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Archaeology Wales Mathafarn Farm, Llanwrin Powys Desk Based Assessment By Kate Pitt ACIfA Report No. 1352 Archaeology Wales Limited, Rhos Helyg, Cwm Belan, Llanidloes, Powys SY18 6QF Tel: +44 (0) 1686 440371 E-mail: [email protected] Archaeology Wales Mathafarn Farm, Llanwrin Powys Desk Based Assessment Prepared For: Mathafarn Solar Farm Ltd V3 (V2 edited 30/6/15) V3 (V2 authorised 30/6/15) Edited by: Mark Houliston Authorised by: Mark Houliston Signed: Signed: Signed: Position: MD Position: MD Date: 8/9/15 Date: 8/9/15 By Kate Pitt ACIfA Report No. 1352 September 2015 Archaeology Wales Limited, Rhos Helyg, Cwm Belan, Llanidloes, Powys SY18 6QF Tel: +44 (0) 1686 440371 E-mail: [email protected] Contents Summary 2 1. Introduction 3 2. Site Description 4 3. Methodology 4 4. Assessment of HER Data 5 4.1 Introduction 5 4.2 Previous archaeological studies 5 4.3 Scheduled Ancient Monuments 6 4.4 Listed Buildings (Figure 3) 6 4.5 Known archaeological assets (Figure 4) 6 5. Map Regression 7 6. Aerial Photographs 8 7. Walkover survey 8 8. New sites 9 9. Impact of Development 16 10. Conclusions 17 Sources Tables Table 1. Previous Archaeological Works within the Study Area Table 2. Detail from apportionment of the Tithe map of the Parish of Llanwrin Table 3. Complete list of Heritage Assets found within the study area (from CPAT HER data) Figures Figure 1. Location of the study site Figure 2. Proposed development Figure 3. All Listed Buildings within the study area Figure 4. All heritage assets held by the regional HER within the study area Figure 5. Archaeological works within study area Figure 6. The study site shown on tithe map of Llanwrin Figure 7. 1873 OS map showing the study site Plates Plate 1. Mathafarn Farm complex Plate 2. Mathafarn Farm complex Plate 3. The study site Plate 4. The study site Plate 5. Banked historic boundary within the study site Plate 6. View to the study site from Mathafarn Farm complex Plate 7. View to the study site from Mathafarn Farm complex Plate 8. View to the study site from Mathafarn House Plate 9. The study site viewed from the driveway of Grofft listed building Plate 10. The study site viewed from Poesnant Farm listed building Plate 11. The study site viewed from Pen y bont listed building Copyright Notice: Archaeology Wales Ltd. retain copyright of this report under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, and have granted a licence to MATHAFARN SOLAR FARM LIMITED to use and reproduce the material contained within. The Ordnance Survey has granted Archaeology Wales Ltd a Copyright Licence (100055111) to reproduce map information; Copyright remains otherwise with the Ordnance Survey ARCHAEOLOGY WALES LTD, RHOS HELYG, CWM BELAN, LLANIDLOES, POWYS SY18 6QF Summary Archaeology Wales were commissioned by MATHAFARN SOLAR FARM LIMITED to undertake a Desk-Based Assessment to assess the impact of a proposed solar farm on land at Mathafarn Farm, Llanwrin, Machynlleth, Powys. The assessment reviewed information held by the regional Historic Environment Record (HER) and the National Monuments Record (NMR) as well as cartographic, photographic and other documentary sources. A site visit was made in May 2015. No designated historic landscape areas, Listed Buildings or Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAM) lie within the study site. No Scheduled Ancient Monuments and 18 Listed Buildings lie within the study area of 2km radius. The proposed development will impact on the setting of some of the listed buildings in the study area, these being: The Mathafarn Farm complex (as part of the curtilage of the Mathafarn House listed building), Poesnant Farm listed building and Pen y bont listed building. The regional Historic Environment Record lists 126 archaeological sites within the study area. None of these lie within the study site, although this assessment has recorded a new site within the study site, a banked historic field boundary. There has been very little intrusive archaeological work undertaken in the study area and, therefore, the archaeological potential of the study site is unknown. 2 ARCHAEOLOGY WALES LTD, RHOS HELYG, CWM BELAN, LLANIDLOES, POWYS SY18 6QF 1. Introduction 1.1 Archaeology Wales were commissioned by MATHAFARN SOLAR FARM LIMITED to undertake a desk-based assessment to inform on the impact on the archaeological resource of a proposed solar farm within the designated study area. The assessment forms the basis of the current report and was written in consideration of the ‘Brief for Heritage Assessment, Photovoltaic Solar Farm at Mathafarn Farm, Llanwrin, Machynlleth’ (3C Renewable Energy 2015). 1.2 The proposed solar farm development is currently in the pre-planning stages and covers a maximum area of approximately 30 acres. For this area the Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust – Curatorial Division (CPAT Curatorial), act as archaeological advisors to the local planning authority, in this case Powys County Council (PCC). 1.3 The purpose of the Desk-Based Assessment is to support a planning application and provide PCC with the information they are likely to request in respect of the proposed development, the requirements for which are set out in Planning Policy WALES, March 2014, Section 6, and Welsh Office Circular 60/96. The work is intended to highlight standing and buried remains of known and potential archaeological interest, and to assess the potential impact of the proposed development on the historic environment, to ensure that any sites are fully investigated and recorded should they disturbed or revealed as a result of any subsequent activities associated with the development. 1.4 The Desk-Based Assessment includes a study of data recorded on the regional Historic Environment Record (HER) held by Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust, historic map regression analysis, an assessment of readily available aerial photographs and the results of a site walkover visit. 1.5 The proposed development comprises plans for the construction of a solar farm (Photovoltaic panels) with associated cabling and infrastructure on pasture land. The development also includes the construction of internal cable trenching and transformer/inverter station and substation close to the site entrance, all of which will involve ground-disturbance works. 1.6 The proposed solar panels will be mounted on frames (two panels per frame). The total number of panels is yet to be finalised. The frames will consist of 0.2m diameter steel which depending on ground conditions will be driven or screwed into the ground to a depth of approximately 1.5m below the current ground surface. 1.7 Approximately 0.2m depth of topsoil will need to be stripped for the locations of new tracks, the substation and inverters. The substation and inverters will be set on concrete bases. Cable trench depths will vary between 0.6m and 0.85m deep. Fencing around each site will also be constructed which will require 0.6m deep footings. 1.9 The research and reporting was carried out by Kate Pitt, ACIfA, between May and June 2015. All works were undertaken in accordance with the Chartered 3 ARCHAEOLOGY WALES LTD, RHOS HELYG, CWM BELAN, LLANIDLOES, POWYS SY18 6QF Institute for Archaeologist Standards and Guidance for historic environment desk based assessment (2014) and current Health and Safety legislation. 2. Site Description 2.1 The proposed development is on open fields to the north of the B4404 road, to the immediate west of Mathafarn (Henceforth – the study site). It is presently used as pasture. The total size of the assessment area is c.40 acres centred around SH 80292 04368. 2.2 The topography of the site is flat, in the valley of the River Dyfi. 2.4 The underlying solid geology comprises mudstone bedrock in the eastern site area, with interbedded mudstone and sandstone in the western site area. This is overlain in majority by river terrace deposits of sand and gravel, with alluvium to the east. 3. Methodology 3.1 The methodology for this desk-based assessment and site visit follows that set out in the Brief for Heritage Assessment. 3.2 The primary objective is to assess the potential impact of the development proposals on the historic environment by means of a detailed desk top study and site visit. The aim is to make full and effective use of existing information in establishing the archaeological significance of the site, to elucidate the presence or absence of historic landscapes, archaeological sites, structures and deposits, its character, distribution, extent, condition and relative significance. 3.3 The work includes a comprehensive assessment of the regional setting within which the archaeological evidence lies and to highlight the significance of any remains within both the development and the study area. 3.4 The potential impact of the proposed development on the setting of known sites of archaeological importance is also assessed. 3.5 This report aims to provide information of sufficient detail to allow informed planning decisions to be made which can safeguard the archaeological resource. Preservation in situ has been advocated where at all possible, but where engineering or other factors result in loss of archaeological deposits, preservation by record has been recommended. 3.6 As part of the desk based assessment, the following repositories were consulted for readily available information: The regional HER database for the locations of all known archaeology within a 2km radius (as agreed with CPAT Curatorial) from the centre of the site and for previously undertaken published/unpublished works. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historic Monument of Wales RCAHMW for aerial photographic coverage and site files. 4 ARCHAEOLOGY WALES LTD, RHOS HELYG, CWM BELAN, LLANIDLOES, POWYS SY18 6QF County archives for all material relating to local studies, historic documents and historic mapping. Online services for relevant information, historic mapping, geotechnical information, satellite imagery.