining Oceania Pty. Ltd., 13.3%; SC Mineral Resources Pty. Ltd., 6.7%) Do. Olympic Dam underground copper-silver-gold-uranium mine Roxby Downs, 80 km north of 235 [BHP Billiton Olympic Dam Corp. Pty. Ltd., operator (BHP Billiton Woomera, SA Ltd., 100%)] Do. Osborne underground copper-gold mine (Ivanhoe Australia Ltd., 100%) 120 km northeast of Boulia, QLD 22 Do. Peak underground gold-zinc-lead-copper-silver underground mine 8 km south of Cobar, NSW 3 (includes New Cobar, New Occidental, and Perseverance) (New Gold Inc., 100%) Do. Prominent Hill open pit and underground copper-gold mine 650 km northwest of Adelaide, SA 140 (OZ Minerals Ltd., 100%) Do. Rosebery underground zinc-lead-silver-copper-gold mine 35 km north of Queenstown, TAS 2 [Minerals and Metals Group Australia Ltd., operator (China Minmetals Nonferrous Metals Co. Ltd., 100%)] Do. Telfer copper and gold mine (Newcrest Mining Ltd., 100%) 400 km east southeast of NA Port Hedland, WA Do. Tritton underground mine (Straits Resources Ltd., 100%) Nyngan, NSW 30 Smelter Mount Isa copper smelter (Glencore plc, 100%) Mount Isa, QLD 250 Do. Olympic Dam copper smelter [Olympic Dam Operations Pty. Ltd., Roxby Downs, 80 km north of 70 operator (BHP Billiton Ltd., 100%)] Woomera, SA Refinery Olympic Dam copper refinery [Olympic Dam Operations Pty. Ltd., do. 235 operator (BHP Billiton Ltd., 100%)] Do. Townsville copper refinery (Glencore plc, 100%) Townsville, QLD 300 Diamond thousand Argyle diamond mine [Argyle Diamonds Ltd., operator (Rio Tinto 120 km southwest of Kununurra, WA 20,000 carats PLC, 100%)] Do. do. Ellendale Mine3 (includes pipes 4 and 9) (Kimberley Diamond Ltd., 100%) 130 east southeast of Derby, WA 700 Do. do. Merlin diamond mine (Merlin Diamonds Ltd., 100%) 100 km south of Borroloola, NT 100 Diatomite Barraba open pit diatomite mine (Australia Diatomite Mining 85 km north-northwest of 25 Pty. Ltd., 100%) Tamworth, NSW Do. Mount Sylvia Diatomite Pty Ltd. Mount Sylvia Mine, 35 km southeast NA of Toowoomba, QLD Do. Greenvale Silicon Pty Ltd. Conjuboy Mine, 45 km northwest of NA Greenvale, QLD Feldspar Broken Hill open pit feldspar mine (includes Bakers, Lady Beryl, 42 km southwest of Broken Hill, NSW 15 and Spar Ridge) (Unimin Australia Ltd., 100%) See footnotes at end of table.

3.16 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2016 TABLE 2—Continued AUSTRALIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2016

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Facilities, major operating companies, and major equity owners Location of main facilities1, 2 capacitye Garnet Port Gregory open pit industrial garnet mine 100 km north of Geraldton, WA 400 (GMA Garnet Pty. Ltd., 100%) Gemstone, opal Many small producers Andamooka and Coober Pedy areas, SA NA Lightning Ridge area, NSW Gold: Mine production, kilo- Agnew-Lawlers open pit and underground gold mine (Gold Fields Ltd., 100%) 23 km west of Leinster, WA 8,600 Au content grams Do. do. Boddington open pit and underground gold mine (Newmont 130 km southeast of Perth, WA 24,000 Mining Corp., 100%) Do. do. Bronzewing underground gold mine (includes Mount McClure, 65 km northeast of Leinster, WA 9,000 Venus, Success, Cockburn, Corboys, Mount Joel) (Audax Resources Ltd., 100%) Do. do. Burnside open pit mines (includes Union Reefs, Brocks Creek, North Point, Pine Creek, NT 6,500 Princess Louise, Rising Tide, Zapopan, Fountain Head) (Crocodile Gold Corp., 100%) Do. do. Cadia Valley open pit and underground gold-copper mines (includes 25 km south-southwest of 25,000 Cadia East, Cadia Hill, and Ridgeway) (Newcrest Mining Ltd., 100%) Orange, NSW Do. do. Doolgunna open pit and underground gold-copper mine (includes DeGrussa) 140 km north of Meekatharra, WA 270 (Sandfire Resources NL, 100%) Do. do. Ernest Henry open pit copper-gold mine (Glencore plc, 100%) 35 km northeast of Cloncurry, QLD 3,000 Do. do. Garden Well gold mine (Regis Resources Ltd., 100%) 350 km northeast of Kalgoorlie, WA 5,200 Do. do. Granny Smith open pit gold mine (includes Wallaby) (Gold Fields Ltd., 100%) 20 km south of Laverton, WA 16,000 Do. do. Gwalia underground gold mine (St Barbara Ltd., 100%) 3 km south of Leonora, WA 2,600 Do. do. Henty underground gold-silver mine (Unity Mining Ltd., 100%) 30 km north of Queenstown, TAS 3,700 Do. do. Hillgrove Mine (Straits Resources Ltd., 100%) 25 km east of Armidale, NSW 650 Do. do. Jundee-Nimary open pit and underground gold mine 45 km northeast of Wiluna, WA 12,000 (Newmont Mining Corp., 100%) Do. do. Kalgoorlie open pit and underground gold mine [Kalgoorlie Consolidated Southeast corner of the Kalgoorlie 20,000 Gold Mine Pty Ltd., operator (Barrick Gold, 50%, and Boulder Township, WA Newmont Mining Corp., 50%)] Do. do. Kanowna Belle underground gold mine (Barrick Gold Corp., 100%) 18 km northeast of Kalgoorlie, WA 7,000 Do. do. Moolart Well gold mine (Regis Resources Ltd., 100%) 100 km north of Laverton, WA 3,000 Do. do. Mount Lyell underground copper-gold mine 2 km northeast of Queenstown, TAS 1,000 [Sterlite Industries (India) Ltd., 100%] Do. do. Mount Magnet open pit and underground gold mine (includes Hill 50 and 2 km from Mount Magnet, WA 8,500 Star) (Ramelins Resources Ltd., 100%) Do. do. Norseman underground gold mine (Norseman Gold Plc, 100%) Norseman, WA 3,700 Do. do. Northparkes open pit and underground copper-gold mine (China Molybdenum 30 km north of Parkes, NSW 1,550 Co. Ltd., 80%, and Sumitomo Metal Mining Oceania Pty. Ltd., 20%) Do. do. Osborne underground copper-gold mine (Ivanhoe Australia Ltd., 100%) 120 km northeast of Boulia, QLD 1,000 Do. do. Olympic Dam underground copper-silver-gold-uranium mine [Olympic Roxby Downs, 80 km north of 1,500 Dam Operations Pty. Ltd., operator (BHP Billiton Ltd., 100%)] Woomera, SA Do. do. Paddington open pit and underground gold operation [Noron Gold Fields Ltd., 35 km north of Kalgoorlie, WA 5,000 operator (Zijin Mining Group Co. Ltd., 89%)] Do. do. Pajingo underground gold mine (includes Vera-Nancy) 60 km south-southeast of 6,400 (Evolution Mining Ltd., 100%) Charters Towers, QLD Do. do. Plutonic open pit and underground gold mine (Barrick Gold Corp., 100%) 180 km northeast of Meekatharra, WA 8,000 Do. do. Prominent Hill open pit copper-gold mine (OZ Minerals Ltd., 100%) 650 km northwest of Adelaide, SA 2,200 Do. do. Ravenswood open pit mine (includes Nolans, Sarsfield, and Mount 100 km south of Townsville, QLD 3,000 Wright) (Resolute Mining Ltd., 100%) Do. do. Rosebery underground zinc-lead-silver-copper-gold mine 35 km north of Queenstown, TAS 1,000 [Minerals and Metals Group Australia Ltd., operator (China Minmetals Nonferrous Metals Co. Ltd., 100%)] Do. do. Saint Ives open pit and underground gold mine (Gold Fields Ltd., 100%) 75 km south-southeast of 15,000 Kalgoorlie, WA See footnotes at end of table.

Australia—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.17 TABLE 2—Continued AUSTRALIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2016

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Facilities, major operating companies, and major equity owners Location of main facilities1, 2 capacitye Gold—Continued Mine production, kilo- Selwyn underground copper-gold mine (Barrick Gold Corp., 100%) 160 km southeast of Mount Isa, QLD 700 Au content grams Do. do. Stawell underground gold mine (Perseverance Corp. Ltd., 100%) 250 km west of Melbourne, VIC 3,000 Do. do. Sunrise Dam open pit mine gold (includes Cleo Mine) 55 km south of Laverton, WA 15,000 (AngloGold Ashanti Ltd., 100%) Do. do. Tanami open pit gold mine (includes Central Desert Joint Venture) 650 km northwest of Alice Springs, NT 13,000 (Newmont Gold Corp., 100%) Do. do. Telfer copper and gold mine (Newcrest Mining Ltd., 100%) 400 km east-southeast of 15,000 Port Hedland, WA Do. do. Trident gold mine (Alacer Gold Corp., 100%) Higginsville, WA 5,000 Do. do. Tropicana gold mine (AngloGold Ashanti Australia Pty Ltd., 70%, 330 km northeast of Kalgoorlie, WA 16,400 and Independence Group NL, 30%) Do. do. Wattle Dam gold mine3 (Tychean Resources Ltd., 100%) 70 km south of Kalgoorlie, WA 3,000 Do. do. Wiluna open pit and underground gold mine (Apex Minerals NL, 100%) 7 km south of Wiluna, WA 3,300 Smelter do. Gidji Roaster gold smelter (Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines Pty. Kalgoorlie, WA 24,300 Ltd., 100%) Refinery do. Perth Mint Refinery [Gold Corp. (Government of Western Australia, 100%)] Newburn, WA 400,000 Gypsum Gypsum Resources Australia Pty. Ltd., 100% Lake MacDonnell open pit gypsum 1,400 mine, near Point Thevenard, SA Do. Dredging of gypsum from surface of Lake MacLeod (Rio Tinto Ltd., 68.4%) Lake MacLeod, WA 900 Iron and steel: Iron ore Channar open pit iron ore mine [Hamersley Iron Pty. Ltd., 60% 70 km south of Tom Price, WA 11,000 (Rio Tinto Ltd., 100%), and China Iron and Steel Industry & Trade Group Corp. (SINOSTEEL) (a China state-owned company), 40%] Do. Cloudbreak iron ore mine (includes Chichester Range, Christmas Creek, Chichester Ranges, East Pilbara, WA 55,000 WhiteKnight, Mount Lewin, Mount Nicholas, and Flinders Mines) (Fortescue Metals Group Ltd., 100%) Do. Eastern Range open pit iron ore mine {Bao-HI Ranges Joint Venture, 10 km east of Paraburdoo, WA 10,000 100% [Hamersley Iron Pty. Ltd., 54% (Rio Tinto Ltd., 100%), and Shanghai Baosteel Group Corp., 46%]} Do. Extension Hill open pit iron ore mine (Mount Gibson Iron Ltd., 100%) 85 km of Perenjori, WA 3,000 Do. Hamersley operations (includes Brockman 2, Brockman 4, Marandoo, 30 km to 85 km northeast, northwest, 140,000 Mount Tom Price, Nammuldi, Paraburdoo, Silvergrass, Western Turner and south of Tom Price, WA Syncline, and Yandicoogina open pit iron ore mines) (Rio Tinto Ltd., 100%) Do. Hope Downs 1 Mine [Hope Downs Iron Ore Pty Ltd. (Hancock 75 km northwest of Newman, 30,000 Prospecting Pty Ltd. 100%), 50%, and Rio Tinto Ltd., 50%] Pilbara region, WA Do. Hope Downs 4 Mine [Hope Downs Iron Ore Pty Ltd. (Hancock Pilbara region, WA 15,000 Prospecting Pty Ltd. 100%), 50%, and Rio Tinto Ltd., 50%] Do. Jimblebar open pit iron ore mine (includes ore from Wheelarra JV) [BHP 40 km east of Newman, WA 20,000 Iron Ore (Jimblebar) Pty Ltd., 85% (BHP Billiton Ltd., 100%); ITOCHU Minerals and Energy of Australia, 8%; Mitsui Iron Ore Corp., 7%] Do. Karara open pit iron ore mine (Anshan Iron and Steel Group Corp., 50%, 110 km south of Yalgoo, WA 8,000 and Gindalbie Metals Ltd., 50%) Do. Koolan Island open pit iron ore mine (Mount Gibson Iron Ltd., 100%) 140 north of Derby, WA 4,000 Do. Koolyanobbing Central open pit iron ore mine (Portman Ltd., 100%) 50 km north-northeast of Southern 6,000 Cross, WA Do. Area C Mine [BHP Billiton Minerals Pty Ltd. (manager), 85%; 180 km east of Port Hedland, 42,000 ITOCHU Minerals & Energy of Australia Pty Ltd., 8%; Pilbara region, WA Mitsui Iron Ore Corp. Pty. Ltd., 7%] Do. Mount Gould open pit iron ore mine (Unimin Australia Ltd., 100%) 160 km west of Meekatharra, WA 6,000 See footnotes at end of table.

3.18 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2016 TABLE 2—Continued AUSTRALIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2016

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Facilities, major operating companies, and major equity owners Location of main facilities1, 2 capacitye Iron and steel:—Continued Iron ore—Continued Mount Newman open pit iron ore mine (includes Mount Whaleback, Within 13 km of Newman, 42,000 orebodies 18, 24, 25, 29, 30 and 35) {BHP Billiton Minerals Pty Ltd., Pilbara region, WA 85%, [BHP Billiton Ltd., 100%]; Mitsui ITOCHU Iron Pty Ltd., 10% [Mitsui & Co. (Australia) Ltd., 100%]; ITOCHU Minerals and Energy of Australia, 5% [ITOCHU Corp., 100%]} Do. Pannawonica (includes Mesa A and J) open pit iron ore mine [Robe River 130 km south-southwest of Dampier, 35,000 Iron Associates, manager (Rio Tinto Ltd., 53%; Mitsui & Co. Ltd. Pilbara region, WA 33%; Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corp. 14%)] Do. Sino Iron iron ore mine (CITIC Pacific Mining Management Pty Ltd., Cape Preston, 100 km southwest of 2,000 80%, and China Metallurgical Group Corp., 20%) Karratha, Pilbara region, WA Do. Savage River open pit iron ore mine (Grange Resources Ltd., 100%) 100 km southwest of Burnie, TAS 2,400 Do. Tallering Peak open pit iron ore mine (Mount Gibson Iron Ltd., 100%) 120 northeast of Geraldton, WA 3,000 Do. West Angelas open pit iron ore mine [Robe River Iron Associates, 110 km west of Newman, 29,400 manager (Rio Tinto Ltd., 53%; Mitsui & Co. Ltd. 33%; Nippon Pilbara region, WA Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corp., 14%)] Do. Whyalla open pit iron ore mines (Arrium Steel Ltd., 100%) 270 km northwest of Adelaide, SA 2,600 Do. Yandi open pit iron ore mine (includes ore from JW4 JV) {BHP Billiton 92 km north of Newman, 47,000 Minerals Pty Ltd., manager, 85%, [BHP Billiton Ltd., 100%]; ITOCHU Pilbara region, WA Minerals & Energy of Australia Pty Ltd., 8%; Mitsui Iron Ore Corp. Pty. Ltd., 7%} Pig iron Hismelt pig iron plant [Hismelt Corp. Pty Ltd. (Rio Tinto Ltd., 60%; Kwinana, WA 800 Nucor Corp., 25%; Mitsubishi Corp., 10%; Shougang Corp., 5%] Steel Laverton Steel Mill (Arrium Steel Ltd., 100%) Laverton, Melbourne, VIC 700 Do. Port Kembla steelworks (Blue Scope Steel Ltd., 100%) Port Kembla, NSW 2,600 Do. Smorgon Steel Group Ltd. Laverton, Melbourne, VIC 700 Do. do. Waratch, NSW 285 Do. Sydney Steel Mill (Arrium Steel Ltd., 100%) Sydney, NSW 600 Do. Whyalla steelworks (Arrium Steel Ltd., 100%) Whyalla, SA 1,200 Lead: Mine production, Angas zinc mine (Terramin Australia Ltd., 100%) 2 km from Strathalbyn, SA 10 Pb content Do. Broken Hill underground silver-zinc-lead mine (Shenzhen Zhongjin Broken Hill, NSW 90 Lingnan Nonfemet Co. Ltd., 50.1%, and Perilya Ltd., 49.9%) Do. Cannington underground silver-lead-zinc mine (South32 Ltd., 100%) 85 km southwest of McKinlay, QLD 265 Do. Century open pit zinc-silver-lead mine (MMG Ltd., 100%) 250 km north of Mount Isa, QLD 90 Do. Endeavor underground zinc-silver-lead mine 40 km northwest of Cobar, NSW 45 (CBH Resources Ltd., 100%) Do. Hellyer underground zinc-lead-copper-silver mine3 80 km south-southwest of Burnie, TAS 44 (Bass Metals Ltd., 100%) Do. McArthur River open pit mine [McArthur River Mining Pty Ltd., operator 60 km southwest of Borroloola, NT 170 (Glencore plc, 100%)] Do. Mount Isa underground copper-lead-zinc-silver mine (also includes Mount Isa, QLD 150 Enterprise, George Fisher, and Hilton) (Glencore plc, 100%) Do. Rosebery underground zinc-lead-silver-copper-gold mine 5 km north of Queenstown, TAS 25 [Minerals and Metals Group Australia Ltd., operator (China Minmetals Nonferrous Metals Co. Ltd., 100%)] Smelter Mount Isa smelter (Glencore plc, 100%) Mount Isa, QLD 240 Do. Port Pirie smelter (Nyrstar Corp., 100%) Port Pirie, SA 235 Lithium, spodumene, Greenbushes open pit and underground tantalite-spodumene mine 70 km southeast of Bunbury, WA 740 concentrate {Talison Lithium Pty Ltd., operator [Windfield Holding Pty Ltd., 100% (Sichuan Tianqi Lithium Industries Inc., 51%, and Albemarle Corp., 49%)]} See footnotes at end of table.

Australia—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.19 TABLE 2—Continued AUSTRALIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2016

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Facilities, major operating companies, and major equity owners Location of main facilities1, 2 capacitye Lithium, spodumene, Mount Cattlin spodumene mine (Galaxy Resources Ltd., 100%) 2 km north of Ravensthorpe, WA 180 concentrate—Continued Do. Mount Marion spodumene mine (Mineral Resources Ltd., 43.1%; 40 km southwest pf Kaloorlie, WA 400 Ganfeng Lithium Co., Ltd., 43.1%; Neometals Ltd., 13.8%) Magnesite Kunwarara open pit magnesite mine (includes Marlborough) 70 km northwest of Rockhampton, 3,000 [Queensland Magnesia Pty Ltd., operator (Sibelco Group, 100%)] QLD Do. Salt Creek open pit mine (Agricola Mining Pty Ltd., 100%) 70 km southeast of Meningie, SA NA Do. Thuddungra Mine (Orind Australia Pty Ltd., 100%) 38 km northwest of Young, NSW 80 Manganese: Mine production, Bootu Creek open pit manganese mine (OM Holding Ltd., 100%) 110 km north of Tennant Creek, NT 600 concentrate Do. Groote Eylandt open pit manganese mine [Groote Eylandt Mining Co., Groote Eylandt, NT 3,100 operator (BHP Billiton Ltd., 60%, and Anglo American Corp., 40%)] Do. Woodie Woodie open pit manganese mine (includes Bells and East 400 km southeast of Port Hedland, WA 1,000 Pilbara leases) [Pilbara Manganese Pty Ltd., operator (Consolidated Minerals Ltd., 100%)] Alloys Bell Bay Smelter [Tasmanian Electro Metallurgical Co. Pty. Ltd., Bell Bay, TAS 250 operator (BHP Billiton Ltd., 100%)] Natural gas: Condensate thousand North West Shelf gas operations {Woodside Petroleum Pty. Ltd., 130 km offshore Dampier, WA 60 42-gallon barrels manager [BHP Petroleum Pty. Ltd., BP Australia Holdings Ltd., per day Chevron Asiatic Ltd., Japan Australia LNG (MIMI) Pty. Ltd., Shell Development (Australia) Pty. Ltd., and Woodside Petroleum Ltd., 16.67% each]} Gas million cubic do. do. 20 meters per day Liquefied natural million do. Four-train liquefaction plant, Burrup 12 metric tons Peninsula, WA Do. do. Gorgon project (Chevron Corp., 100%) Barrow Island, WA 16 Nickel: Mine production, Avebury nickel mine3 (includes Bison, North Avebury, Saxon, and Near Zeehan, TAS 7 Ni content West Viking) [Minerals and Metals Group Australia Ltd., operator (China Minmetals Nonferrous Metals Co. Ltd., 100%)] Do. Black Swan underground nickel mine3 (includes Silver Swan) 53 km northeast of Kalgoorlie, WA 10 (Poseidon Nickel Ltd., 100%) Do. Beta Hunt nickel-gold mine (includes Beta Hunt, and East Alpha deposits) 60 km south of Kalgoorlie, WA 3 [Salt Lake Mining Pty Ltd. (Royal Nickel Corp., 100%)] Do. Carnilya Hill open pit mine3 [Mincor Resources NL, 70%, and 25 km northeast of Kambalda, WA 5 View Nickel Pty Ltd. (Celsius Resources Ltd., 100%), 30%] Do. Cosmos open pit nickel mine3 (Western Areas Ltd., 100%) 50 km north of Leinster, WA 13 Do. Forrestania project (includes Fly Fox underground nickel mine and Spotted 100 km north of Ravensthorpe, WA 25 Quoll open pit nickel mine) (Western Areas Ltd., 100%) Do. Lake Johnston underground nickel mine3 (includes Maggie Hays, Maggie 120 km west of Norseman, WA 12 Hays Lake, and Emily Ann) (Poseidon Nickel Ltd., 100%) Do. Lanfranchi underground mine3 (includes Deacon, Schmitz, Tramway, and 42 km south of Kambalda, WA 10 Winner) (Panoramic Resources Ltd., 100%) Do. Leinster open pit and underground nickel mines (BHP Billiton Ltd., 100%) 10 km north of Leinster, WA 44 Do. Long underground mine (Independence Group NL, 100%) Near Kambalda East, WA 10 Do. Mariners underground nickel mine5 (Mincor Resources NL, 100%) 70 km south of Kambalda, WA 5 Do. Miitel underground nickel mine5 (Mincor Resources NL, 100%) 70 km south of Kambalda, WA 5 Do. Mount Keith open pit nickel mine includes the Cliffs, Jericho, Venus, and 70 km south-southeast of Wiluna, WA 40 Yakabindie deposits (BHP Billiton Ltd., 100%) See footnotes at end of table.

3.20 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2016 TABLE 2—Continued AUSTRALIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2016

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Facilities, major operating companies, and major equity owners Location of main facilities1, 2 capacitye Nickel:—Continued Mine production, Murrin Murrin open pit nickel-cobalt mine [Minara Resources Ltd. 60 km east of Leonora, WA 40 Ni content (Glencore plc, 100%)] Do. Radio Hill underground nickel-cobalt mine (Fox Resources Ltd., 100%) 35 km south of Karratha, WA 4 Do. Ravensthorpe open pit mine (First Quantum Minerals Ltd., 100%) Ravensthrope, WA 25 Do. Savannah underground mine (Panoramic Resources Ltd., 100%) 120 km north of Halls Creek, WA 8 Smelter Kalgoorlie nickel smelter (BHP Billiton Ltd., 100%) Kalgoorlie, WA 100 Refinery Kwinana nickel refinery (BHP Billiton Ltd., 100%) Kwinana, WA 65 Do. Murrin Murrin nickel refinery [Minara Resources Ltd. (Glencore Murrin Murrin, WA 45 plc, 100%)] Do. Yabulu nickel-cobalt refinery3 (Queensland Nickel Pty Ltd., 100%) Townsville, QLD 40 Petroleum thousand Exxon Mobil Corp., 100% Altona Refinery, VIC 120 42-gallon barrels per day Do. do. Bulwer Island Refinery [BP Amoco Refinery (Bulwer Island) Pty. Bulwer Island, QLD 69 Ltd., 100%] Do. do. Geelong Refinery [Shell Refining (Australia) Pty. Ltd., 100%] Geelong, VIC 110 Do. do. Kurnell Refinery (Caltex Australia Ltd., 100%) Kurnell, NSW 114 Do. do. Kwinana Refinery [BP Amoco Refinery (Kwinana) Pty. Ltd., 100%] Kwinana, WA 138 Do. do. Lytton Refinery (Caltex Australia Ltd., 100%) Lytton, QLD 106 Phosphate rock Phosphate Hill-Duchess open pit phosphate mine 140 km northwest of Mount Isa, QLD 2,200 (Incitec Pivot Ltd., 100%) Rare earths, metric Mount Weld Mine (Lynas Corp. Ltd.) Mount Weld, WA 8,000 rare-earth oxide tons equivalent Salt Dampier Salt, solar evaporation salt pans (Rio Tinto Ltd., 68.4%) Near Dampier, WA 4,000 Do. Lake MacLeod solar salt and gypsum evaporation pans 65 km north of Carnarvon, WA 900 (Rio Tinto Ltd., 68.4%) Do. Port Hedland solar salt fields (Rio Tinto Ltd., 68.4%) Port Hedland, WA 3,000 Silica Itochu Corp., 50%, and Tochu Corp., 50% Kemerton silica sands dredge, 25 km 450 northeast of Bunbury, WA Silver: Mine production, kilo- Broken Hill underground silver-zinc-lead mine (Shenzhen Zhongjin Broken Hill, NSW 81,200 Ag content grams Lingnan Nonfemet Co. Ltd., 50.1%, and Perilya Ltd., 49.9%) Do. do. Cannington underground silver-lead-zinc mine 85 km southwest of McKinlay, QLD 700,000 (BHP Billiton Ltd., 100%) Do. do. Century open pit zinc-silver-lead mine 250 km north of Mount Isa, QLD 3,000 [Minerals and Metals Group Australia Ltd., operator (China Minmetals Nonferrous Metals Co. Ltd., 100%)] Do. do. Pasminco Ltd., 100% Cockle Creek silver smelter, NSW 85,000 Do. do. Endeavor underground zinc-silver-lead mine 40 km northwest of Cobar, NSW 35,000 (CBH Resources Ltd., 100%) Do. do. Hellyer underground zinc-lead-copper-silver mine (Intec Ltd., 50%, 80 km south-southwest of Burnie, TAS 60,000 and Polymetals Mining Services Pty Ltd., 50%) Do. do. Henty underground gold-silver mine (Barrick Gold Ltd., 100%) 30 km north of Queenstown, TAS 1,100 Do. do. Mount Isa underground copper-lead-zinc-silver mine Mount Isa, QLD 375,000 (also includes Enterprise, George Fisher, and Hilton Mines) (Glencore plc, 100%) Do. do. Olympic Dam underground copper-silver-gold-uranium mine [Olympic Roxby Downs, 80 km north of 27,000 Dam Operations Pty. Ltd., operator (BHP Billiton Ltd., 100%)] Woomera, SA Do. do. Peak underground gold-zinc-lead-copper-silver underground mine 8 km south of Cobar, NSW 6,000 (includes New Cobar, New Occidental, and Perseverance Mines), (GoldCorp Inc., 100%) See footnotes at end of table.

Australia—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.21 TABLE 2—Continued AUSTRALIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2016

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Facilities, major operating companies, and major equity owners Location of main facilities1, 2 capacitye Silver:—Continued Mine production, kilo- Rosebery underground zinc-lead-silver-copper-gold mine 5 km north of Queenstown, TAS 35,000 Ag content— grams [Minerals and Metals Group Australia Ltd., operator Continued (China Minmetals Nonferrous Metals Co. Ltd., 100%)] Smelter do. Port Pirie smelter (Nyrstar Corp., 100%) do. 450,000 Refinery do. Perth Refinery [AGR Management Services Ltd. (Australian Gold Alliance Newburn, WA NA Pty Ltd., 40%; Western Australian Mint, 40%; Johnson Matthey (Australian) Ltd., 20%] Stone, dolomite Ardrossan metallurgical dolomite quarry (OneSteel Ltd., 100%) Northern York Peninsula, SA 650 Do. Cookes Hill Mine (includes Nickol River and Warrawoona) Near Port Hedland, WA 400 (Haoma Mining NL, 100%) Talc Three Springs open pit talc mine (Imerys SA, 100%) 330 km north of Perth, WA 150 Tantalum, tantalite, Greenbushes open pit and underground tantalite-spodumene mine 70 km southeast of Bunbury, WA NA mine production (Global Advanced Metals Ltd., 100%)

Ta2O5 content Do. Bald Hill tantalite mine3 (Haddington Resources Ltd., 100%) 60 km southeast of Kambalda, WA NA Do. Wodgina open pit tantalite mine3 (Global Advanced Metals Ltd., 100%) 70 km southeast of Bunbury, WA NA Tin: Mine production, metric Collingwood underground tin mine3 (Metals X Ltd., 100%) 35 km south of Cooktown, QLD 3,000 Sn content tons Do. do. Greenbushes open pit and underground tantalite-spodumene mine3 70 km southeast of Bunbury, WA 1,000 (Global Advanced Metals Ltd., 100%) Do. do. Mount Bischoff open pit mine3 (Metals X Ltd., 50%, and L'sea Resources 55 km southwest of Burnie, TAS 6,000 International Holdings Ltd. and YT Parksong Australia Holdings Pty Ltd., 50%) Do. do. Renison Bell underground tin mine (Metals X Ltd., 50%; L'sea Resources 136 km south of Burnie, TAS 4,000 International Holdings Ltd. and YT Parksong Australia Holdings Pty Ltd., 50%) Smelter do. Greenbushes smelter3 (Global Advanced Metals Ltd., 100%) 70 km southeast of Bunbury, WA 1,000 Titanium mineral sand Broken Hill region mines (Cristal Australia Pty Ltd., 100%) 120 km north of Mildura, NSW NA (ilmenite, rutile, and zircon) Do. Capel open pit heavy-mineral sands mine 7 km north of Capel, WA NA (Iluka Resources Ltd., 100%) Do. Murray Basin heavy-mineral sands mine (Iluka Resources Ltd., 100%) 80 km southeast of Mildura, VIC NA Do. North Stradbroke Island heavy-mineral sands dredge (Stradbroke Rutile 35 km east of Brisbane, QLD NA Pty. Ltd., 100%) Do. Tiwest Joint Venture heavy-mineral sands dredge (Exxaro Resources Ltd., 180 km north of Perth, WA NA 50%, and Tronox Inc., 50%) Tungsten, mine metric Kara magnetite and scheelite mine (Tasmania Mines Ltd., 100%) 30 km south of Burnie, TAS 50 production, tons W content Do. do. Mount Carbine tungsten mine (Carbine Tungsten Ltd., 100%) 75 km west of Caims, QLD 4,000 Do. do. Wolfram Camp molybdenum-tungsten mine (Almonty Industries Inc., 100%) 85 km west of Caims, QLD 500 Uranium, mine do. Beverley in situ leach uranium operation3 (Heathgate Resources Pty. 300 km northeast of Port Augusta, SA 1,000

production, U3O8 Ltd., 100%) content Do. do. Four Mile uranium mine [Quasar Resources Pty Ltd., 100% 300 km northeast of Port Augusta, SA 1,200 (Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd.)] Do. do. Honeymoon uranium mine3 (Boss Resources Ltd., 100%) 75 km northwest of Broken Hill, SA 400 Do. do. Olympic Dam underground copper-silver-gold-uranium mine [BHP Billiton Roxby Downs, 80 km north of 4,400 Olympic Dam Corp. Pty. Ltd., operator (BHP Billiton Ltd., 100%)] Woomera, SA Do. do. Ranger open pit uranium mine (Energy Resources of Australia 230 km east of Darwin, NT 5,000 Ltd., 100% [Rio Tinto plc, 68.4%, and public 31.6%)] See footnotes at end of table.

3.22 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2016 TABLE 2—Continued AUSTRALIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2016

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Facilities, major operating companies, and major equity owners Location of main facilities1, 2 capacitye Vanadium, mine metric Windimurra open pit mine vanadium3 (Precious Metals Australia Ltd., 100 km east-southeast of Mount 8 production, tons 90%, and Noble Group Ltd., 10%) Magnet, WA

V2O5 content Zinc: Mine production, Angas zinc mine (Terramin Australia Ltd., 100%) 2 km from Strathalbyn, SA 24 Zn content Do. Broken Hill underground silver-zinc-lead mine (Shenzhen Zhongjin Broken Hill, NSW 360 Lingnan Nonfemet Co. Ltd., 50.1%, and Perilya Ltd., 49.9%) Do. Cannington underground silver-lead-zinc mine 85 km southwest of McKinlay, QLD 100 (BHP Billiton Ltd., 100%) Do. Century open pit zinc-silver-lead mine [MMG Ltd., operator 250 km north of Mount Isa, QLD 500 (China Minmetals Group, 100%)] Do. Endeavor underground zinc-silver-lead mine 40 km northwest of Cobar, NSW 125 [CBH Resources Ltd. (Toho Zinc Co. Ltd. of Japan, 100%)] Do. Golden Grove underground zinc-copper mine [MMG Ltd., operator 225 km east of Geraldton, WA 150 (China Minmetals Group, 100%)] Do. Hellyer underground zinc-lead-copper-silver mine3 (Intec Ltd., 50%, 80 km south-southwest of Burnie, TAS 130 and Polymetals Mining Services Pty Ltd., 50%) Do. Jaguar underground mine (Jabiru Metals Ltd., 100%) 250 km north of Kalgoorlie, WA 420 Do. McArthur River open pit mine [McArthur River Mining Pty Ltd., operator 60 km southwest of Borroloola, NT 280 (Glencore plc, 100%)] Do. Mount Isa underground copper-lead-zinc-silver mine (also includes Mount Isa, QLD 175 Enterprise, George Fisher, Hilton, and Lady Loretta) (Glencore plc, 100%) Do. Peak underground gold-zinc-lead-copper-silver underground mine 8 km south of Cobar, NSW 8 (includes New Cobar, New Occidental, and Perseverance) (New Gold Inc., 100%) Do. Rosebery underground zinc-lead-silver-copper-gold mine 35 km north of Queenstown, TAS 100 [Minerals and Metals Group Australia Ltd., operator (China Minmetals Nonferrous Metals Co. Ltd., 100%)] Smelter Port Pirie smelter (Nyrstar NV, 100%) 5 km north of Queenstown, TAS 45 Do. Hobart smelter (Nyrstar NV, 100%) Hobart, TAS 320 Refinery Sun Metals zinc refinery [Sun Metals Corp. Pty. Ltd., operator Townsville, QLD 170 (Korea Zinc Co., 100%)] eEstimated; estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits. Do., do. Ditto. NA Not available. 1Abbreviations used for States and Territories in this table include the following: NSW—New South Wales; NT—Northern Territory; QLD—Queensland; SA—South Australia; TAS—Tasmania; VIC—Victoria; WA—Western Australia. 2Abbreviation(s) used for unit(s) of measure in this table include the following: km—kilometer. 3Remained on care-and-maintenance status through 2016. 4Closed in March 2016. 5Placed on care-and-maintenance status in January 2016.

Australia—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.23 TABLE 3 AUSTRALIA: RESERVES OF MAJOR MINERAL COMMODITIES IN 2016

Commodity Reserves1 Antimony, Sb content thousand metric tons 139 Bauxite million metric tons 6,005 Coal: Anthracite and bituminous, recoverable2 billion metric tons 64 Lignite, recoverable3 do. 66 Cobalt, Co content thousand metric tons 1,164 Copper, Cu content million metric tons 88 Diamond million carats 115 Gold, Au content metric tons 9,800 Iron ore: Gross weight billion metric tons 50 Fe content do. 24 Lead, Pb content million metric tons 24 Lithium, Li content thousand metric tons 2,730

Magnesite (MgCO3 content) million metric tons 320 Manganese ore do. 219 Mineral sand: Ilmenite do. 247 Rutile do. 29 Zircon do. 72 Molybdenum, Mo content thousand metric tons 210 Nickel, Ni content million metric tons 19 Niobium (columbium) and tantalum: Niobium (columbium), Nb content thousand metric tons 286 Tantalum, Ta content do. 67 Phosphate rock: Gross weight million metric tons 1,072

P2O5 content do. 188 Platinum-group metals (Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru)4 kilograms 2,600

Potash, K2O content million metric tons 56

Rare earths (REO plus Y2O3) thousand metric tons 3,430 Silver, Ag content do. 89 Tin, Sn content do. 486 Tungsten, W content do. 391 Uranium, U content do. 1,212 Vanadium, V content do. 2,111 Zinc, Zn content million metric tons 64 do. Ditto. 1Accessible Economic Demonstrated Resources (AEDR) as of December 2016, as reported by Geoscience Australia. AEDR refers to the portion of total Economic Demonstrated Resources (EDR), which include Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC) reserves, and measured and indicated resources, that is accessible for mining. It excludes resources that are inaccessible for mining because of environmental restrictions, government policies, or military lands. 2Reported as black coal by Geoscience Australia. 3Reported as brown coal by Geoscience Australia. 4Platinum-group metals are produced as a byproduct of nickel-cobalt mining; platinum-group-metal reserves and resources of these producers are not reported.

3.24 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2016