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2.3.2 Geology

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2.3.2 Geology The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Main Report- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions 2.3.2 Geology (1) General Geology One of the oldest geological units in the world is distributed in Uganda. Eighty percent of the country comprises Precambrian formations, which were formulated 3 billion to 600 million years ago. These rocks are metamorphosed by orogenic movements, which were activated during Precambrian. Although the geology is classified by the period, types, magnitudes of metamorphism and so on in each area, most of the rocks are classified into Gneisses and Granites. After the time to now, The Basin has been on the continental crust and never sunk into the ocean except only once when the transgression of Karoo was happened. The volcanic activities began in the middle Tertiary: 23 million years ago concurrently with the formulation of the Great Rift Valley. It formulated some volcanoes in the eastern part of Uganda, for example: Mt. Elgon. In addition, in the period of forming Figure 2-19 VSW Index Image in January 2003 eastern volcanoes, Mt. Elgon was higher than the current Mt. Kilimanjaro (5,895m), and rivers in Uganda were flowing east to west. However, after forming the Western Rift Valley, a long and thin lake (Lake Obweruka) was formed as combining the current Lake Edward and Lake Albert, and then Ruwenzori Mountains were uplifted, rivers which couldn’t flow to west, formed Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga. River Nile was formed about 30,000 years ago. Figure 2-21 shows the geological map of Lake Kyoga Basin. The stratigraphy of the Basin is shown in Table 2-5. 2-13 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Main Report- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions Table 2-5 Stratigraphy of Lake Kyoga Basin Era Period Epoch Name Age (Ma) Symbol Lithology Pleistocene Quaternary Quaternary Sediments 0 - 1.6 P1 Sediments, alluvium, black soils and moraines to Recent Volcanic Rocks and Associated sediments; Cenozoic Miocene Volcanic 12.5 - 25 T Nephelinite, Phonorite,..... Tertiary M iocene - Carbonatite Centre 20 -35 TC Carbonatite and Syenite Oligocene ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Paleozoic Lower Permian Karoo System 256 - 290 KR Shales Aswa Shear Zone 600 - 700 CM Cataclasite, mylonite M ozambique Belt: acid gneiss, amphibolites, Karasuk Series 700 - 800 KS quartzites, marbles, and granulite facies rocks Proterozoic Kioga Series 800 - 1,000 K Shales, arkoses, quartzites, and tillite Granite 1,000 - 1,350 G M obilized and intrusive granites shales, argillites, phylites, mica-schists, basal Buganda-Toro System 1,800 - 2,500 B-T quartzites, and amphibolite M etavolcanics, banded ironstones, cherty Nyanzian System 2,400 - 2,700 NZ quartzites and greywackes Precambrian Aruan Techtonic 2,600 A Banded gneiss Archean Granulite facies rock: charnokites, enderbites and Watian Series 2,900 W retrograded derivatives Undifferenciated gneiss and granulite facies rock in GC the north: gneiss, granite, amphibolite, Gneissic -Granulitic Complex -3,400 charnockite, enderbite, quartzite GZ Granitoid and highly granitized rocks 1) The Atlas of Uganda (1962); Department of Geological Survey and Mines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral. 2) Uganda Geology (2004); Department of Geological Survey and Mines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral. 3) Geology of East Africa (1997);Thomas Schluter, Gebruder Borntraeger. (2) Geological Structure in Lake Kyoga Basin The result of image interpretation is shown in Figure 2-20. The clearest lineaments, which can be traced from the northwestern to the central part of the Basin as shown in Figure 4-2, correspond to the Aswa Fault, a zone of mylonites in the Precambrian Basement Complex. Some lineament zones are observed near the northern border of the Basin and Mt. Elgon, but its continuous distribution is not clear. The beddings are mainly observed in the northern and southwestern part of the study area; the Precambrian banded gneisses are distributed in the northern part, and the Precambrian Toro System composed largely of argillaceous sediments (mainly phyllite and schist) and folded tightly is predominant in the Southwestern part. The circular structures extracted as a cone near Mount Elgon and Napak correspond the carbonatite ring complex, which related to the Cretaceous to Miocene soda-rich volcanism. Figure 2-20 Faults and Lineaments in Lake Kyoga Basin 2-14 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Main Report- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions 410000 460000 510000 560000 610000 660000 710000 A A W CM A W GC P1 R W GZ W P1 2 GZA W W GC A 380000 P1 2 W 380000 W CM W A GC W W CM W G W A A A GZ W 4W A GZ A A 02040608010010 P1 2 A CM P1 2 A A km A A A W T G W A A GC CM A P1 2KS 340000 W A A 340000 GC A A KS A GC W KS GC A TCT A A A T W A W A A A A 300000 A A KS 300000 W W W A P1 2A W A A W A KS TC A A A A A A A A A T A A A A G A A A T W A A CM A GC W W A A CM A 260000 W A A 260000 CM A A CM A W T P1 2 A CM KSKS A TC W T W CM P1 2 GC T W GC P1 2 A A KS A W 220000 220000 GC GC W W W P1 2 W W W A T T A W WTC A A B-K A P1 2 AP1A 2 P1 2 W P1 2 W T P1 2 B-K A 180000 W 180000 P1 2 CM W P1 2 B-K P1 2 T P1 2 P1 2 P1 2 T 140000 140000 P1 2 T GC T TC T B-T P1 2 GC TC 100000 P1 2 100000 B-T B-TB-T B-T B-T TC G B-T KR GC G SM-B B-T KR 60000 60000 M-B M-B B-T B-T GZ NZ B-T G M-B NZ B-T B-T NZ GC GC GC GZ P1 2 GZ B-T GZ G B-T GC NZ 410000 460000 510000 560000 610000 660000 710000 Lake, Water body Formation Name Aswa Shear Zone Nyanzian System District Boundary Quaternary Sediments Karasuk Series Aruan Series Lake Kyoga Basin Alkali Volcanics Bunyoro Series and Kyoga Series Watian Series Carbonatite Granite Gneiss-Granulite Complex Karoo System Buganda-Toro System Granitoid Source:Uganda Geology (2004) Figure 2-21 Geological Map of Lake Kyoga Basin 2-15 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Main Report- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions 2.3.3 Geomorphology and Geology around Mt. Elgon Top of Mt. Elgon is above sea level 4,310m and considered as a stratovolcano in Cenozoic, of which original magma is alkali basalt. The mountain body has a sandwich structure together with lava and tuff made by pyroclastic flow and volcanic ash. (refer to Figure 2-22) 34°30'0" E Since the lava is strong against KATAKWI NAKAPIRIPIRIT weathering but the tuff is weak, KUMI topography around Mt. Elgon is generally formed terrace structure as 1°30'0"N 1°30'0"N shown in Figure 2-23. Rocky cliffs KAPCHORWA around Mt. Elgon tend to collapse BUKEDEA following toppling type as illustrated in Figure 2-24. BUKWA SIRONKO PALLISA BUDAKA BUDUDA MBALE 1°0'0"N Legend 1°0'0"N BUTALEJA District !! Lake Kyoga Basin ! !! Mt. Elgon National Park MANAFWA Lake River Geology Sediments,alluvium,black soils and morains Volcanic rocks and associated sediments TORORO Carbonatite and Syenite centre Metavolcanics Banded gneises Granulite facies rocks, charnokites,enderbites Undifferentiated gneises µ Mobilized and intrusive granites BUSIA 02.5 5 10 15 20 Cataclasites Kilometers 34°30'0" E Data Source: GIS data of National Biomass Study (1996), Forest Department Figure 2-22 Geology in and around Mt. Elgon Area Terrace Tuff Lava Tuff Terrace Lava Alluvial Plain Tuff Figure 2-23 Geological and Geomorphologic Source：USGS HP Feature around Mt. Elgon Figure 2-24 Toppling Type of Collapse 2-16 The Development Study on Water Resources Development and Management for Lake Kyoga Basin Final Report -Main Report- Chapter 2 Natural Conditions 2.4 Water Quality Table 2-6 Drinking Water Standards 2.4.1 Water Quality Standard Rural Drinking Water Urban Drinking Max. Allowable No. Items Wate r S tandard Standard Concentration (MAC) In Uganda, there are drinking 1 Color 10 (Platinum scale) －－ 2 Odor Unobjectionable －－ water standards for urban and 3 Taste Acceptable －－ rural water supplies, industry 4 Turbidity 10 NTU 10 NTU 30 NTU 5 Total Dissolved Solids 500 mg/l 1000 mg/l 1500 mg/l wastewater standards, and 6 PH 6.5 － 8.5 5.5 － 8.5 5.0 －9.5 7 Total Hardness (CaCO3) 500 mg/l 600 mg/l 800 mg/l sewage discharge standards. 8 Calcium (Ca) 75 mg/l －－ 9 Sodium (Na) 200 mg/l －－ The drinking water standards 10 M agnesium (M g) 50 mg/l －－ 11 Barium (Ba) 1.0 mg/l －－ are shown in Table 2-6. There 12 Iron (Fe) 0.3 mg/l 1 mg/l 2 mg/l 13 Copper (Cu) 1.0 mg/l －－ are two standards. One is for 14 Aluminum (Al) 0.1 mg/l －－ urban and the other is for rural. 15 M anganese (M n) 0.1 mg/l 1 mg/l 2 mg/l 16 Zinc (Zn) 5.0 mg/l －－ The rural drinking water 17 Arsenic (As) 0.05 mg/l －－ 18 Lead (Pb) 0.05 mg/l －－ standard is not so strict as 19 Selenium (Se) 0.01 mg/l －－ 20 Chromium (Cr 6+) 0.05 mg/l －－ compared to the urban standard 21 Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 mg/l －－ 22 Mercury (Hg) 0.001 mg/l －－ in terms of the number of items 23 Nitrates (NO3) 10 mg/l 20 mg/l 50 mg/l 24 Nitrates (NO2) － 0 mg/l 3 mg/l and its values.
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