THE STORY n[ [n"

FROM m B[LL[ [pnüu[ T0 MORAL

RE-ARMAMEHT By the same author

L'OCCIDENT AU DÉFi

C!oNLÊ;criworL de; 1' éuohtion du monde et des idées Editions de la Baconniêre, Neuchâtel, i 963

RÉVOLUTIONS POLITIQUES ET RÉVOLUTION DE L'HOMME

CoMecfion de; l'éuolution du monde et des idées Editions de la Baconniêre, Neuchâtel, i g67 THE STDRY

DF RAUX

FROM

LA BELLE EPOQUE T0 MORAL

RE[ARMAMEHT

PHILIPP[ "TTu GROSVENOR B00KS First published in French ig69 under the title Caux -de la belle époque au Réarmement moral by Editions de la Baconniêre, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

Translated from the Frerich by Edward Marielle

First published in English ig7o by Grosvenor Books, 44, Waxwell Lane, Pinner, Middlesex, England

Printed in Switzerland by lmprimerie Corbaz S. A., Montreux

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be £epro- duced or translated without permission in writing from the author.

ISBN 9oi269 03 4

© I97o by Phflippe Mottu J3##;°]#;tytãe°bnfl£#er°e#ree:#,Hdhn]°"r(I~8-igri

Patriot, mwÍas#ofs;,:t:gs,íftmytdbefat,rtdb;sfo-ahonofcaux into a world centre f or Moral Re-Armament.

COHTEHTS

Introduction......

Part one .. Tl)e beg!imimigs The Monts de Caux . The birth of the village Eàepeiuà::1otqyueeais .. :

Part tmwo .. Moral R!8-Af mamer[t

f:aunxkisBtuhcehE:àçs|.eg.ac; Caux.in post-war Europe Domnus providebit. . The strategy of change .

Pdrt tbree .. A Pbilosoply of life ¢Pplied in action An unseen but effective role ..... The round table ofindependence . . . The basis of a new economy .....

Postscript . Index . . . Illustrations Bibliography

""nnmTlnM

A few )edrs ag!o an Africdm! journal.ist wbo bad come to Cdux to tabR Part in a ÃÃ:ordl-R8-A;mament-conf emce ashRd mqe .. "Do jou kmow of a booh tbat tells tbe story of Caux?" Dis¢Ppointed by my repIÜ, lJe Said, "You oug!bt to uJrite it ]ourself ." From tbat time on 1 lwe been tbinking dbout tbis booh. I soon realised tbat tl]e story of Caux did not beg!in in ]ume i g4ó , wben tbe old Cdux Palace became a centre f or Moral RR-Armament coM[ferences, but tbat tbere wds an earlier bi§tory to be discouered dnd broug!bt to lif e. I would libR to express my g!rd,titude to tbe residemls of Caux, Glion dmd Moritreux wbo belped me in m] researcbes. Tbeir stories Pieced tog/etber tbe Picture of tbe astonisl]irig bumn adwenture wbicb began uJitb tbe birtb of tbe uillag!e of Caux , wbose name baJ today become tbe ymbol of a nw bope f or a bost of men dnd uiomen dll ouer tbe world. Tbe Second iJart of tbe book Proued more difficult to write for, faced witb d uast mmber of experiences , I bad to mdhe a cboice, using Some exam|)les and Pdssing ouer many otbers. Nor was it dn eay matter to try to g!ive am impression of tbe Personality of Frdnh Bucbmdn, uJbo bas left bis stamp on Cdux. Tbe initiative tahen in ig4ó bi a feuJ Swiss citi«ens to mabe Caux a world centre for Moral Re-Afmament will surel] tabR its Place in bistorj as a fresb example of tbe bumanitaricm tradition of Swit«erldnd. My cbief bope i§ tbat mqore and more of my f ellow cowmtrymen m¢y realise tl)is amid engag/e in tbat decisii)e battle f or tbe f uture of mdnkind, making Moral Re-Armdment tl)e bdsis of our national life. I wrote tbi§ booh in memory of tbe uiorh of enter|Jrising men libR Pbilíppe Fducberre amd Ami Cbessex wlJo created iri Caux d Place uibicb , mdmy yed;rs later , tbanks to tbe circumstcmces of bistory dnd, I belieue, to tlJe Prouidential action of God uiorking tbrougb men lihe Franh Bucbmdn dnd Peter Howard, became a centre of uitdl life uibicb reacbes out across tbe world.

THE RER' HHIHRS

Anyone driving along the road from Lausanne which runs eastwards beside THE MOHTS the Lake of Geneva and through the vineyards of Lavaux, soon reaches the charming little town of Vevey and then, DE CAUX a little farther on, comes to the bay of Clarens. A magnificent sight then opens before him. His eyes are carried up from the shores of the lake to the summit of the Rochers-de-Naye. Glion, on its green plateau, is like a balcony above the lake and, higher still, tises the curved ridge of Caux. If Montreux is set, as that tireless traveller Paul Morand once declared, in one of the most beautiful landscapes on earth, the setting of Caux itself is unforgettable. Up there, 2,ooo feet above the lake, a scene of incomparable beauty unfolds, which Nature, with unfailing generosity, clothes day after day with ever-changing colours of sky and sun and water. How strange has been the destiny of that little Vaudois village whose mono- syllabic name, as short and sonorous as a bugle blast, has become a synonym of hope for millions of men all over the world. Less than a hundred years ago, there were just a few chalets on the Monts de Caux. ``In narcissus time one would meet a few strollers up th`ere; towards the end of autumn, some hunters; and during the summer, a £rir number of climbers on their way to the Rochers- de-Naye," wrote a visitor at that time. For centuries the Monts de Caux had

J, Tbe begjmings served as grazing land for the cattle of Raising cattle, growing wheat and pro- the people of Montreux, for until the ducing wine were the only means of last century the Montreux region was livelihood here until the beginning of an exclusively pastoral, farming and tourism in the nineteenth century. wine-growing area. Even when vines began to scale the The name of Caux probably came origi- slopes overlooking the bay of Mon- nally from the old word C4í#, which in treux, and fields of com and barley the local dialect means a long ridge or jostled with the meadows for the best gently sloping crest, from the Latin land on the plateau of Glion or the czz#474, an extensive ridge. Monts de Caux, it was on the rich The Á4lo#/r c7G C4#, as the region is pastures above the tree-line that these referred to in old documents, wete on hard-working people chiefly depended the route taken by the peasants of the for their living. Montreuxareatotheirsummefpastures, How long had the inhàbitants of the and also on the way to the Col de Montreux region, üving in their little ]aman, that natural gateway between villages, been in possession of the upper the Pays-d'Enhaut and the region of pastures of }aman, Les Gresaleys and the lake. Chamossale? Since tirie immemorial, Nowadays, seeing the long line of if we are to believe the many petitions houses stretching along the shore of the in which, over a period of several lake from Clarens to Villeneuve, it is centuries, they asserted their rights of hard to realise that at the beginning of ownership. the last century there were only a few The Monts de Caux formed part of the country villages scattered here and lowet pastutes created by the first there. At that time Montreux was just pioneers of the region when they started a large parish, extending from the clearing the forests. Maladaire de Burier to the Chillon pass, Ever since medieval times the people of and grouping together twenty-thfee the bí¢.Jáí%¢.G JG 44l#f/r#z had used the villages and hamlets around the church plateau of ]aman for grazing. It was of Saint-Vincent, which was built in the there that they first clashed with the late eleventh or early twelfth century men of the Counts of Gruyêre, who and dedicated to the patron saint of had come from Montbovon by way of wine-growers. the Hongrin valley. The prestige and The parish of Montreux was part of the authority of the Bishop of Sion do not estates of the Bishop of Sion, although seem to have been sufficient to keep in spiritual mattets it depended on the the peace between the peoples of the Bishopric of Lausanne. Tradition has two sides of the mountain, for tradition itthatithadoncebelongedtotheAbbey has preserved the memory of bloody of Saint-Maurice. skirmishes on ^the plateau of ]aman.

J6

Tbe beg/imings

And when the Counts of Savoy acquired agitated the minds of peasantry all over rights of suzerainty over the Bishop of Europe. Sion's domain, they were repeatedly Accordingly the people of Montreux obliged to take up the defence of the were particularly pleased when Their people of Montreux, whose rights they Excellencies in Berne issued an order had recognised and confirmed. As aimed at restricting the right of passage early as i3i7 an agreement between for cattle and encouraging enclosure. Girard d'Oron, Lord of Vevey, and They lost no time in taking advantage Amédée V, Count of Savoy, explicitly of the general permission granted to recognísed the claims of the people of the villages to safeguard the principle Montreuxtoownershipofthepastures. of private property. In the autumn of On the eve of the conquest of the Pays i7i7, for example, after the cows had de Vaud by the Bernese in ij36, the come down from the mountain pastures, villageís living between Baye and the villagers of Les Planches met several Veraye invited the new bailiff, the times to discuss the right of passage and govemot of the Château de Chillon, to pasturage on the Monts de caux. This visit ]aman himself. In this connection was because, once the cattle had come it should be noted that right up to the down from the upper pastures, which end of the period of Bernese rule in they did earlier than is the case today, i798, almost the only intetest of the some of them were put to graze the£e. various communities in the parish of If the grazing of cattle on the Monts Montreux lay in the administration of de Caux was a matter which preoccupied the pastures and forests. These ques- the people of Montreux, the same was tions were of the greatest importance, equally true ofthe col de ]aman. For for they obliged the inhabitants of centu£ies this pass was very important, these vfllages to settle problems of because it was the only direct route from mutual aid, order, economics, and civic the Sarine Valley and the Simmenthal to equality and inequality, as well as those the region round the Lake of Geneva. raised by their joint enteprises. The only roads leading to Châtel-Saint- In the fifteenth century a few land- Denis, or the valley of Les Ormonts, owners with pastures at Caux-the first until the eighteenth century were rough, was the noble Claude Mayor in i496- stony tracks. They were little better obtained the tight to enclose their than the road through the Col de lands, in order to protect them from ]aman, but they were much longer. therightofpassageenjoyedbytheherds That was why for centuries so many which went by, in spring and autumn, people used the Col de ]aman, in spite on their way to or from the common of the serious tisks they ran from pastures. This was quite a rare privi- avalanches during the winter and the lege for the times and a question which spring.

J, Tbe Monts de Caux

aimed at improving the road through the Col de ]aman. Once again we are reminded of mo- dem times, for this road, which would pfovide the quickest and most direct route between Gefman Switzerland and Montreux, is still waiting to be built. For hundreds of years large numbets of people travelled these roads, climbing steep slopes provided with stone or wooden steps in the most difficult places. Sweating and panting, travel- lers of all sorts and conditions came this way. The peasant-women of the Pays-d'Enhaut, carrying baskets on their backs, had lace to offer to the ladies of the l.akeside region, or were going to market at Vevey to sell fresh butter, goat's cheeses, of even whole kids. As for the men known at that time as ¢o//z.Grí, they led mules which carried Tbe Cburcb of Sciint-T/incent long barrels of Vaud or Valais wine fastened to their pack-saddles, one hang- ing on each side and one in the middle of the mule's back. In ijsj, the Flemish geographer Mer- In isi6, after staying in the region and cator, who was working for the Empe- lodging at Clarens, Byron went through ror Charles V, gave a frightening the Col de ]aman with a friend, travel- description of the Col de ]aman in his ling to the Bernese Oberland at the great atlas. "How deep and terrifying foot of the ]ungfrau by way of La is the abyss of Mustruz, into which Gruyêre and the Simmenthal. It was every year several beasts of burden and there that he wrote the first draft of the the men with them fall and are lost," poem £14lzz#/rGc7, under the inspiration of he wrote. the Alps and the Lake of Geneva. Two centuries later, the three Montreux However, the Col de ]aman also knew communes of Les Planches, Le Châte- less peaceful times. During the Bur- lard and Veytaux signed a document gundian Wars the people suffered all J, TIJe l„g!imings

A field of ndrcissi

the horrors of war-a term which was independence. When the revolution no empty phrase in those days. The broke out in France at the end of the people of the mountain villages of eighteenth century, the Vaudois patriots Gessenay and La Gruyére came down seized their chance to free themselves through the Col de ]aman to pillage the from Bernese domination. The Vau- villages of the Montreux parish and dois revolution, nevertheless, was one the Château du Châtelard. of the most peaceful in history. There But, under the paternal govemment of was no bloodshed, no baptism of fire. Theit Excellencies of Beme, the whole The people of Montreux took it calmly region benefitted later from a prolonged and refrained from any excesses. Peace. So the history of the Monts de Caux The people of the Canton de Vaud, unfolded over the centuries, through however, never lost their desire for good times. and bad.

20 "On the Monts de Caux, change has so far been confined to a single chalet, an THE BIRTH 0F ordinary chalet on the ridge, which has been turned into a humble inn. But that is a beginning," wrote Eugéne TH[ ulLmfi[ Rambert, the great Vaud writer, in 1877. Two years earlier, indeed, Mademoi- selle Emilie Monnet had turned her chalet into an inn to accommodate the growing numbers of walkers coming up from Glion and Montreux. During the previous fifty years the whole economy of the region had under- gone a far-reaching transformation. The first real hotel in Montreux was the fJô/G/ cZ; C/g#e owned by Edouard Vautier, which opened in i8}7. It was followed by a hotel at Territet, owned by the Chessex family, which began as a small inn called the Cú4ÍffG# J# j4/P#, was then turned into a boarding house and later, in i84i, became the f7Zí/g/ c7Gr Alpes. Glion had begun developing about isjo. Until then. there had been only one small inn, an establishment called the Cúáz%oz.í, in the upper part of the viuage. It was reached from Montreux by a wretched path which Rambert describes as a "death-trap." Glion itself was a quiet, out-of-the-way spot where nobody ventured apart from botanists, painters, and energetic nature-lovers. A Genevan banker, ]acques Mirabeau, who had settled at Clarens, built the first chalet in Glion. But if Glion was to be developed any further, a cattiage road had to be built. So, in the early

2J Tbe beg/iming§ isjo's, a good road, winding through repute who had built funicular railways picturesque sc-enery all the way from in lndia, Brazil and Portugal. the church of Montreux to the foot The Tetritet-Montreux-Glion-Caux of the Scex-de-la-Toveyre, was cons- Funicular Rack-Railway, as it was tructed. Soon the Chalet Mirabeau called at the time, began with the was joined by the first Glion hotel, Territet-Glion section, which was open- which took the name of ÃZÉz. T/¢#ó7oG.J. ed on is August, i883. About twenty years after the opening In order to give a conclusive demons- of the road to Glion, an attempt was tration of the safety of this breathtaking made to link the shores of the Lake of line, 744 yards long, with a maximum Geneva with the surrounding moun- gradient of j7 per cent and climbing tains by railway. A fitst project, using i,ooo feet between the two stations, the Veytaux as the starting point, had to be board of directors decided to send a car abandoned. down without the cable, using only the The idea was revived later on a different brakes. basis through the initiative of Riggen- Victor Hugo, who had arrived from bach, a Swiss engineer of intemational Paris a week earlier and was staying

At tbe top of tbe Hocber§-de-Nciye

22 Tbe birtb of tbe uillagie

Tbe Auberge des Monts-de-Caux about i88i withhisfamilyattheHôtelByton,wasin- bought a property in Caux from Louis vited to the opening ceremony. The poet Falquier, a farmer at Veytaux. The declined the invitation, but was repre- other was Philippe Faucherre, the pro- sented by his grandson Georges Hugo, prietor of the Hôtel National in Mon- a charming young man of sixteen. treux, who was to play a decisive part In i 87j , a few citizens of Glion formed in the development of Caux. a committee with the purpose of bring- Philippe Faucherre was born in i844, ing water from the Preisaz, which rises at Vevey, into a family of hotel-keepers at the foot of the Dent-de-]aman, to hailing from Moudon. His father and the Monts de Caux and the village of his grandfather had both been #4!G^/rGJ- Glion. /'Ãó/g/, as the proprietors of boarding It was at about this time that two Mon- houses or hotels were generally called treux personalities began to show an in the nineteenth century. In i869 he interest in Caux. The first was Louis- had married Louise Vautier, who also Daniel Monnet, who had married Lydie came ftom a family of hotel-keepers. Vuichoud, and was for a time the In i884, Louis Monnet and Philippe Mayor of Les Planches. In i88i he Faucherre bought the Auberge des 2j Tbe begjmings

Monts de Caux together. After Louis Bon-Port who originally came from Monnet's death, his widow continued Salzburg in Austria but had become a in partnership with Philippe Faucherre, citizen of Les Planches. and each year they bought one or two Before long, Philippe Faucherre sold properties in or oear Caux. the Hôtel National in Montreux to It was during this period that the project devote all his attention to the building of building a large hotel at Caux was of the Grand-Hôtel at Caux, which first mooted. On i4 Febtuary, i890, began duting the summer of i89o. an agreement was signed with Alfred In the same year he was elected Mayor Ruchomet for working a quarry with of the commune of Les Planches, a post a view to building the Grand-Hôtel. which he occupied until igo2. The name of a third pattnet then began Neither the foad nor the railway had to appear in the contracts. This was yet reached Caux and all the building Philippe Faucherre's brother-in-law, materials had to be taken to the site by Franz-Paul Spickner, a hotel-keeper at pack-mules. Tbe cirriual of tlJe first train at Caux But even as this, the finest mountain hotel yet built in Switzerland, was gradually rising at Caux, the construc- tion of the rack-railway line from Glion to the Rochers-de-Naye was progressing with astonishing speed. "By ig August, i883," wrote the JVozr #G///.J/G #zz#47o¢.f, "thanks to the enterptise and initiative of a few intelligent inhabitants of the Montreux region, it was already possible to travel by rail from Territet to the charming village of Glion, the Rigi of Vaud, which affoíds such a splendid view over the Lake of Geneva, the plain of the Rhône, and the Alps of Valais and Savoy. "But this was not enough for the `Americans' of the Pays de Vaud. They conceived the idea of extending the railway line up to the Rochers-de- Naye. This was a bold plan, but fottune favours the bold, as yesterday showed. Never has any undertaking Tbe birtb of tbe uillag/e

Tbe indug/uration of tbe Glion-Rocber§-de-Ncye rackrailwcy

Saf etü test of tbe Territet-Glion f unicul¢r railwaü;p

2j Tbe beg/inriings

been carried out more swiffly. On !I#í;':;,!,'::!'j,,í,':,,,",j,,,.,,,,,,,,„,,;,,',,',,,,,''',,'";,''fl# i ]anuary, i89o, an appücation was made to the Federal Govemment for the concession; on i7 June it was gtanted; on 6 September a joint-stock company was formed; on io Match, i89i, work began on the site, and ffteen months later, on 27 July, i892, the line was opened and went into operation.„ The planning and construction of the Glion-Naye line was in fact a /o#r Je /o#G. Thanks to a brilliant engineef , Monsieur Laubi, well known for his work on the Gothard line, all the theoretical and practical difficulties were overcome. The contractors had given a written undertaking to have the line working in July i892, and they kept their word. The six locomotives and the rest of the rolling-stock had been taken to Glion by road, on horse-drawn carts. As for the men whom the JVo#z;G//¢.f/p #zz#Jo/.r called "the Americans of the Pays de Vaud," they were such entet- prising citizens of Montreux as Philippe Faucherre, Ami Chessex, Alexandre Emery and Georges Masson. At about the same time the last section of the road from Glion to Caux was completed by the contractor Pierre Bottelli. . The simultaneous construction of the railway, the road and the Grand- Hôtel led the town council to station two gendarmes permanently at Caux. The Glion-Caux section of the railway was opened early in July i892. At the end of ]une, Auguste Roth, of the

2,

Tbe beg/imirigs

Restaurant Bellevue at Vevey, had opened the Buffet-Restaurant de Caux. And in August a large building able to accommodate two hundred people, owned by the Grand-Hôtel and mana- ged by Monsieur Georges Rodieux, was also opened. Meanwhile Philippe Faucherre and his partners were busy fitting out the Grand-Hôtel, and the progress of their work can be followed in the news- papers of the period. At the beginning of July i893 the Gaqette de Lausame wto+e.. CCTbe Morrt de Caux is gradually undergoing a complete transformation. Work is still Tbe Empress Elisabetb of Austria going on to complete the building and tolayoutthebeautifulparksurrounding the Hôtel de Caux, which will un- start it was highly successful. The doubtedly rank among the biggest and ]ournal des Débdts, TkR Pa:ris dtiüy, most comfortable establishments of its published a complimentary article about kind in Switzerland. Although it has it. not yet been completely fitted out, it Monsieur and Madame Faucherre-Vau- has already received a number of guests. tier were now living at Caux, from Meanwhile, the original small inn has where, as Mayor, he administered the been considerably enlarged, another commune of Les Planches. Philippe house with a charming veranda was Faucherre was a tall man with a fine finished some time ago, and a building ptesence, and his wife was a beautiful with two large shops is now under woman. Every year the Faucherfes construction. A few years from now, invited the children of all the families in Caux wfll be a real village." Caux to a Christmas party, and these The two other new buildings mentioned occasions are sti]l remembered. by the CczzG//G were the Villa Maria, Thie Feuille d' Avis de Montreux, .+rL .r+s built on a site belonging to Marcel review of the year's events wrote: Leguilloux, a Frenchman living in "i893 has seen the completion of the Algiets, and the block of shops buflt in Grand-Hôtel de Caux, one of the finest the Creux du Moulin. hotels we know, situated in an ideal In July i893, the Grand-Hôtel de Caux position." In the next few years the officially opened its doots. From the fame of Caux was firmly established as

2, Tbe birtb of tbe uillagie people flocked there from all over advertising the Grand-Hôtel de Caux Europe for rest or amusement. and the Glion-Naye Íailway. It has In i897, a skating-rink was built on become fashionable to criticise the bad the Rond-Point in front of the Grand- taste of this period, yet these posters Hôtel, as well as a toboggan-run over have their own special charm. 7jo yards long. Desctibing his stay In i898, a man named Léon Veuthey at Caux in the Paris /o#r#zz/, Hugues was engaged as a lift-attendant at the Le Roux wrote: "Great ladies of the Grand-Hôtel. Veuthey was one of the atistocracy and worthy gentlemen with most picturesque characters of Caux greying hair, sitting like school children and often acted as a guide for visitors on their toboggans, slide down the going up to the Rochers-de-Naye. His mountain with all the chilling dignity son has described how his father used of an Anglo-Saxon enjoying himself." to get him to operate a stuffed chamois, We possess several posters of the period whichwouldappeafordisappearbehind

Tbe fcimily of François Wicki in front of tbe Fornerod clJalet

2, Tbe begjimings a rock, to the delight of foreign tourists, the region that Countess Stary, her some of whom rode from Caux to Naye companion, noted in her diary: "The on a mule and paid up to ioo francs Empress likes Caux more than anything -a large sum at this time-for the trip else in the world". and a glimpse of the animal. After an eventful life, the Empress was Sovereigns as well as ordinary mortals haunted by memories of the sinister were captivated by the charms of the fate which seemed to dog her faínily. region. Of these royal guests, who She had a presentiment that her own delighted to lay aside court etiquette hour was near. One evening, from the there, none was more gracious, and balcony of her suite in the Grand-Hôtel, none more eccentric, than the Empress she thought she saw a warning spectre Elisabeth of Austria. Under the name roaming the gardens : the famous White of Countess von Hohenembs, and Lady whom she had seen on the eve of always with the same small suite, she all the catastrophes which had befallen used to stay either at Territet or at Caux. the Habsburg monarchy. She led a life of extreme simplicity, for At the beginning of September she left she loved the lake and the mountains Caux for Geneva, visited a few shops, more than anything else. Every morn- and paid a call on Baroness Rothschild ing she would get up early to go for a at pregny. On saturday, io september walk, and the local people were used to she left the Hôtel Beau-Rivage to go to meeting her, dressed in black and the landing-stage. There an anarchist, already old, sometimes accompanied by lying in wait for her at the quayside, a lady-in-waiting, but often alone. jostled her and plunged a dagger into During the summer of i 898 she took up her heart. As the boat left the shore residence in the Grand-Hôtel de Caux. she collapsed, bleeding to death. The Every morning, between ten and eleven, boat immediately turned back and she she would go to the Chalet Fornerod to was carried to her hotel. Professor drink some milk-always out of the ]acques Revefdin was summoned to her same glass-and to gulp down a new- bedside, but he could only pfonounce laid egg which Louise, François Wicki's her dead. The day after the Empress's youngest daughter, would go and fetch death, which caused a tremendous sen- for her from the poultry-yard. She sation, her chamberlain came to Caux spoke very good French, but enjoyed to remove he£ things. chatting with François Wickj in Ger- Despite this tragedy, the reputation of man, for he was a native of Schüpfen, Caux continued to spread all over in the canton of Lucerne. They would Europe, and the /¢.#rp J'or of the Grand- talk together about the mountains and Hôtel was filled with the most illustrious the weather and everything that was names of the closing years of the going on at caux. She was so fond of Centuty. jo On 27 December i898, Monsieur Ami Chessex invited a few friends to his LA BELLE home, the Villa Beau-Regard, to discuss a new project. The owner of the Grand-Hôtel at EPOQUE Territet who, according to people in Montreux, "had building fever," had decided to build a new hotel at Caux on the land he owned in the Creux du Moulin. Chessex offered the future company all the land he owned at Caux, while reserving the right to build a small hotel in the lower part of the Creux du Moulin. This land was on a steep slope, and it was there that the local children, as well as the visitors to the Grand-Hôtel, used to go tobog- ganing. Ami Chessex had previously approached Philippe Faucherre to acquaint him with his plans and to offer to buy from him the land belonging to the Grand- Hôtel. Faucherre had not accepted this proposal, but had offered to sell the new company all the properties belon- ging to the Grand-Hôtel partnership. The negotiations between Philippe Faucherre and Ami Chessex were con- ducted at a spanking pace and soon culminated in the sale of all the Grand- Hôtel's properties to the new Société lmmobiliêre de caux. The bill of sale, a magnificent illuminated document of sixty-seven handwritten pages, was signed on 6 March i 899, before the law- yers ]ules Mottier and Louis Rosset. On ii February i899, the first general meeting of the Société lmmobiliêre de Caux was held at the Grand-Hôtel de jJ Tbe beg/imings

Territet with Ami Chessex in the chair; paid between 3j and 4o centimes. the eleven shareholders, who were all The majority worked more than 3oo present, had subscribed the initial capital hours a month, and the best paid work- of 2.5 million francs and were all on men earned i5o francs a month, while the first board of directors. the average pay packet contained tather One of the first decisions taken by the more than ioo francs. In those days new company was to enlarge the Grand- a franc had possibly ten times the Hôtel, on the basis of plans made for purchasing power it has today. the previous owners by the atchitect Twice a week, Ami Chessex came up Maillard. Work on this project started from Territet on foot, striding along in the summer of i899. Anotherstorey at a btisk pace and carrying his usual was added to the building, providing walking stick, to check the smallest accommodation for another eighty peo- details of the building operations. ple and giving the Grand-Hôtel the Nothing escaped his notice, as may be externa| appearance it still retains. seen from the correspondence he ex- Then, in the spring of igoo, work changed with the foreman. The latter began on the building of the new Caux- found himself in a difficult position Palace Hotel. For three years Caux between Monsieur ]ost, the architect, was to be a scene of intense activity, for and Monsieur Chessex, who took an this was to be the biggest hotel yet seen interest in everything and sometimes in Switzerland, and hundreds of work- gave orders which contradicted the men were engaged. The architects instructions sent from Lausanne by the suggested to Ami Chessex that they architect. Ami Chessex was a man of should begin by building a long sup- action and enteprise, a great indivi- porting wall which would close the dualist who found it hard to work with end of the Creux du Moulin and form other people. a boulevard over soo yards long, so During the building of the Caux-Palace that an esplanade would run in front a dramatic incident took place at Caux of the new hotel, with a splendid view which caused a great stir in the region. of the lake, the Alps and the ]ura. François Wicki, the farme£ of the Eugêne ]ost of Lausanne, an official Chalet Fornerod and the father of French Government architect, was com- seventeen children, also acted as the missioned to draw up the plans, and local policeman. He had had to take a colleague of his, Alfred Daulte, action against some brutal mule-dtivers. supetvised the work at Caux. At times over soo workmen were em- ployed on the site. The highest wages were jj centimes an hour, but most of the workmen were Portrait of Ami Cbes§ex j2

Tbe begjnriing;s

Oneeveninghedisappearedafterpaying one else. In his spare time he made a routine visit to the Auberge de Caux, a gentian liqueur which was greatly which was known at that time as the appreciated by his friends. Restaurant Bo£loz. For three days his I have met some of the people who sons scoured the countryside looking helped to build the Caux-Palace. One for him. Finally his body was found was Hermann Held, who began his in a gully beyond the woods, just below career as a cabinet-maker installing his chalet. The inquest failed to reveal doors and windows in the huge hotel. exactly how François Wicki had died, Another was Charles Moraz, whose but there seems good reason to father-in-law provided much of the think that he may have been killed tibmer for the new building. by work men who wanted to settle an In the spring of igo2 men of all trades old score. wereworkingfeverishlytofinishthenew François Wicki came ftom an old local hotel. family and he was very popular. He "Old Mont de Caux, how you have was an experienced guide, and knew chzLngeà\." wtote the Feuille d'Auis de the Rochers-de-Naye better than any- Mo#ZrG#x. "Where now is the old

Postcard of tbe Caux Palace igo3

j4

Tl]e beg!imings

weather, the Caux-Palace was opened in the presence of ijo distinguished visitors, including the President of the Cantonal Govemment, Monsieur Cossy,, and five or six other members. The GúzzGÁ/g JG Lcz#Jtz##G, after describing the new Caux hotel in detail, concluded : "In short, the Caux-Palaçe is the last word of its kind. All the latest im- provements have been put to good account, and there has never been a biggef of more luxurious hotel in Switzerland. The Caux-Palace started its career on a splendid, happy day, and we wish it every success." From the start, the Caux-Palace did wonderful business. Its first manager, Hugo Eulenstein, `was a man with an

Tln arcbiteci Eustene JOJt affable personality, who established excellent relations with his clientele. chalet where ramblers, after climbing He had been in Ami Chessex's service the Châble, loved to take their ease, for years as chief receptionist at the looking down at the Lake of Geneva or Grand-Hôtel at Territet. Like a good picking star-shaped narcissi before leav- many hotel managers of that time, he ing the rounded crest and retuning to was a German, a fact which led to the valley by torchlight, singing and certain difficulties with his Swiss em- yodelling, with theit botany boxes slung ployees. over their shoulders? The list of visitors published in the "The humble chalet was turned into an ]o"nal des Étrang|ers álle,S uS So:rn,f: .udf:a inn. of the people who came to Caux in "But that was only a beginning. search of rest or recreation. AU the "One day, not ten years ago, a magni- great names of the period are there, ficent, enormous, comfortable hotel from the aristocracy, industry and the (the Grand-Hôtel de Caux), a luxurious arts. ]ohn D. Rockefeller, the Ame- palace of marvels, arose, dominating rican oil magnate, visited Caux in the the mountain; a fine road was built, summer of igo6. The Maharajah of and a railway took it into its head to fun Baroda spent several weeks thefe, through the orchards and meadows." accompanied by a large suite. A On 7 July igo2, in glorious summer drawing-room was furnished in citron- j6 La belle époque wood especially for him, and is still as Ami Chessex had foreseen a few to be seen just as it was. years before, there was room there fof The violinist Ysaye came to the hotel some smaller, less luxurious hotels, to rest between his conceft tours, and suitable for families on holiday. It was the great names of theatre and opera Théophile Rouge who was the first to followed one another in the registers cater for this need. Théophile Rouge had of Caux. servedhisapprenticeshipasawine-waiter The hotels at Caux became so fashion- at the Grand-Hôtel de Territet, and had able, indeed, that at some times people then worked in Rome, Nice and Paris. had to wait fof two or three weeks at He would have liked ,to be the head Territet or Montreux for the privilege waiter at the Caux-Palace but was taken of staying there. on by Chessex as a porter. After a Caux now had two large hotels be- quarrel with the manager, Théophile longing to the same company, but, Rouge left the Palace in igo6, and in the following year he and his wife Anna Tbe Catbolic Cl]wrclJ at Caux opened the Hôtel Pavillon des Fougéres, which later became the Hôtel Alpina. Among Monsieur and Madame Rouge's very first guests at their new hotel was the Polish musician Bronarski and his family. Bronarski was visited at Caux by the pianist ]oseph Turczynski, with whom he collaborated in editing the complete works of Chopin, under the aegis of Paderewski. Madame Rouge was an.excellent cook, and her reputa- tionattractedadistinguishedclientele. A few years later it was the tum of ' Georges Grolleau, a Frenchman who had worked for several years as chief pastrycook at the Caux-Palace, to open a new hotel. He bought the Villa Maria and in igi2 added to it a new building, which became the Hôtel Maria. It was at Caux that Georges Grolleau met his wife, one of Pierre Baumann's daughter§. Madame Baumann ran the Auberge de Caux with two of her daugh- j7 Tbe beümings ters, while her husband, who had begun his career as coachman to Henri Nestlé, the founder of the great business at Ve- vey, had statted a transport firm operat- ingbetweenGlion,Montreuxandcaux. In igoj a school was opened for the children of the numerous families which had settled at Caux. Mademoiselle Grobet gave the lessons in what had previously been the village church. The school was closed in ig23 and the

Tbe cw "bicb tried to climb tbe Rocbers-de-Narye along tbe railw¢y track Tbéoi)bile Rouge

j, j, Tbe beg!imings authorities tried to make the children Europe. At this time the world Feder- go down to Glion every day on foot. ation of Bobsleigh Tobogganing was Encouraged by their parents, they went founded at Caux, and later, in con- on strike to obtain free season tickets junction with Les Avants, Leysin and on the railway from the commune. Villars, the World Federation of lce A site close to the station was sold Hockey. In the days before motor to the Caux-Palace physician, Dr. Mer- traffic, the road from Caux to Glion was canton, to build a chalet. The Hôtel used as a toboggan-run, while visitors des Sorbiers now stands there. drove around the region in hofse- It was at this time that a Glion butcher, drawn sleighs, elegant turn-outs with Alfred Martin, put up a building with bells on them. a café on the ground floor and a The twenty years between the opening confectioner's shop on the first floor. of the Grand-Hôtel at Caux and the This is now the Chalet du Repos, and beginning of the First World War stands on the last hair-pin bend before were the great years of the Caux hotels. your car arrives in Caux. The oldest inhabitants of the district In igoj, the London Society for the still talk nostalgically about /úz GG//G Propagation of the Bible in Foreign époque. Lands built an Anglican chapel, dedi- For all that, the hotel-keepers were not cated to St. Michael and All Angels, entirely free from worry. The shat- at Caux on a site placed at its disposal tering bankruptcy of the Banque ]ulien for a period of two hundred years by du Bochet in i896 shook the whole the société lmmobiliête de caux. Two economy of Montreux, and not a year years later, in igo7, a Catholic chapel went by without one or other of the was also built on a site belonging to hotel-keepers finding himself in financial the Société. difficulties. During this period winter sports began Competition between certain men led to develop considerably. After the to a waste of effort which would later Palace had been built, the skating rink prove fatal to the local economy, when was moved from the Rond-Point to its co-operation would have made it pos- present site, and two more skating sible to avoid the risk of excessive rinks were built. One was reserved investments. exclusively for curling and the other for The fact remains, however, that in bandy, a form of hockey played in the the space of one generation the men Scandinavian countries. Soon skiing tk: y€ Nouvelliste uaudois c;aN;Nheà ``Thie; A;"Ê; made its appearance as well. In igog, ricans of the Pays de Vaud" had trans- asplendidbobsleighrunwasconstructed formed the region from a pastoral and between Crêt-d'y-Bau and Caux, the agricultural economy into one based finest and longest run of its kind in mainly on tourism and the hotel trade.

40 In the spring of igi4, the clouds gathering in the political sky of Europe THE DIFFICULT darkened the prospects of the summer season. Even so, the hotels of Caux welcomedamorecosmopolitanclientele YEARS than ever: French, English, Germans, Russians, Italians, Spaniards, Argenti- nians, Americans, Austrians, Turks, Belgians, Poles, Australians, Hunga- rians, Portuguese, Greeks, Norwegians and Swedes rubbed shoulders undet the same roof. The thunderbolt of i August igi4 scattered the whole of that fashionable company within a few days, and the hotels of Caux were condemned to remain almost empty for five long years. After a petiod of continuous expansion which seemed unlikely ever to come to an end, the brakes had suddenly been slammed on, ruining many of the hotels which had been opened in the area duting the previous fifty years. Once the first shock was over, Caux adapted itself to the new situation. On io August igi4, the Grand-Hôtel closed and the sixty or so guests still in residence moved to the palace. By the autumn, the Société lmmobiliére found itself in serious financial difficulties and was obliged to borrow money from local banks. In November igi4, Philippe Faucherre resigned from the board of directors. He left Switzerland to settle in France with his sons, and with his departure thirty years of planning and working for caux came to an end. Nobody can

4J Tbe begjmings

ever pay sufficient tribute to him, for managed them wisely and well, but his he was the real creator of Caux. generation had reckoned without the In the spring of igi6 about fifty French cataclysm which suddenly fell upon and Belgian internees were installed in Europe. The sight ofprosperous busi- the Pavillon des Fougéres, where they nesses going to rack and ruin was too were to remain until the end of the war. severe a shock for him and his health In igi7 Marshal Joffre came to see his broke under the strain. fellow countrymen who were interned On 9 May igi7, Alexandre Emery was in switzerland. He stayed at the Hôtel elected chairman of the board of Bellevue at Glion, where there were directors in place of Ami Chessex. some French officers, and also went up Although they were brothers-in-law, to' Caux. the two men had often found themselves On 24 April igi7, Ami Chessex died in opposition to each other, especially of a heart attack at the age of 77. at the beginning of the century, at the The next day the GúzzG//G devoted a long time when Alexandre Emery had em- article to him, in which it stated: barked on the building of the Montreux " Countless undertakings are due to his Palace. initiative, energy, perseverance, and Immediately after the end of the war, indefatigable labour, applied both to in the spring of igig, the board of vast concepts and technical problems, directors of the Société lmmobiliêre de and to the smallest details. Caux decided to reorganise their fi- "Ami Chessex was one of the most nances in order to face up to the striking and typical personalities of this catastrophic situation of the times. town of Montreux which he did so The losses accumulated during the much to change. Standing before his igi4-igis War amounted to over a finished work, he could look back million ffancs. proudly over the road he had travelled, The position of the other hotels was comparing the Montreux of the past scarcely any better. During the war with the Montreux of today. Théophile Rouge had worked for the "The name of Ami Chessex will remain United States, buying material in Swit- forever linked with the history of Mon- zerland for the American Army, while treux and held in high honour through- his wife had looked after the internees. out the region." At the end of the war he was awarded The last three years of Ami Chessex's tk: y£ Médaille de la Recomaissomce Frcm life had been darkened by many diffi- faise, a;rià wtws rm:de çL Cbeucilier de culties. After fifty years of unrelenting l'Ordre de Léoi)old by The KirLg o£ The labour he had seen all the enterprises Belgians. he had started struggling with almost After the internees had left, the Pavillon insuperable financial problems. He had des Fougêres was completely redeco-

42 Tbe diif f cult yeaf f s

Grolleau set to work again with his wife. He died prematurely in ig2j from the effects of being gassed in the trenches, and his widow bravely continued run- ning the hotel. The inter-war period, the twenty years between igig and ig39, Produced a long series of crises, punctuated by financial upheavals, threats to close down hotels, and sales of pfoperty belonging to the Société lmmobiliêre de Caux. The aftetmath of the war and the deterioration of the equipment of the Caux hotels began to have their effect. Moreover, the exchange rates were un- favourable for visitors accustomed to coíning to Switzerland. In ig2j work began on the renovation of the Grand-Hôtel, which changed its name to the Hôtel Regina in memory of the Empress Elisabeth. A farmer dt Caux Little by little the situation began to return to normal. In ig27 and ig28 a rated, and in the summer of igig it host of foreign tourists, mainly French opened its doors once more. Seven and German, flocked to Switzerland. years later, in ig26, it changed its name Unfortunately the Caux-Palace could to the Hôtel Alpina. no longer provide the amenities expect- The following year Théophile Rouge ed of a first-class hotel, since no impro- died, and his wife renounced the estate, vements had been made to the hotel fot which was heavily burdened with fifteen years. The renovation of the mortgages. The Crédit Foncier Vau- Hôtel Regina had absorbed all the dois tried to sell it, but failed to find a available resources of the Société lmmo- buyer. The bank then decided to mod- biliêre, which was now at the end of its ernise the hotel and lease it to Madame tether and badly needed fresh capital Rouge. in order to undertake the necessary The Hôtel Maria had remained open alterations to the Palace building. throughout the war. On his retum A second reorganisation of the society's from war service in France, Georges finances took place in the autumn of 4j Tbe beg!imings ig29. It Provided the means of mod- ernising the Palace at a cost of over a million francs. :`m",,,,,',,'`,,,,,,|'".,,„:,,,,,,,,,,,,"",ij,",,,:,,":,',,'","'`",.,,::ú:I::ffi",,,,,,,,ii,,'',,,'',,,ffl Unfortunately this work was begun too late, for the situation in Europe was getting worse every month. The Ame- rican economic crisis, the devaluation of the pound, and the rise of National SociaHsm in Germany combined to #í\''.T::;.*ET]ffiF':F'':::",,::'j,i:''+'!'";:':;'';':':iJffl create a very unstable situation. As early as ig3o matters became extremely serious, and for the first time since its foundation the Société lmmo- biliére was obliged to consider selling some its property. First the three farms of le Brochet, le Pendant and le Gros-Nermond were sold to a Saanen farmer, Gottfried Reichenbach. The next year the Caux postmaster, Henri Faucherre, bought the Chalet de la Forêt. In July ig32, François Stucki became the proprietor :~-t-,.,-.- of the Hôtel Regina, and although he already owned a hotel at Chexbres, he ___._.-I=41. `-` = managed it himself for several years. In ig33 it was the turn of the Chalet Roussy, which was sold to Otto Kutzen. In the meantime, at the Caux Palace, where M. Bérard had taken M. Stierlin's place as manager in ig3o, the situation was getting steadily worse. Every season was shorter than the last, and every year the board of directors hesitated to re-open the hotel, for its losses were mounting. In ig3j, the Banque Populaire Suisse suggested to the board of directors that they should seriously consider closing

44 ' TIJe l„gjimings the Caux-Palace and selling the pro- Perty. In i 93 6 a fourth financial reotganisation was carried out in another attempt to =--=-_-t±----Í!Í=Í.i::.-=- reduce the company's losses. Before long, M. Bérard left the post of manager of the Palace and was replaced E,_.....,,, by Henri Arni. In July ig37 the board of directors published an advertisement in several leading newspapers in Switzerland, France and Belgium, offering the Palace for sale. In the meantime, in an attempt to attract a less exclusive clientele, it had abandoned its status as a first-class hotel and now bore the humbler name of the Hôtel Esplanade. Henri Arni did his utmost to remedy the situation, but du.ring the late nineteen-thirties the staff regularly out- numbered the guests. Meanwhile, François Stucki was man- aging the Hôtel Regina with consider- •:'..-:..,.;.`:,..-..;.,;`;ã\.j,,..,,,,'.,.,,,.`:i`.`±:..?;` able skill. He had turned it into a typically French establishment and had succeeded in attracting to Caux a new sport-loving clientele. Théophile Rou- ge's son, Vadis Rouge, became the first director of the Swiss Ski-ing School at Caux. In ig36 Vadis Rouge offered to rent the Caux-Palace ffom the Société lmmo- biliêre, but his offer was fejected. He

Twinter sports at C¢uX

Student comi)etitorJ On tbe bob]leigib trdch he bocbeu

46 Tbe difficult yeaff s then approached François Stucki and championship were held several times in ig37 took ovet the management of at Caux. the Hôtel Regina with his btother-in- In ig38 the electrification of the tailway law, Henri Kramer. made possible a new extension of For some years now, skiing had become winter spotts. Previously trains had extraordinarily popular. Sport had come not bçen able to go beyond le Pacot in a long way in Switzerland since the winter. Now, with the opening ofthe hesitant beginnings of /úz GG//G G¢ogz#. line as far as the Rochers-de-Naye, Skating had known some great mo- ftesh prospects opened up for Caux. ments. In the ten years from ig27 to Ski-ing championships could now be ig3 7, Alfred Mégroz had trained several held on the famous Piste du Diable. Olympic champions in figure skating However, the outbreak of the Second at Caux. In ig3o the world bobsleigh World War in ig39 threw everything championship had been held at Caux, into the melting pot once more. with a dozen countries taking part. Vadis Rouge went off to the war, and During the following years the uni- two years later the Hôtel Regina com- versity races and the Swiss bobsleigh pany was declared bankrupt. In ig42

Tbe electric irain Pdssing tbe Hôtel AIpina

47 Tbe begjnning;s the hotel itself was put up for auction capital invested since i89o, nothing and bought by a Lucerne hotel-keeper. remained but the land and the buildings, The following year it was taken over and the potential of that incomparable by a Zurich group. site. In ig43, Madame Rouge finally left the Yet in the last thirty years a host of men Hôtel Alpina, after living at Caux fot and women from all walks of life had forty-one years. The Crédit Foncier visited Caux, among them many of the Vaudois then leased the hotel to Armand best-known names of the period: the Solioz. great actor Sacha Guitry; the Burgo- The Palace closed its doors a few days master of Brussels, Adolphe Max; Lise after the outbreak of war. It did not Delamare of the Comédie-Française; open them again until four years later, the novelist Henry Bordeaux, who when it was used for fifteen months as wroh£ La Neig/e sur les Pas a:i C;a"x., ti: y€ a centre for internees and later for great traveller Paul Morand; Edgar refugees. From May to October ig44, Wallace, who dictated several novels it housed British and American airmen in his room in the Palace; Romain who had escaped from prisoner-of-war Rolland who often travelled from camps in the north of ltaly. Then, Villeneuve to spend the weekend at from the end of October ig44 to July Caux; Princess Helen of Rumania; i 945 , Italian civilian refugees and finally Monsieur Paul-Boncour, the French Jewish refugees from Hungary were Foreign Minister ; Prince lbn Saud, who housed there. Ironically enough, this later became King of Saudi-Arabia, was the first year since ig24 that the and Léon Bailley, the founder of the Société lmmobiliêre de Caux made a £%rri!on]:s Bal des Petits Lits Blamcs. profit. Everything of value in the Then, during the last fifteen months of hotel-carpets, china, furniture and so the war, a nameless, suffering multitude on-had been carefully stored away, had come to Caux, to be crowded six under the watchful eye of the caretaker or eight to a room in what had been one Robert Auberson. of the most palatial hotels in Europe. In March ig46 an exchange of credits Then finally, at the moment when took place between the Crédit Foncier all seemed lost, when a Zurich con- Vaudois and the Banque Populaire tractor was offering a few hundred Suisse in Montreux, giving the latter thousand francs to be able to demolish complete control of the Société lmmo- the Palace and a Paris department store biliére de Caux. an even larger sum to remove all the Twenty years of economic crisis and furniture and fittings, a new future two world wars had undone all the suddenly opened up for Caux. It was work of the men who had created Caux. a future which would spread the name of Of the nine or ten million francs of Caux to the far corners of the world.

4, MnRAL

RE[ARMAMEHT

In August igo3, an American visitor passing through Switzerland went up HHm to the Rochers-de-Naye, where he spent a few hours and sent a picture postcard to his parents. IS THE PLACE On his way down, while waiting for a train, he dropped in at the Caux Palace for a cup of tea with a friend. Who could have imagined that fifty years later the name of Frank Buchman would be forever associated with that of Caux ? In igo8, five years after his first visit to Switzerland, Frank Buchman, who was still a young man-he was barely thirty-underwent a spiritual experience which changed the whole course of his life. But it was not until the beginning of the nineteen-thirties that his fame began to spread and the work of the Oxford Group became known in Switzefland. During the summer of ig3i, Walther Staub, a young Zurich professor, met Frank Buchman in England and, on his return to Switzerland, spoke about him to a few friends. In December that year, on the invitation of Mrs. Alexander Whyte, the widow of the well-known Scots divine whose son was in the League of Nations secretariat, Frank Buchman came to Geneva andl took the chair at a meeting at the Hôtes de la Résidence. In ]anuary he war in Zurich to meet a few of Professo Theophil Spoerri's friends. In the summer of i 93 2 a further meeting took place at Ermatingen, on the shores of Lake Constance, attended by many

/J Mordl Re-Af mament personalities from Switzerland and Ger- force of the State through individual many. This was the first of a series of responsibility to God. I can see the Oxford Group house parties which Church in Switzerland in such power took place in Switzerland. that she sends out a mission .to Chris- The following year, in September ig3 3, tians in many lands. I can see Swiss at a lunch in Geneva addressed by Frank businessmen showing the leaders of the Buchman and some of his friends, world's commerce how faith in God is Carl Hambro, President of the Nor- the only security. I can see Swiss wegian Parliament, rose and declared : statesmen demonstrating that divine "1 am convinced that what we have guidance is the only practical politics. heard today was more important than And 1 can see the Swiss Press as a most of the subjects on the agenda of powerful example of what a Press should the League of Nations." be-the herald of a new world order." In ig35 Dr. Buchman visited Switzer- At Easter ig37, over ten thousand land again. At the height of the people from all parts of Switzerland Abyssinian crisis the President of the met at the Comptoir Suisse in Lausanne. Assembly of the League of Nations, Among many others, the Swiss Press Mr. Edouard Bénés, then Prime Minister noted the presence of the man who was of Czechoslovàkia, gave a luncheon in later to become Commander-in-Chief Geneva to enable i jo of his colleagués of the Swiss Army, General Guisan. to meet Dr. Buchman and his friends. The next year, at Easter ig38, for the On this occasion the /o#r7ztz/ c7G CG#é#G first time several hundred Swiss spent published a four-page supplement de- four days together at Caux, staying at voted to the activities of the Oxford the various hotels, for meetings of the Group. At the end of September Oxford Group. The sessions were Frank Buchman was received at the Federal Palace by the President of the :ealsdh:ntghewiçfutxh-epa5awcies,sTFgs=áo¥i: Swiss Confederation, Rudolf Minger, flags of the different cantons. and other members of the Swiss Cabinet In September of the same year the first and Parliament. World Assembly for Moral Re-Arma- At the beginning of October he made ment was held at lnterlaken. Europe a prophetic speech in Zurich which, was in the grip of extreme political thirty years later, has lost none of its tension which Çulminated in the Munich relevance. It was a call for the spiritual crisis. Once more Frank Buchman mobilisation of the Swiss people: "1 travelled to Geneva to meet the states- can see Switzerland a prophet among men who were trying to find a solution the nations, and a peacemaker in the to the crisis. Carl Hambro presided at international family. I can see vital a luncheon where 4jo diplomats, states- Christianity becoming the controlling men and distinguished Swiss citizens

2

Moral Re-Af mament

Peter Howard a;rriuing at Caux on 28 July i g 4ó were present. That autumn a group and organise the spiritual defence of the of eminent Swiss personalities published country. Others joined the Gothard in the Press an "appeal for the moral League, an organisation founded in re-armament of Switzerland," an appeal the spring of ig4o to counter sub- which met with a considerable response. version and Nazi propaganda in Swit- In the spring of ig39 a further con- zerland. ference was held at Caux. In the spring of ig42, during a Moral In September the Second World War Re-Armament meeting at Macolin, at broke out, and the people of Switzer- a time when Switzerland was like a land took up arms, ready to defend the besieged fortress surrounded on all country's independence. sides by the troops of a victorious Soon afterwards the Commander-in- Germany, an astonishing thought came Chief of the Swiss Army appealed to to me : "If Switzerland survives the war, some of the men who had been trained we must put at Frank Buchman's by Ftank Buchman to join the section disposal a place where the people of of the General Staff, Ár%G'G G/ Foj/#, Europe, now divided by hatred, suffet-

4 Caux i§ tbe Place ing and bitterness, can come together A few days later 1 was visited in my again. Caux is the place." home by Adam von Trott, the German In the autumn of ig43, I entered the diplomat and former Rhodes Scholat Swiss Foreign Office at Berhe. A few at Oxford, who was one of the conspi- rators who later tried to assassinate Fro=tkhsBia.tf:afáhv:tesdpr=;:Ífelgaffi Hitler. He promised to take the neces- myself to join him in the United States. sary steps to get me a safe-conduct At first sight it seemed impossible to which would enable us to fly to Ame- leave Switzerland and travel to the rica. That was how, in June ig44, a United States acfoss German-occupied few days after the Allied landing in countries. But when, on the very Normandy, my wife and 1 were able to evening on which the town of Schaff- fly from Switzerland to the United hausen was bombed, I showed Frank States by way of Germany, Spain and Buchman's telegram to the Swiss For- Portugal. eign Minister, Marcel Pilet-Golaz, he Meeting Frank Buchman again after simply said, "Why not?" five years and taking part in the Moral

Tl]e Pa;rticipant§ iri tbe fir§t Moral Re-Afmament ASsemblu cit Cciux in ig4ó Moral Re-Af mament

Re-Armament assembly on Mackinac became clear that we would have to lsland, was a memorable experience. move quickly. We had originally plan- When 1 told Frank Buchman of the idea ned to rent the Palace for the summer, 1 had had about Caux, I was astonished but it became plain to us now that we when he replied: "1 know the place. would have to buy it. I was there in igo3, long before you The Mayor of Les Planches, Albert were bom !" Mayer, realised immediately that it At the end of the war, in the summer would benefit the whole Montreux of ig4j, a European delegation of region if the Palace could be saved from English, French, Dutch and Swiss being handed to a deínolition company. crossed the Atlantic to take part in a He quickly called together several further conference at Mackinac lsland. leading citizens of Montreux who In the autumn Frank Buchman took agteed to approach the difectors of the some of these European delegates with bank and urge them to give preference him to califomia. Christmas was spent to Moral Re-Armament. in Los Angeles and it was there, one At Easter, several hundred Swiss gath- morning, that he asked Robert Hahn- ered at lnterlaken with a few friends loser and me to go back to Switzerland from other European countries foí the and organise the first post-war con- first post-war conference of Moral ference of Mofal Re-Armament. Re-Armament on the European main- There was talk of Burgenstock, Lucerne 1and. From lnteflaken a delegation and lmerlaken. But the idea born in left to visit the hotel at Caux. Robert my Ípi.nd in ig42 kept coming back to Auberson, armed with his bunch of me insistently: "Caux is the place... keys, opened the front door for us, and Caux is the place." But neither Hahn- we began an astonishing tour of a maze loser nor 1 knew what was happening of rooms, staircases, and endless cor- at Caux. ridors. On a fine day in March ig46, my wife The building was in a sorry condition. and 1 went up to Caux to clear the It had been used for fifteen months as matter up. The huge building of the a camp for internees and refugees. Caux-Palace .was there, silent and The army's furniture and equipment deserted. Finally we found Robert had been removed, and the hotel's Auberson, the old caretaker, and he furnishings had not been put back. told us that the Palace was going to be Many of the main rooms and bedrooms sold by the Banque Populaire Suisse were completely empty. to a French company. Everywhere were signs of the boredom, An hour later 1 was in the office of discouragement and carelessness of the Monsieur Brandt, the manager of the refugees during those months of wait- Montreux branch of the bank. It ing. Nearly all the locks had been

6 Caux is tbe Place

of sunshine pierce the clouds and light up the lake, two thousand feet below. It was an unforgettable moment. Two hours later we were sitting in the Buffet de la Gare, warming our hands around glasses of scalding coffee. It was there, after we had faced our anxieties about the immense task ahead of us, that we decided to go ahead and make a reality, through our obedience, ofthethoughtwhichGodhadoriginally given us four years before. Meanwhile, Frank Buchman had arrived in London from the United States. He telephoned to Switzerland to en- courage us. We told him the position. "Buyit,buyit,"hesai.donthetelephone. Then he added: "Do you think you'll be able to find all that money in Switzerland?" On behalf of us all 1 answered: "Yes." And itwaswiththat ]ap de Boer little word that a great adventure of faith began. After that, things moved fast. On forced, and the army's field kitchens, 25 May ig46, M. Hadorn, managing which were, of course, intended to director of the Banque Populaire Suisse, function in the open air, had tumed and M. Brandt, the manager of the the Palace kitchen into a huge cave Montreux branch, signed the bill of with smoke-blackened walls. It was sale for the shares of the Société lmmo- like a coal-mine. biliêre de Caux. This document was Even so, we could see the building's signed on behalf of Moral Re-Arma- immense possibilities. Robert Hahn- ment by Robe,tt Hahnloser and myself. loser, as an engineer, realised how it The purchase price was i,ojo,ooo Swiss could be transfoimed. He saw, for francs. example, that the ballroom could be On our return from this memorable tumed into a theatre, from which a meeting at the bank's head office, we new philosophy of life could go out to met for lunch at my flat in Berne. the world. At the end of the meal, our young From one of the balconies we saw a ray cook came in and gave us her bank

7 Moral Re-Af mament

sacrifices prepared the Swiss people, who had providentially escaped the war, to welcome those who had suf- fered physically and financially. We underwent a purge of our own materia- lism, and the spiritual cons€quences of that experience were to prove of great importance in the following years. Over ioo Swiss men and women freed themselves from their jobs or profes- sional obligations, either permanently or for a limited period, in order to join the team that was at work on the enormous task of cleaning up, trans-

Tbe building of tbe Stag/e

Tbe Painting of tbe kjtcben book in which, week by week, were recorded all her savings. It was her gift to Caux. Robert Hahnloser and I were deeply touched by this sacrifice, which had been made to encourage us as we took the first steps in our great enterprise. During the following weeks gifts poured in from Swiss families towards the cost of Caux. Family jewels, life insurance policies and houses were sold ; money put aside for journeys, for holidays, fot the purchase of cars or washing machines was given. These

J, Cdux is tbe Place forming and furnishing the Caux Palace. ftom other European countries, to win It had to be ready by the middle of ]uly, the race against the clock, so as to be when Frank Buchman and his friends ready in time. were due to arrive to open the first post- One of the most remarkable of those war World Assembly. who came from other countries was On i ]une Robeft Hahnloser took ]ap de Boer, a Dutch architect who had possession of the building, after it had spent a long period of forced labour in been disinfected by the army. Hahn- Getmany. He assisted Hahnloser in 1oser, brilliantly supported by his wife, all the conversion work on the buil- directed operations with outstanding dings. ability and skill. Everyone set to work Wartime restrictions had not yet been with a will, and during the next six lifted and it was very difficult to obtain weeks the original team of fourteen cleaning materials and machines, not grew latger and larger. Young and to mention the food required for the old, rich and poor, representatives of men working at caux. However, frith all classes and conditions, came from in God's help swept away all difficulties. every part of Switzerland, as well as Every obstacle was overcome, and day

Landscdping tbe Park Mordl Re-Af mament after day all that was necessary arrived polishers, brushes and paint-removers at Caux in the most astonishing way. purred and roared all over the house. On 4 June a small party from Switzer- A young Geneva mason led a team of land travelled to London to present workers who tackled the more difficult Frank Buchman with a symbolic key of building operations. An eighty-year- the "House on the Mountain''. Hence- old locksmith from Bulle, Albin Brandt, forth the Caux Palace was called £]4loz/#- spent several weeks with an apprentice tain House, tec;írNHi"g hland House, repairing the soo locks which had been on Mackinac lsland, the centre for the broken while the Palace was being used conferences which had meant so much asarefugeecentre,ashiscontribution. to us from Switzerland. A gardener arrived from Basle with During the Whit weekend, ijo people all his tools and set to work. With came from all over Switzerland to help smiling thoroughness he organised a finish our preparations. Some were team which tackled the neglected old friends who simply asked: "What grounds, and, working to the plans can 1 do? Where must 1 work?", and prepared by a Zurich landscape artist, pulling on aprons or overalls went to transformed them within a few weeks work straight away. Others were into a lovely garden. guests, coming to find out more about On i ]uly the bank received the first Moral Re-Armament, but they soon instalment of 4jo,ooo francs stipulated saw that there was plenty of work to be by the contract. The whole ofthis sum done, and cheerfully joined in. had been collected ih Switzerland The whole immense building-it is through gifts from ninety-five families 2oo yards long, and at some points eight all over the country. The greater part storeyshigh-wasasceneoftremendous of the capital of the Société lmmobiliêre activity. Walls were knocked down, de Caux thus passed into the hands of floors repaired, hundreds of windows Moral Re-Armament, and soon after- cleaned, mattresses beaten, new ma- wards a new board of directors was chines installed and others dismantled. appointed. Hahnloser, like a general in the rnidst On 9 July, barely six weeks after Moral of a battle, gave clear and precise Re-Armament had taken possession of directions, and `then left his colleagues the building, the first meal was served a wide margin of discretion in carrying in the dining-room of Mountain House. them out. All this practical work One hundred and fifty people enjoyed offered an opportunity of learning to an excellent dinner cooked by Elisabeth live the principles of Moral Re-Arma- de Mestral and her volunteer staff. ment in reality ! The chef of the Hôtel Alpina, who came One after another the bedrooms were over in the aftefnoon to lend a hand, cleaned from top to bottom. Electric could not believe his eyes. The smiling

6o Hobert Halmloser Moral R8-Armamerit calmness and confidence of all con- summer it became clear that Mountain cerned was such a contrast to the House would not be big enough to feverish atmosphere often found in accommodate the people coming from hotel kitchens. all over the world. One day when an On i8 ]uly everything was ready to old friend of Frank Buchman's was teceive Frank Buchman who arrived leaving Mountain House, he pointed from London with a party of ninety. to the Grand-Hôtel and asked him: The Mayors of three towns of the "Does that house belong to Moral Re- Canton de Vaud and fifty other Swiss Armament too?" With a meaning citizens met him at the frontier station glanceinmyditection,Buchmanreplied, of vallorbe. In pouring rain Buchman "Not yet !„ travelled to Caux, accompanied by Negotiations began that same autumn, Robert Hahnloser. All those who had and by next spring first the Hôtel Maria, helped to get the house ready were and then the Grand-Hôtel had been massed in the entrance hall. The purchased. Two years later the Hôtel children stood in the front row. Be- Alpina, and then several chalets were hind them were the women in the added. colourful costumes of the Swiss cantons, During those first years a great many together with the delegations from Swissgavetheirmostvaluedpossessions other European countries who h'ad to furnish these houses. Antique fur- come to welcome him. niture, capets, paintings and prints Frank Buchman thanked everyone, and which had been the pride of their asked Robert Hahnloser to introduce families for generations were sent to to him all who had helped to prepare Caux. for this great day. These people wanted to give Mountain Ten days later, this time under a House the warmth of a home, so that radiant sky, Peter Howard was wel- visitors from all over the world should comed at Caux. A brilliant journalist, be greeted with the best that Switzer- a former captain of England at Rugby land could offer. football and a member of the winning Robert Hahnlos`er gave not only his Olympic bobsleigh team, Howard was exceptional technical skills and human to play a leading tole in the devel- qualities, but also a large part of his opment of Caux at Buchman's side. private fortune for the development of Before long Caux made Switzerland Caux. Before he died in ig5o at the the voice of Moral Re-Armament in early age of 42, he had created a unique a Europe still torn by hatred, resentment centre where nearly a thousand people and fear, but destined to experience new could stay and meet together, and work hope. out how to deal effectively with the In the course of that first post-war urgent issues of the post-war world.

62 On the day he arrived at Caux in ]uly ig46, Frank Buchman confronted us FRAHK with a challenge. After meeting all those who had worked so devotedly to get Mountain House ready, he suddenly BUCHMAH'S asked : "Where are the Germans?" And he added: "Some of you think that Germany has got to change; and that is true. But you will never be able to LEGACY rebuild Europe without Germany." His compassion for the countries which had suffered at the hands of Nazi Ger- many, and his understanding of Ger- many's own suffering in defeat, were matched by his realism Unless Ger- many were reached with the great Christian concept which Moral Re-At- mament offered, other forces of anarchy and materialism were waiting to flood into the vacuum left by the war. During the next fifteen years, when we were privileged to see Frank Buchman at work at Caux, his dominant preoccu- pation was a steady concern for the peoples of the whole world. He had a genius for making a lifelong friend of every person he met, from the humblest and poorest to the statesmen whose activities he followed in the newspapers. He was to welcome thou- sands from every part of the globe at Caux. Buchman had an innate sense of hospi- tality, probably inherited from his parents, for his father was a hotel- keeper and his mother was a warm- hearted woman who was always happy to welcome any of her son's friends. As a boy Frank Buchman leatnt to

6j Moral R8-Af mamemt appreciate the excellent meals his mother Buchman often invited to these morning cooked in the tradition of the Swiss meetings people who were paying their emigrants who settled in Pennsylvania first visit to caux. These visitors wete in the eighteenth century. thus plunged right into the centre of When it came to entertaining his friends Moral Re-Armament's world-wide ac- at Caux, he took pains over every detail, tion, and were intfoduced into Buch- displaying extraordinary qualities of man's inner counsels. For many of kindness and sensitivity to the needs of them, this insight into the unceasing, his guests. Yet he also possessed the passionate struggle he waged for men art of maintaining what he called "a and women around the world and for nonchalant reserve", never forcing him- his closest colleagues, was a revelation. self on his guests, but leaving them free Maurice Mercier, the Secretary General to do as they wished. of the Federation of French Textile When the French Foreign Minister, Workers (Force Ouvriére), was one of Robert Schuman, came to Caux, for those who came to know Frank Buch- example, Buchman insisted that nobody man in this way. Buchman always said should ask him to speak. It was he remembered only two French words Schuman himself who decided to from a stay in Grenoble in his youth: speak spontaneously one morning at zz###4#.fgzzr/o#. Mercier did not know a the end of the session. Schuman single word of English. Yet a deep thanked Buchman fór his hospitality, bond of friendship was established bet- and then said, "1 am used to con- ween the two men, which resulted in a ferences, but they are very different transformation of all Mercier's activity from this. All of them-parliamen- in his union, and in the beginning of a tary, electoral or international-nor- remarkable change in the French textile mally end in great disappointment. industry. Here we find nothing but satisfaction Buchman's realistic view of life was not and a great hope." encumbered with theories. He was a Every morning, Frank Buchman recei- practical man who understood human ved a large group of his closest fellow- nature. He would have nothing to do workers to plan the day's work. Every- with ready-made ideas : everything with thing was carefully examined; noth- him was made to measure. For while ing escaped his scrutiny. It was in he was fond of repeating that "crows are these times of thorough preparation that black all over the world'', meaning that he trained others to improve on his own human nature is much the same wher- work. Nothing was left to chance as everyougo,heknewtoothateveryhum- he showed his friends how to discem an being has a unique destiny. He was the true motives of men and plan for the issues confronting their nations. Dr. Frcmk N . D . Bucbman

ól4

Moral R!e-Af mament always ready to make a fresh approach if with the Source of an inner life which somebody showed him a better way of gave satisfaction and fulfilment to all. doing something or if he found one In the last year of his life, Frank Buch- himself. man was visited at Caux by an eminent The supreme virtue, according to the statesman who, after recalling some of philosopher Gaston Berger, is imagina- Buchman's achievements, added : "You tion. Frank Buchman not only pos- must be very pfoud of all that." Buch- sessed that virtue himself, but was ex-. man replied: "1 don't feel proud of it, traotdinarily skilful in developing it in because 1 had no part in it. God does others. He possessed that freedom of everything. I simply obey and do as mind which refuses to be imprisoned in He tells me." The statesman replied : "1 a mould. He was always searching for can't accept that. You have done some new and better ways of doing what very great things yourself". Buchman needed to be done. That is why he replied, "1 have done nothing, or rather defied classification by those who tried 1 have done only what men like you to label him, or who endeavoured to ought to have done. Many years ago l give his activities a static definition. gaveuptryingtoorganisethingsaccord- He was always ready to welcome unex- ing to my own ideas. I startedlistening pected developments, and to strike out to God and letting Him have His own boldly on a new course in his work if he way in everything. If men like you felt God was calling him to it. would do that, you would find solutions, There was, however, one constant factor instead of being defeated by the pro- in his life : Frank Buchman was forever blems you have yourselves created." listening-to other men, for he was an Frank Buchman was fond of saying that attentive listener, but above all to the you had to leam how to read the charac- superior wisdom which came from God ters of men like a page of print. He and guided him step by step through knew how to distinguish the signs which life. This ability to listen gavehim his reveal what is going on in a man's unusual spiritual understanding of those inmost being. who came to see him. He knew the Buchman also possessed an astonishing whole gamut of human feelings and memory for people. His whole mind could enter into the lives of young and and imagination were concentrated on old, rich and poor, employers and work- the people he met day by day. He ers, black, white and yellow, Christians,maintained links with his friends all over Moslems and Buddhists, men and the world through his letters, for he women, orientals and westerners. But never let a friendship fall into abeyance. themostpreciousthinghegavetoothers His unfailing perseverance enabled him did not come from himself. He put his to maintain living contact with thou- friends in touch with the living God: sands of people, in every continent.

66 Fmmh Bucbmar[' s legay

When he saw that it was necessary, he took drastic action, if some failure or fault needed to be tackled, and he would pefsist until he felt sure that a cufe had been brought. While trying to reach all mankind, Buch- man was profoundly convinced that the most important of all encounters was the one between man and God. What mattered most in a conversation be- tween two people was what the othef person said to you rather than what you said to him, and even more what God said to both. He wanted to reach the masses, but he laid the greatest empha- sis on this delicate task of meeting the needs of men one by one. He used to say, "You can't put eye-medicine in the eye by dropping it from a third storey window.„ When he arrived at Caux after the war, Frank Buchman was already in his late sixties. As a result of a stroke which he had had four years before, he He took the opportunity of each fresh dragged one leg slightly and his activity to reinforce other people's faith, right hand was partly paralysed. Yet and he had an instinctive sense of what he was to display incredible energy heoughttosayorwritetoeachperson. and vitality during the remaining I know from personal experience how fifteen years of his life. His mind ditect and incisive some of his letters was as sharp as his body was frail, could be. For Frank Buchman did not and until his dying day he devoted all hesitate to write what he thought, espe- his energies to his work. cially to people who were close to him. Frank Buchman often stressed his links He had an inexhaustible store of com- with Switzerland, fot in the early eigh- passion in his heart, but also a faith to teenth century his family, together with match God's greatest demands. He many others from eastem Switzerland neverflaggedinthebattletochangemen and the Rhine Valley, had left the secu- and lead them ever closer to Christ, rity of their old homes to begin a fresh including his loyalest colleagues. life in the New World. His ancestor

67 Moral R8-Af mament

Frc[nh Bucbm¢an receiuing a ]apanese delegation ]akob Buchman left Europe in i74o on few of his contemporaries, but all his board the PÃOG#z.x, a Rotterdam ship, life he maintained close links with Penn- and settled with his family in Pennsyl- sylvania and Switzerland and set great vania. When Frank Buchman was born store on his simple origins. in i878, he belonged to the sixth gene- This American, whose democratic and ration of this Swiss family from St. republican roots went deep into the soil Gallen. of his native Pennsylvania, became, by In his sitting room at Caux he us€d to a series of unforeseen events, the trusted show his friends a portrait of his ances- spiritual adviser of some of the royal tor, the learned Bibliander, who was the families of Europe, of statesmen, trade first man to translate the Koran into union leaders and industrialists, in every Latin and who succeeded Zwingli in continent. the Zurich Academy. Following the To him, every person was a royal soul, fashion of those days, Bibliander had and Moral Re-Armament was for all adoptedtheGreekformofhissurname. men everywhere, far above every barrier Buchman was a man firmly rooted in of race, class or colour. family tradition. He had travelled all In Buchman's eyes, the gardener who over the world and he knew it as did came to water the flowers on his balcony

6, Framh Bucbmam' s leg/ay at Caux or the lift man he met in an tituted a source of inspiration for effec- hotel were just as important as the tive action. statesman or industrialist who sought To find the way through a maze of pos- his advice. sible motives, Buchman suggested using What mattered at Caux was not just moral co-ordinates which enabled each what was said from the platform, but person to find his position from certain the way in which those who took part fixed landmarks. He proposed four: in the assemblies were able to try out a honesty, purity, unselfishness and love. newwayofthinking,actingandliving. And he added the word 4!¢fo/#/g to make Buchman recommended setting aside them standard norms. Admittedly one hour every moming, at the begin- man, being what he is, can never attain ning of the day, for prayer, reading the the absolute. But, just as a marksman Bible and listening to God. He suggest- aims for the bull's-eye, men can delibe- ed using paper and pencil to note down rately set their sights on the right target. any thoughts that occurred during this They may not achieve their aim, but morning silence, for these were precious their course would be set in that direc- directions which ought not to be forgot- tion. ten. This deliberate meditation cons- The strategy which emerged from Caux

A g!roup of leading European indmstrialists

69 Moral Re-Af mament year by year was worked out together whatevef others might do, think or say. by many of the groups and individuals If, at certain moments, he seemed alone taking part in the assemblies. in the midst of all these people, it was Suggestions might be made by miners because he was ahead of them and from the Ruhr or dockers from Rio de leaning on God alone. He possessed ]aneiro, by African nationalists or Euro- the supreme courage to tell the truth to pean statesmen, by ]apanese or South leaders who had been flattered by their American students, by French workers entourage, ar}d he was ready to risk ot German employefs, by Scandinavian losing his closest friends, if need be, for agriculturists or Canadian farmers, by he always refused to be the centre of British industrialists or French intellec- other people's lives. His ceaseless chal- tuals. Together these varied groups lenge to his friends was to set aside would seek to find God's plan for the every form of dependence on men in advance of Moral Re-Armament in order to depend wholly upon God, their own or other countries. Who alone could and should satisfy a Buchman acted as a kind of catalyst, ena- man's heart. bling unexpected elements to meet and Buchman possessed a directness which seek the mind of God together, instead could either put those with whom he of continuing in conflict, and so laun- talked at ease of disconcert them, de- ching a human revolution whose effects pending on their frame of mind. When a were to mark the histofy of our time. leading industrialist asked him what to He was always ready to encourage do about a strike in the German coal anyone who was setting out on a new mines, he replied: "1 don't know, but course in this way, and awaited with God knows, and if you listen to Him, expectancy to see what God would He will tell you." The man listened, accomplishthroughamanhehadhelped and as result helped to bring a Moral to bring in contact with the Source of Re-Armament task force of i 5 o to some life. of the key centres of the Ruhr with the Buchman trained the men and women industrial play rz}G Forgoz/G# Fczc/or, who came to Caux to live in expectation with far-reaching results in that critical of this intervention by God in the lives situation. ofmen and nations. As a result, hope- Frank Buchman was not an eloquent less situations were resolved, and light man in the sense in which Latin returned into the man-made darkness. countfies understand that word. He Sometimes there were set-backs, and usually encouraged others to speak. some were deflected from the road on which they had set out. But Buchman never lost heart, for he had decided once for all that he would never give up, Mountain Hou§e

70

Morãl R;c-Af flüament

Franh Bucbman uJitb Prince Kjcbard of Hesse prooff"tsboer.c%fídHr:lieorn:É:norícion%lieo%sãd:"„tx

His own eloquence was often silence. nal, and his style had a very individual Yet he held any audience enthralled, character. He forged new expres- and could carry them from gales of sions, as chiselled as the inscription on laughter to the depths of human feeling. a medal. His phrases would often shed Often, too, he would tell stories full of a new light on old truths and give life and significant detail, stories like them a new relevance for today. parables in which every shade of riiean- For Buchman, the universality of Moral ing answered the needs of those to Re-Armament's activity was deeply whom he was talking. anchored in the christian faith. Every His contributions to the sessions at day he read the Bible with the closest Caux during those fifteen years did not attention. He lived on the central take the form of formal addresses. All truthsofthefaithintheNewTestament, that he said bore the mark of a passion and stressed the topicality of the Chris- to win the minds of specific individuals tian message. The epistles of St. Paul sitting in the audience, or of others illuminated for him the daily battle to whom he wished to reach indirectly advance the forces of Moral Re-Arma- through press or radio. ment around the world. Buchman's Buchman's thought was strongly origi- interest in the Bible was not that of

72 Franh Bucbmdr[' s leg/ay someone fascinated by ideas, but of a The profound reality which had trans- man engaged in a vital struggle for the formed his own life, and the universal future of mankind. dimension of the task God had given Buchman lived in close communion him, endowed his message with a pfo- with ]esus Christ, whom he looked on phetic force. He insisted that the acti- as his closest friend. It was a personal vities of Moral Re-Armament should be relationship with nothing theoretical judged and planned by this standafd, about it. It was not a search for some andheneveryieldedtothosewhowould theological formula, but the fruit of have prefered to operate at a lower or daily experience in listening and obey- more comfortable level. ing. He lived at the heart of the burning The suprising thing was that members problems of the world, and in his eyes of other faiths, agnostics and even the effectiveness of the spiritual life atheists were not shocked by his intense could often be tested by the extent to and open Christian experience, which which it influenced the policies and atti- to Buchman was a universal experience, tudes of men and nations. valid for everyone. His intuition showed him very quickly

A[bert Maü;per, May;yor of Montreux , welcoming Frd;nh Bucbman at Moritreux Station

7j Moral Re-Af mament when there was something wrong about the basic motives governing men's lives. a man. "You can't live crooked and Wrong motives had to be cast off if a think straight" he used to say. man were to be freed from the slavefy of However, he was the first to admit that his own passions, fears and prejudices. he could be mistaken, that he was an He laid down no rules, yet every visitor ordinary man, with an ordinary man's to Caux noticed a certain discipline faults and weaknesses. One day when which was spontaneously followed by he was wondering whether he had been those who lived with him. Like a right or wrong to take a certain course, gardener who prunes a tree to prevent he said to a friend who had expressed the sap from rising into branches which his opinion frankly: "You will always bear no fruit, he believed that the build- correct me when it's necessary won't ers of a new society had to eliminate you?. I'm like everybody else-I need those habits which did not help the to be corrected every day, but there are attainment of their object. The world few people with enough love and com- was so big and the task so great that all monsense to do it." the energy a man possessed had to be Frank Buchman belonged to the gene- concentrated on the only thing that ration of the pioneers of modern indus- really mattered. Personal discipline tfy. He was the friend of Thomas channelled this inner strength for the Edison and ofHenry Ford. Likethem, advantage of society, instead of wasting he possessed a scientific spirit, always it selfishly without benefit to other men. ready for the next experiment. Caux The French philosopher Gabriel Marcel was a laboratory producing the proto- observed that there existed at Caux "a types of the new type of man and the surprising combination of the global new kind of society which could later and the intimate''. That is probably the be extended to the world. best definition of the matk which Frank What he taught us to do at Caux was to Buchman left on Caux, for it was in the provide examples of Moral Re-Afma- context of the world's needs that he ment in practice, in a sufficiently simple always placed the need for change in way for everyone to understand how to men. find a similar experience. He was con- The great aim of Buchman's life was to stantly striving to show each person the bring the whole of mankind under the road he could take. The decision authority ofthe living God. As he lay whethet or not to take that road de- dying at Freudenstadt on 7 August pended on the free choice of each indi- ig6i, he summoned up his last strength vidual. By personal decision, a man to give his final message : "I.want to see could give reality to his intentions, and the world governed by men govemed begin to transform society. by God. Why not let God run the That is why Buchman always stressed whole world?"

74 When Caux opened in ig46 the war was over, but national hatred, class war and HHm personal vendettas poisoned the atmo- sphere of Europe. Neither interna- tional conferences nor grudging con- cessions could heal these wounds. " Pn§T."nn The peace for which Europe had so af dently longed was tragically incom- plete, for there was no peace in the EUROPE hearts of men. The material and moral ruins of the six years of war formed the background to the first Moral Re-Armament con- ferences at Caux. France, and especially Britain, which had held out against Germany by herself for over eighteen months, were ex- hausted. Germany, shattered by the consequences of her defeat, was count- ing her dead, clearing away her mins, and facing up to the vacuum left by a frustrated national ideology. The set- tling of scores at the end of twenty years of Fascism had left ltaly more divided than ever. In July ig46, Frank Buchman's friends came flocking to Caux from all over Europe. The British contingent was especially large that first summer, for Moral Re-Armament in Britain had developed powerfully during the war years. Peter Howard played a prominent part at Caux from the first. The profound transformation of this English jouf- nalist, his resignation from the Expre+f newspapers, and his commitment to Moral Re-Atmament had caused wide- spread comment in England during the

7, Moral Re-ArmamMent war. In ig45 he had met Buchmanfor "The truth," Buchman insisted, "is the first time in the United States, and that our problem goes deeper than from then onwards Buchman had asso- economics or politics. It is ideological. ciated him very closely with his work. Divisive ideologies strive for the mas- Howard rapidly became one of the tery of men's minds. Thousands fol- main spokesmen for Moral Re-Arma- 1ow their banners, only because they ment, for he possessed Íare human see no convincing alternative. A na- qualities. He was a brilliant writer and tion which is materially strong may be had undergone an arduous training in ideologically divided against itself, and Fleet Street. He was also an excellent therefore in danger." speaker, with an unusual feel for But, he went on, "there is a road, a good words. Sensitive by nature, Howard road among many false ways, a good felt deeply the issues confronting road mankind must find and follow. humanity,andspenthimselfunstintingly It is a God-constructed road. It is to. meet them. the great high road of democracy's The Swiss and Scandinavian delegations inspired ideology. It is valid for every to this first conference of ig46 were nation. It is essential for world peace. also large, as were the French and Dutch As we travel this road miracles happen groups. After the separations and divi- and renaissance and true security follow sions of the war years the Caux confer- in their train." ence brought new hope to everyone. The truths which Buchman set forth Buchman saw the urgent priority of the were realised again and again in the moral and spiritual reconstruction of succeeding conferences at Caux. A Europe, to heal the wounds of war, year latef he underlined his fundamental to over-arch hatred and division, to philosophy again in opening the World rebuild society on a basis that could lead Assembly: "Nations fail because they to lasting security and stability. try desperately to combat moral apathy "On evei.y hand we see disunity," said with economic plans. Economic break- Buchman in his first broadcast from down walks as a black threat through Caux (4 June, ig47). "Divisions are the heart of every statesman and the mark of our time. Men oppose citizen. Yet the material crisis may othet men because they are of another obscure the materialism and mofal nation, another race, another class, breakdown that underlie it, so that another party, ot simply because they they do not 'know how to cure it. hold another point of view. Unless we deal with human nature "SomebodyinEuropesaidrecently,`We thoroughly and drastically on a national are hungry, hungry not only for food scale, nations must still follow their but for ideas-ideas on which to reshape our individual and national life.' Mr. amd Mrs. Peter Howard on tbe terrace at Caux

7ó'

Moral Re-Armament

An lndjan trade umion delegation at Caux historic road to violence and destruc- part in the conference at Caux. They tion. The problem is not just an iron initiated a change of attitude in the curtain which separates nation from mines, which they subsequently carried nation, but steely selfishness which to the coalfields of France and Germany, separates man from man and all men and which was to play its part in from the government of God, and beginning the economic reconstruction when men listen to God and obey, the of Europe. steel and iron melt away." And he Over 3,ooo people from every Euro- added, "A new message goes out from pean milieu took part in that first post- Caux to a stricken world. At Caux war conference. It soon became ob- the answer has been found. It has vious to the Swiss at Caux that many been given legs and it is on the march. alterations would have to be made to Here at Caux we are reaching the end the buildings, which had been designed of the age of crisis and pioneering the as hotels, to enable future assemblies age of cure." to run smoothly and effectively. That During the first post-war summer, a same winter, large-scale operations wete large number of Btitish miners took begun, and year after year since then the

7, Caux iri Post-war Ewrope work of development and maintenance six bedrooms in ten buildings, the has continued. furnishing and cleaning operations, as To run such a large establishment as well as the laundry which washed Caux, which can accommodate nearly sheets by the ton. j4/z%¢.#z.fJrzz/z.o#, i,ooo people at a time and often more which covered the reception of the at peak weekends, calls for efficient guests, book-keeping and finance. In planning. Duting that first year a very addition there were other groups which simple, flexible structure, capable of took on the production of plays and handling this huge operation, had to films, sales of literature, publication of be devised. books, periodicals and information set- The work fell into three main sectors : vices, and many other aspects of the Fooó7, which dealt with everything con- varied life of Caux. All in all, the cerned with feeding the Assembly, from efficient running of the Caux centre buying and cooking to sefvice in the depended on an organism of several four dining-tooms and washing-up hundred people working together in after meals. <4ccoÂ27%oc7cz/z.o#, respon- harmony for many months at a time. sible for the four hundred and ninety- Most of the work was done on a

A delegdtion of Nigerian students

7, Moral R8-Af mament voluntary basis, and these teams pro- completely different aim. Their object vided an opportunity for human con- is to help the participants to find the tacts which were as unexpected as they secret of a more effective life in the were enriching. service of God and.of the community, Many of the visitors to Caux were struck so as to solve the most urgent pfoblems by this unusual way of running a large of human society by attacking the root establishment. The bulk of the prac- of the trouble which lies in the very tical work was done by the permanent nature of man. staff at Caux or by young people in The themes of the confef ences at Caux training there ; and guests were welcome are always topical and relevant, for they to join in and help if they wished to. are chosen to answer the requirements What strikes me as the principal feature ofthemenpresentandthenationsrepre- of life at Caux is its constantly changing sented. The originality of Caux lies in its nature, for every day's work is deter- insistence that there exists a practical so- mined by the people taking part in a 1ution, tried and tested in experience, and particular conference. Unlike so many that the crux of the matter is to be found conferences which are obliged to follow in the decisive passage from the idea to an inflexible agenda and hear a succes- its realisation, fi.om theory to practice. sion of speakers presenting official Caux tries to create a climate in which viewpoints, meetings at Caux putsue a such decisions can be taken.

Tbe labe seen from tbe Hauts-de-Caux

o Caux in Post-uJar Europe

T/iew of Mountain House from tbe Soncbaud road

That is why so many visitors to Caux The working parties, meals and chance comment on the range and diversity encounters are all opportunities of of the problems discussed and on the establishing human contacts which, in complementary character of the situa- the ordinary way of things, would be tions, which shed light on one another unlikely to occur. in a surprising way. Speakers follow In this way a leading industrialist meets one another in rapid succession, telling workers who can open his eyes to the stories of concrete experience or per- facts of their conditions, while trade sonal decision. Day after day those unionists at Caux learn at first hand who attend these meetings can see the what employers are up against and what reality of the contemporary world take they are trying to do. Preconceived or shape before their eyes, revealing every narrow ideas, unshakeable points of aspect of what has to be changed if a view and fixed ideological positions just human society is to be born. -all these are called in question by this

ó'J Moral R!e-Af mament mingling of men and ideas. Yet there productions encouraged those respon- is nothing sentimental about Caux, for sible for Caux to convert the ballroom each person is faced with new demands permanently into a fully-equipped the- which force him to look into himself atre. A new building was added to it befote going forward again in a more to accommodate a sizeable stage and effective way. fly-tower. Four hundred comfortable The early assemblies at Caux were theatre seats were installed in a sloping enlivened by an outstanding chorus, auditorium which retained its original led in those days by the British com- period style, while cabins were built at poser George Fraser. Innumerable the back for film projectors and simul- songs have been written for special taneous-translation equipment. occasions. None was more moving As the years went by, a great many than the song written to welcome the plays and musicals have had their first first German group at Caux in ig46. performance in the theatre at Caux. It was composed by a young Notwegian In igj3, Peter Howard, whose books and sung in German by a chorus drawn on Moral Re-Armament had already from countries all over Europe which run into millions, wrote his first play, had suffered under German occupation. róG ÃGcz/ JVGÂ#f, for the Caux theatre. T+s Th€"£ wo;s ``Es muss alles dmders After that Howard's plays followed one zyGrc7G#" - everything must be different. another in rapid succession, many of It moved the Germans to the depths them perfomed for the first time either and later gave fresh hope to thousands in Caux or at the Westminster Theatre in Germany who at that time were in London. renewing contact with the outside In ig64, in the preface to one of his world. pria:ys, Mr. Broum Comes Down Tbe Hill, In ig46 the ballroom of the Caux- he explained why he wrote for the Palace, which had witnessed so many theatre and indeed why all the plays banquets and society balls during /4z put on at Caux are written: "1 write Z7e//G G2>ogz/G, became an improvised with a message and for no other reason. theatre. The purpose is clear. The aim is Tbe Forg!otteri Factor, ía priay Tjy t:ky€ simple. It is to encourage men to accept English author Alan Thornhill, which Surya Sena of Cy|on had its premiere in the United States Cbom in tlJe Euro|)ean musical during the war, was the first to be " Amiutbing to Declare?" produced at caux. During the follow- ing years it was to enjoy tremendous Scene from ..Tbe Forgotten Factor" success in Europe, in many languages, Scene from " Am[ytlJing to Declare?" andinmanyotherpartsoftheworld. From tbe all-Africcm film "Freedom" The success of these first theatrical Filming "Tbe Dictator' S Slipiiers"

2 8j Moral R8-Af mament the growth in character that is essential were gathered at Caux from all parts if civilisation is to survive. It is to of the continent. One moming Buch- enlist everybody, everywhere, in a revo- man invited them to meet him so that lution to remake the world. It is, for he could tell them of an idea which had Christians, the use of the stage to come to him insistently in the stillness uplift the Cross and make its challenge of the night: "Africa will speak to the and hope real to a perverse but fascinat- world. You will do it through a play ing generation." which will spring from your hearts and Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Latin your experience." America, all sent large and varied The Africans set to work immediately. groups to Caux yeaf by year-seventy The plot quickly took shape, and three from ]apan one year, ninety from of their number were delegated to write Brazil another-and from their visits the three acts. In three days it was came many unexpected and far-reaching done-the first act by a Nigerian new developments. In July igjj, for student leader, the second by an African instance, fifty distinguished Africans teacher from South Africa, and the third by a Member of the Parliament of Ghana. Within a week Fr#c7o%, Scene from tbe film " Men of Bmg!il" written, directed and acted entirely by Africans, had been performed at Caux, and on the eleventh night after Buch- man first suggested the idea, it opened to crowded houses at the Westminster Theatre in London. The German Ambassador in London was at the first night. He telephoned at once to Bonn, and said "This play must come to Germany." Fr#c7oÂz7 toured the whole of Europe in the next few months, travelling far north beyond the Arctic Circle. In Scandinavia a Swedish cameraman saw it. He said, "If you want to make a film of FrGGó7oÂ# I will drop everything and come." A year later it was filmed on location in Nigeria. More than io,ooo people from every part of the country took part. Since then the film, dubbed into many languages, has gone to over

4 Caux iri Post-waf Europe

Training course at Caux seventy countries. In East Africa alone touring Britain and France went around it was seen by over i,ooo,ooo people the world by way of Cyprus, India and in the weeks preceding a crucial election ]apan, before being put on in the which went off without the expected United States. bloodshed thanks in part, many said, to Next year a group of ]apanese students, the influence of Fré'Gé7o%. It is still some of whom had taken part in the being shown all over the world. Tokyo riots which prevented President Every year new plays, musicals and Eisenhower's visit to ]apan, attended other productions are first presented in the summer conference at caux. Many the theatre at caux. A notable example belonged to the militant movement, was fJo####g, a play written by Hans the zengakuren. Others were officials Hartung, a coalface miner from the of the Seinendan, the .great ]apanese Ruhr, which gave a vivid picture of youth organisation created after the war. the tragedy of a divided Gerriiany. At Caux they found a new direction for Hartung and a group of his fellow their lives, and produced a play des- miners decided to produce and act this cribing their experiences. First staged play themselves. It was staged for the at Caux, rzJG rzÉ# was presented by the first time at Caux in July igjg. It was ]apanese all over the world dufing the then presented in Germany, and after next two years, first in Germany and

ó', Moral R8-Af mamerit

Paris, then in the United States and modem audiovisual techniques. This afterwards in Latin America. They equipment is specially intended for the revisited Caux at the beginning of ig62, young people attending training coutses before returning to ]apan via Cyprus, at Caux. India, Vietnam-where they spent a Since the opening of the centre in month-and Taiwan. ig46, tens of thousands from every con- One of the most recent productions tinent and nearly every country in launched at Caux was <4#jJÁóz.#g /o the world have taken part in the Z)Gc/ázre.?, a musical review written by Caux conferences. People of all races, young Europeàns from twenty coun- nationalities, classes and generations tries to show our continent that we have rubbed shoulders in this mee- have aims to pursue beyond our own ting-place, where each person finds £rorrfi€rs. A;"oHkye;r. wus Pitié Pour Clé- himself faced with the same challenge. Â%G#/z.#G, a highly original French musical Heads of state, prime ministers and satire which has been shown widely members of parliament, industrialists in France. and businessmen, trade union leaders, In the autumn of ig66, the Caux theatre professofs aqd distinguished journalists was turned into a film studio to enable all meet here, but so. do a host of an English producer to make the film ordinary men and women, delegations Tbe Dictator+ Slipi)ers, boiseà orL rhe of factory workers and students, farmers play by Peter Howard. This fóllowed and housewives, who represent the a special theatte season at Caux arrang- great anonymous masses of modern ed by the Westminster Theatre. A society. whole series of Moral Re-Armament The struggle for the future of mankind films had been made during the previous often seems to depend on decisions ten years, but this was the first time the taken by those in positions of power; filming had been done at Caux. but ordinary men and women, too, All the modern media-television, ra- can be the hinges on which the doors dio, cinema, theatre, periodicals, andofhistory turn. Both have an essential books-are used to communicate the role to play in the remaking of the ideas of Caux to the world. world, and both find a place-and an For many years now the conference answer-at Caux. centre has been equipped for the Moral Re-Armament is for everyone simultaneous translation of the main everywhere, and the lesson of Caux sessions, and of the plays, into a number seems to me to be summed up in of languages. these words of Frank Buchman when Since ig68 Caux has also been 'equipped he called Moral Re-Armament "the with a "language labotatory" to provide ordinary man's opportunity to remake rapid training in languages by means of the world.„

#ó, Nothing could be more typically Swiss than the motto inscribed on the edge DOMIHUS of every Swiss five franc piece : Do#?;.##í Pro#.JGGz./-the Lord will provide. It should be noted that the Swiss autho- PROVIDEBIT rities have chosen the future tense rather than the past, and it might be added that if eve£y citizen put this principle into practice, the economy of the Helvetic Confederation would be rapidly transformed. Yet a number of Swiss men and women have decided that this principle should be the basis of their actions, and take the financial motto on the five-franc coin seriously. Wbere does tbe mony come from? T:bÀ:s is a question often asked about Caux. With a few rare exceptions, the answers suggested by public or private rumour are a long way from the truth, which is much simpler, much more common- place, and much more interesting. When, in the spring of ig46, a few Swiss citizens founded the centre at Caux, they decided to go ahead in the conviction that God would help them to find the necessary money, whatever sacrifice that might entail for them- selves. At that time they had no idea what lay before them. Perhaps it would be tmer to say that some of them gauged the task facing them and hesitated, wondering if they had the necessary £esolution to sacrifice everything-future, success, position- and to take that narrow path as stony as a mountain trail. The decision to obey God was the

7 Moral R8-Armamerit necessary pre-requisite if the venture Not only has it provided meals which was to succeed, and it is through such have earned it a high reputation in decisions constantly repeated that Caux Switzerland and abroad, but it has has grown and continues to grow. become a training centre where hun- Z)oÂz#.#z#Pro#.é7G¢/.Z .. to build an organism dreds of young women have learned on such a basis may seem folly in a how to cook for, and look after, their country like Switzerland, where secu- families in a new spirit. rity seems of such importance, yet Many of those who have learned to God has kept His promises in an take charge of the kitchens at Caux can extraofdinary way. bear comparison with the best chefs The voluntary, unpaid work of hun- of switzerland. None ofthem receives dreds of men and women from all any salary, and this sum of anonymous over Europe, and money and gifts in devotion seems to me to be an eloquent kind from Switzerland and from many answer to those who wonder how the other countries, have made it possible high standards of Caux are financed to buy, develop and maintain the and maintained. Caux conference centre, and to finance During the first twenty-four years of the worldwide activities stemming from its existence, the Caux conference centre Caux. has received over 2oo,ooo people from The devotion and self-sacrifice of all parts of the world. Altogether, hundreds of ordinary people make the these visitors have spent nearly two mnning of the centre possible. Every million days at the centre, which year, scores of housewives come regu- represents over five million meals, larly from Lausanne, Geneva, Berne with all that catering on such a scale and other Swiss towns and villages entails. to clean the floors, make the beds, and Apart from a permanent group of look after the hundreds of bedrooms about thirty paid maintenance men- at Caux. A few local women are paid masons, plasterers, painters, carpenters, to do the washing and ironing, but cabinet-makers, electricians, gardeners the linen-rooms have been taken over and cleaners-who work all the year by a team of volunteers, and sewing- round to keep the buildings in repair, machines work from morning till none of the permanent staff of Caux night keeping the linen in perfect receive any salary, and indeed those condition. who can afford to do so contribute to The cooking at Caux has always been their own living expenses. This is an object of admiration from pro- the normal basis of all the whole-time fessionals. Since the start in ig46, the kitchen there has been run by Main ball, tbeatre , Rsnoir room , entrdnce lJall, volunteers from all over the world. cinemd , mciin dining-roo7m

ó'

Moral R8-Aimament

sends 35 francs every month to a ftiend of his on the permanent staff at Caux; a worker in Basle sent i,ooo francs last Christmas for the work of MRA; a family in central Switzerland have only soup for lunch once a week in order to send the money saved in this way to Caux. Multiply these examplesbyahundredorathousandand you will have the answer to the question of where the money comes from. There are also some people in Switzet- land who have chosen to follow the path mapped out by Robert Hahnloser, a man of substance who did not hesitate

Gift of coal from tbe Rubr

Gift of scirdines from Norwcy workers in Moral Re-Armament, who live by faith and by prayer, in the conviction that "where God guides, He provides"-a truth borne out in their experience over many years. Buchman knew that by demanding this kind of unselfish service from his colleagues he could rule out any who might hope to use his work to further their own ambitions, and that all who felt called to go forward on this basis would care for each other's needs and for the advance of God's Kingdom as they did so. There are many families in Switzerland who, week by week, month by month, year by year, help to finance Caux with regulargiftswhichrarelycomefromsur- plus, and often represent real sacrifice. A mechanic in Geneva, for instance,

0 Dominus Prouidebit to give a lafge part of his fortune for Caux. A few months ago a Swiss businessman living in the Aargau sold a house. The idea of sending a large sum to Caux occurfed to him. He resisted it. After two weeks he plucked up the courage to mention the idea to his wife and children. They supported the idea. He brought his cheque to Caux at a moment when money was urgently needed to pay the current bills. The gift of savings patiently accumu- 1ated, the sale of houses and land, shar.es, jewellery, pictures, furniture

Gift of butter from Denma;rh

Tea am}d coffee Port] g/iuen bi Sbeff eld citiverw -often inherited and treasured pos- sessions-provides a moving demon- stration of the way in which Caux has always been financed. Mention should also be made of the gifts in kind which have gone a long way to reduce costs. I think of the farmer's wife in a Vaud village who plants rows of French beans in her garden every year for Caux, and of the Zurich farmer who offered to give Caux all the apples it needed for a year; he was rather taken aback to learn that the annual consumption of apples was fifteen tons, but he kept his promise. The generosity of the Swiss farmers who send the produce of their fields or orchards encourages similargiftsfromallpartsoftheworld. Over the years Caux has received

J Mordl R8-Af mame7it

Tbe kitcben at Caux hundreds of tons of coal from the who, as far as conditions have allowed Ruhr, tons of rice from Thailand, them, have often given Caux extremely sugar from ]amaica, coffee from Brazil favourable terms. and Kenya, tea from Ceylon, sardines Some people imagine that Caux is from Norway, carpets from the Nether- financed by industry. We might be 1ands and Scotland, furniture from tempted to reply: how splendid that Finland and Sweden, wallpaper from would be if it were true! In fact, Belgium, table-ware from Sheffield, the financial support which Caux has porcelain from France, oranges from received from the business world has Morocco, flour and tinned vegetables only covered a very small fraction of the from Canada, butter and eggs from annual outlay. During the years to come, Denmatk, paper from Norway, raisins we hope that an increasing number from Greece, and even a lift from of Swiss firms and public corpora- Finland. tions will provide Caux with greater In ig67, to enable Caux to lay in stocks funds. of fuel oil at the most economic rates, Others have supposed that Caux is a Bernese firm made and presented a financed by large funds from across storage tank with a capacity of 22o,ooo the Atlantic. In fact, in any given litres. The employees ofthe firm offered year, 97 per cent of the finances of part of their wages as a gift, while the Caux come from Switzerland itself management gave all the material. and from Europe, and only 3 per cent To this list must be added the suppliers from all the other continents.

2 Dominus Prouidebit

The constant battle to finance Caux has Maítre Marius Piguet, the Foundation taught us that no economy is too was officially constituted. The five small to be neglected, and also that founder members were Robert Hahn- you must have the courage to launch loser, Philippe Mottu, Konrad von out and tackle what needs to be done, Orelli, Erich Peyer and ]ules Rochat. in the faith that God will provide for Its registered office was established at the work He leads you to undertake. Caux-sur-Montreux. This was later Another question that is often asked is, transferred to the Canton of Lucerne, W71úo r##r Ccz#x? In ig46, the group on i January ig6j . The Foundation has of Swiss citizens who had started the been accorded the status of a "Public conference centre at Caux decided to Utility" by the majority of the Swiss create a Foundation for Moral Re- Cantons. Afmament, to be responsible for Caux The activities of the Foundation, while and the whole operation of Moral based at Caux, extend over the whole Re-Armament in Switzerland. On 3o country and beyond the frontiers of November ig46, after consultations Switzerland. That is why, after dis- with the experienced Vaud lawyer, cussions between the canton of Vaud ln tlw kitcben at C¢ux at tlu first Assembly

j Moral Re-Arflüarment

and the Federal Authorities, it was decided that supervision of the Foun- dation should be entrusted to the Federal Department of the lnterior at Berne. The Council of the Foundation submits an annual repott to the Department, together with the accounts, audited by a member of the Swiss Association of Chartered Accountants. The purpose of the Foundation, which officially represents Moral Re-Arma- ment in Switzerland, is set out in its statutes: "The aim of the Foundation for Moral Re-Armament is to spread faith in God and to promote a concept

TIJe Station at Caux

4 Domúnus Prouidebii

Mr. aMid Mrs. Robert Hahnloser talkjng to Dam N]en Tba from Bwrma of human relations in conformity with and the activities of Moral Re-Arma- divine law. The Foundation seeks ment have been financed on a day-to- to attain this aim by helping men and day basis. nations to live in accordance with The Foundation for Moral Re-Arma- the basic principles of Christianity, ment has always been basically Swiss, such as absolute unselfishness, absolute in its management as in its finances. love, absolute purity and absolute Twelve of the present Council of the honesty." Foundation, including all its officers, The word "Foundation" has led some are Swiss, one is French, one Dutch, people to assume that Caux has con- one swedish and two British. It works siderable capital behind it. In fact, in close co-operation with the cortes- the only capital of the Caux Foundation ponding bodies which have been set up consists in the land and buildings at in other countries to carry forward the Caux. Caux has never had reserves, activities of Moral Re-Armament.

Human society is undergoing a far- reaching transformation, which is acce- TH[ STmTmy lerating all over the world. We are witnessing the emergence of a society which is changing the way of life of OF CHAHGE mankind and calling in question all the rules worked out in the past. Buchman insisted that the complexity of modem society must not blind us to the supreme importance of men's individual decisions. This importance is growing day by day, since it is immeasurably increased by the machine and the computer. Man remains the constant factor in modern civilisation. The moral and spiritual basis of society is not only as important as ever, but has become an absolute condition .of survival for a complex and highly developed society. Two basic ideas are always emphasised at Caux. The first is that of absolute moral standards, which are the basis on which a man can make decisions. The second is that of Divine Guidance, which can show men the way through the complexities of the modern world and equip them with the higher wisdom they need so badly. The chief char- acteristic of Caux is a passionate determination to fight to change what is false in the world, to put right what is wrong, to remake society through a radical transformation of men. "In my lifetime 1 have seen two history- making discoveries," Buchman once said: "The discovery of the 4Í/o% as a source of untold energy and its mobfli- sation. That has given us the atomic

7 Moral Re-Af mciment age. The other discovery is of %Áz# as the source of untold energy and his mobilisation. That has given us the ';"\j:::,j,,,,",,,,',""'''''''""'"'\'#::í:,:':':',':"'''''''í`;":"'"'''''':'''lj"""''','"ffl ideological age. It is the key to the events around us." In the midst of discordant voices amplified by the technical methods of mass communication, men are despera- tely looking for a solution which will save mankind from nuclear destruction or totalitarian control. During the past hundred years, notions of time and space have been shattered by the discoveries of science and its practical applications. Yet this know- ledge of the world does not seem to be leading mankind towards unity, but rather to greater division. Can we discern any aims which can be accepted by the entire community of nations? Is there any way of going beyond the rivalries which divide the world? Can we agree on a strategy to follow in order to lead all mankind along a new road? In other words, can the challenge of the modern world stimulate men ànd their nations to accept the changes which are necessary if civilisation is to survive and move forward? Everyone seems to agree on the diag- nosis of the problems. It is over the solutions that opinions differ. What the world needs most is a strategy of change in man himself, disarming personal desires, re-directing human passions, reconciling opposing points of view, and enabling the human conscience to exercise its faculty of 99 Moral Re-Af mamerit

Peter HouJard welcomingu Nu, Prime Minister of Burma, to Caux

choice freely. Our generation has to "Union is the grace of rebirth. learn the art of turning enemies into "We havelost the art of uniting because friends. we have forgotten the secret of change Speaking on the tenth anniversary of and rebirth." Moral Re-Armament in ig48, Frank Thtoughout history, philosophers and Buchman said : sages have tried to find the best political "Division is the mark of our age. system in which men can live together. Division in the heart. Division in the Other men, prophets and saints, have home. Division in industry. Divi- pointed confidently to the need of sion in the nation. Division between change in men themselves. nations. The revolutionaries of modern times, "Union is our instant need. philosophers, sociologists and even "Division is the work of human pride, theologians, have engaged in a passion- hate, lust, fear, greed. ate search for the way to produce a new "Division is the trademark of mater- type of man, the legitimate offspring of ialism. a new society. But as yet this new man

100 Tbe strateg} of cbang/e has failed to appear, and many sincere The strategy of change which has been revolutionaries are beginning to wonder developed at Caux concerns every if they have taken the wrong road in individual personally, but also invol- relying so much on changing the ves the transformation of human so- structure of society first. ciety at every level. These are the Individual change which does not lead two inseparable sides of a single to a transformation of society is, of reality. course, no more adequate than a trans- It is because they failed to realise this formation of the structure of society that so many men of good will have which fails to alter the nature of men's been ineffective, and why their ideas motives. The first fosters idealism seldom come to reality in life. At without reality ; the second replaces one Caux the emphasis is on the basic ruling race, class, party or man with reality that a man must live what he another, but without transforming the talks about, if it is to be of any effect. nature of social relationships. Ideas must be given legs. It is the

Round Table witb ]ean Reü Moral R£-Af 772dment men who live what the modern world encourage the pursuit of instinctive needs who will change the world. sensations as the only reality. Others Unlike the animal, governed by its work out systems or philosophies instincts, man has a complex nature which have no connection with the with two contrary poles: on the one realities of man and society. The vio- hand his inborn awareness of good and lence and discontent of our times evil; on the other, the instinctive ten- show the inevitable result of this kind dencies of his primitive make-up. of attitude. While science and technology are de- Scientific research was concentrated for veloping at an ever increasing rate, man a long time on the nature of matter and has failed to progress at the same speed. energy. Now it is concerned with the The primitive emotions of the Stone origin of life. Tomorrow it may lead Age seem to survive in the most to a delibetate manipu]ation of the sophisticated laboratories. genetic heritage of the human indivi- Some leaders of the new generation dual. This new possibility threatens

Loui§ Ig!nacio-Pinto , Robert Carmicbael and a group of Etbiopian students

102 Tbe strategi of cbamge

Peter Howard tdlking to fislMrmen in Br¢g!il

human society with dangers as serious solely on matter, energy or even the as those of nuclear conflict. process of life, without trying to It is therefore of the utmost urgency to discover how to capture and transform define ouf priorities among the aims the energy given out by human passions we must pursue if we are to protect man and use that force in such a way as to against himself, since-like a sorcerer's benefit society as a whole? apprentice--he is in danger of letting Both Frank Buchman, after the ex- loose upon himself, and his fellows, perience which transformed his life in cataclysms he cannot control. igo8, and Peter Howard, showed in Why concentrate man's inventive spirit their speeches and writings that the Joj Moral Re-Af mamer[t grand design of changing man and The strategy of Caux does not consist society was not an artificial or abstract in making plans or passing resolutions, idea but an effective way of life, a but in transforming the motives, the method of tackling problems which can behaviour and the direction of men, only be solved by means of a new including those whose decisions can approach. transform the policies of the nations, "1 do not know, but God does'': that industries or institutions for which humble answer illustrates a basic point they are responsible. The aim of caux of view. Faced with the growing has always been concentrated on per- complexity of the modern world, it is sonal change~but a transformation of essential for the ordinary man, 1ike the the individual which is linked with the statesman, to be made receptive to a transformation of the world. source of wisdom, which can be con- Some of the terms used by Frank sulted without the help of the technical F5"chrri:a:r+-reuolution, ideology , absolute language of modern computers, but moralstdndards,God-o;iec;or+ce;ptswti]ch whichrequiresinsteadaninnersilence. invite controversy. But the rG#o/#/z.o#

Delegates to tbe lriternational Labour Conference

J04 Tbe strategi of cbam/g!e

Unoffcial uisit to Caux of tbe Pre§iderit of tbe Swiss Confederation cmd MrJ. Paul C:baudet for which Buchman called is one in of the intervention in human life of a man himself. 4¢fo/zÍ/g, applied to force from outside human nature. moral standards, springs from the need We thus find ourselves today in a to establish norms of moral judgment. situation in which those who talk about Buchman, like his contemporaries in God often act as if He did not exist, the scientific world, had to insist on a while those who have buried God are definition of a standard valid every- desperately searching for a spiritual where, for everybody. As for the reality which only a force outside meaning of CoJ, some of those who human society can provide. talk most about Him have caricatured In this situation men have to find again Him so grotesquely that our generation the validity of a transforming experience seems to be innoculated against that ofGod. Man's decision is the fulcrum supfeme Reality. But even those who on which the course of history turns. proclaim that God is dead and organise The future depends on the answer His funeral, find themselves repeatedly which each one of us, whatever our confronted with the inexplicable fact position in human society, gives to the

JO, Moral Re-Af mament challenge with which we are personally every relationship, every moment of confronted. every life of every man, woman and * child on earth." ** These words of Buchman and Howard Buchman's thought is often exp£essed indicate the basis on which Moral Re- in phrases which are simple, yet full of Armament wages its passionate struggle explosive truth. He went to the heart all over the world to create a new of the moral issues behind economic society. There are no worse reac- and political circumstances. tionaries than those who insist on "Suppose everybody cared enough, others changing, or who wish to everybody shared enough, wouldn't change society, but refuse to change everybody have enough? There is themselves. enough in the world for everyone's For Buchman, the transformation of need, but not enough for everyone's men and the transformation of society g£eed," he said in the speech which were two sides of a single reality, two launched Moral Re-Armament in ig38, complementary processes. Instead of in the heart of the East End of London. putting forward a forqial plan to give Howard underlined the need both to society a new structure, Moral Re- deal with the material world and to be Armament transforms men's aims, mo- free from it. He told an audience in tives and behaviour. Its action goes London in ig64: "The struggle for to the root of the trouble, instead of food, work, homes, education, materialtrying to get rid of the superficial environment becomes more urgent than symptoms of the disease. ever in this amazing age. It must be That is why, whenever the spirit of fought and won. But Heaven help us Moral Re-Armament has been put into if we are so concerned with material action to solve some specific problem things that we multiply welfare and of society, it has resulted in a new destroy wisdom, that we gain all for the social prototype suited to the special body and lose a nation's soul. An needs of the time and place. It is appeal only to the materialism of our difficult to separate the activities of the country is a denial of the dignity and men of Moral Re-Armament from their greatness of the common man... We social context. It is like leaven in should strengthen and sustain men who dough, a ferment which transforms take seriously that mighty pupose, human society. That is why, in the `Thy Will be done on earth as it is in last three chapters in this book, I am Heaven'. It is a phrase that as a mere going to describe a few experiences, pious personal drone means nothing. chosen from a great many, to illustrate As a passionate commitment, it touches the effect of change in men on the social every social, political, economic issue, problems of their society.

Jo6

A PHILDSDPHY n[ LI[[ nppLl[n IH ARTIDH

The two world wars, together with the racist police state established by Hitler, AH UHSEEH BUT and his attempt to conquer Europe, created an abyss of hatred between France and Germany which it seemed EFFECTIVE ROLE impossible to bridge. In ig47, in response to Frank Buch- man's insistence, approaches were made to the occupation authorities to permit a selected group of Germans to visit Caux. A preliminary list of ijo names was drawn up with the help of Dr. Hans Schõnfeld, a German representative on the Ecumenical Council at Geneva. Ge- neral Marshall, then U.S. Secretary of State, Lord Pakenham', the Mini§ter in the British Cabinet responsible for Ger- man affairs, and the military command- ers, General Clay and General Robert- son, co-operated to support an attempt to answer the moral and spiritual need of Germany. With the consent of the Swiss authorities, as well as the military authorities in Germany, this first group was permitted to visit Caux in the sum- mer of i947. It was a varied and representative dele- gation, including survivors from Nazi concentration camps, widows of officers executed after the 2o July ig44 attempt on Hitler's life, and German personali- ties who were co-operating with the Allies in the administration of Germany, which since May ig4j hadhadno gov- ernment except the JG /ózc/o government of the occupying troops. In fact, this first German delegation contained a high proportion of the men, many vir-

111 A Pbilosopby of life applied in action tually unknown at the time, who were on Hitler. We learnt at Caux that we to play a decisive role in establishing were responsible too. The absence of post-war German democfacy. They a positive ideology helped to bring included most of the future Ministers- Hitler to power." President of the West German LcZ.#c7Gr, In September that same year, Madame future Ambassadors, Cabinet Ministers, lrêne Laure, Secretary-General of the Members of Parliament, trade union Socialist Women of France and Mem- and industrial leaders, educationists and ber of the Constituent Assembly for the newspaper editors. Bouches-du-Rhône, accepted an invita- They decided to issue to their fellow tion to attend Caux. Her first im- countrymen a handbook explaining pression was unfavourable. To begin what they had discovered at Caux. with, the imposing setting of the former They chose as the title: EJ Â%z" éz//# Caux-Palace made her suspicious. Se- úÍ#c7Gw zwr47G#-everything must be dif- condly, she found the presence of the férent. It is a direct and simplemanual, Germans at Caux unbearable, and describing the moral basis essential for whenever one of them got up to speak democracy and the possibility of a radi- she left the hall. Lastly, there was a cal change in men and nations. It good deal of talk about God, and she showed Germany's responsibility for considered that religion was a matter of her past and her hope fof the future personal belief which had nothing to do through profound change and renewal. with the problems of the world. She A Swedish índustrialist, whom these was on her way to her room to Germans had met at Caux, offered ioo pack her bags to depart when she tons of paper for printing one and a met Dr. Buchman. He asked her: half million copies, which were sold in "What sort of unity do you want for all the occupation zones of Germany, Europe?,, including 45o,ooo copies which wefe "1 felt such hatred towards Germany," distributed in the Soviet zone. Iréne Laure wrote later, "that 1 had One member of that first delegation was hoped she would be completely des- Baron Hans von Herwarth, later first troyed. During the war 1 rejoiced post-war German Ambassador to Bri- whenever 1 heafd the waves of bombers tain, who said, "At Caux we found a flying overhead on their way to the democracy that works, and in the light German towns. I could never forget of what we discovered there we had the the day 1 had watched the openjng of a courage to see ourselves and our coun- common grave and had seen the bodies try as we really are. We experienced of my old comrades in the Resistance profoundpersonalandnationalremorse. horribly mutilated by torture. Many of us who were anti-Nazi had "At Caux 1 realised for the first time made the mistake of blaming everything that hatred destroys and nevet builds,

112 An unseen but effective role

Germany. For over two months she toured the Western Zones, meeting re- presentatives of the different political parties in eleven out of the twelve pro- vincial government§. "Can you imagine," she wrote later, "how much 1 had to change to be able to go to Germany? I am a mother and a grandmother, I am a socialist, I have talked of brotherhood all my life, and yet 1 had willed the devastation that I saw around me. Tfue, I cannot forget the devastation in France or in the other countries occupied by the Germans, but what 1 can do is to look my own hatred in the face and ask forgiveness for it. The change which occurred in me pro- duced a change in a great many Ger- mans.,, In the spring of ig48 Robert Schuman, then Prime Minjster of France, met a Lille industrialist, Louis Boucquey, on a A gr/rotip of C;erma;n§ at Caux , i 9 47 train joumey. In the course ofconver- sation, Boucquey told the Prime Minis- ter that a remarkable change of heart and that my own hatred was a negative was taking place in industrial circles in force." the north of France, as the result of a Hatred and hope, confidence and doubt change in attitude in the Secretary of fought together for first place in her the Employers' Federation, Robert heart. Finally she was convinced that Tilge, who had been to Caux in the the change she could see in the Germans autumn of ig47. As a result, several was genuine. Her suspicions disap- hundred Frenchmen, mainly from the peared. After a fierce inner stíuggle mines and textile factories of the North the day came when, without anyone of Ffance, had met at Le Touquet to asking her to do so, she went on to the create a new climate of opinion after platform and publicly apologised to the the tragic events which had brought Germans for her previous attitude. France to the brink of civil war. At the beginning of ig48, accompanied Schuman was so interested that he asked by her husband and son, she set off for Boucquey to arrange for Buchman to

JJj A Pbilosopby of life ¢Pplied in action meet him duting his next stay in France. arrived at Caux 1 looked at things with Buchman and Schuman met for the a certain scepticism; but 1 must tell you first time in Paris the following August. just as frankly that on the second day- A profound political transformation after sorting out my first impressions- was then taking place in Europe. A I was convinced of the greatness of the year before, on j June ig47, in a major work being done at Caux. speech at Harvard University, the Ame- "It is very important, at a time when evil rican Secretary of State, General Mar- is particularly active in the world, for shall, had drawn the broad outlines of people to have the courage to stand up an economic plan to speed up the as champions of good, of God, and for rebuilding ofEurope. Stalin saw these each person to begin with himself. "1 believe and hope with all my heart proposals as an attempt by the United States to win over the countries of that the effort being made by Caux will Eastern Europe. The USSR accord- bear fruit. For this is a fight to the ingly blocked the participation of the death between good and evil." Communist countries, and especially of Later no less than eleven members of his Czechoslovakia, in the Marshall Plan. family visited Caux. Adenauer joined A few months later, in February ig48, with other German personalities in an the Communist co#P J'E/úrz in, Prague invitation to Buchman to visit Germany brought the lron Curtain down for good with a large Moral Re-Armament force. and put an end to co-operation between He returned to Bonn and in September the United States and the USSR. The was elected President of the Parliamen- cold war had begun. tary Council appointed to prepare the In the spring of ig48 the United States, new German constitution. Great Britain and France, discussed the As a result of the invitation by Adenauer future constitution of Federal Germany and his colleagues, which was endorsed and prepared the refom of the German by the occupation authorities, 26o peo- monetary system. The decision of the ple from thirty countries left Caux to Western powers to go ahead whether visit Germany in October ig48, tra- the Soviets agreed or not was seized on velling in coaches supplied with the help by the USSR as a pretext to leave the of the swisspost office. This was the four-power Berlin council. largest group of civilians to visit Ger- In ig48, in spite of the tense atmosphere rri:Íirry s;rrwc€ {kye wa:±. Tl)e Good Road, a in Germany, 4jo Germans attended the musicalpresentingthehistoricanddyna- Caux conference. Among them was mic faith of democracy, was presented Dr. Konrad Adenauer, then almost in all the majot West German cities, unknown outside Germany. He de- and drew large crowds from end to clared at the time : end of Germany. "1 must tell you frankly that when I In each of the provincial capitals the go-

JJ4 Ir`ene amd Victor Laure JJ, A Pbilosopby of lif e ¢PiJlied in action vernments of the £4.#JGr held official nister of Labour in the Rhineland, Herr recçptions fof Dr. Buchman and the Halbfell, was particularly addressed to Moral Re-Armament taskforce. Many the miners, who came in tens of thou- years latef, after Buchman's death, the sands to see it. Eighty per cent of German government Official Bulletin German heavy industry was concen- wrote : trated in this area, which had been "Since i 947 Caux has been the symbol of pounded by the Allied air forces during Dr. Buchman's work for the German the war. The moral transformation people. Through Caux he brought which took place at that time in the Germany back into the circle of civi- mines, the trade unions and even the 1ised nations, after Hitlef had banned cells of the Communist Party, as well as him from Germany and earned the the boards of difectors, became a signi- distrust and contempt of other nations ficant factor in the recovery of post-war for our country. It was at Caux that Germany. Germans of all sorts, politicians and For mofe than a century the Ruhr, the scientists, industrialists and workers, centre of the German metal industry, met those who had been their enemies had been a stronghold of Marxism. In during the war. It was Dr. Buchman ig45 , after thirteen years of petsecution who made possible the first German by the Hitler regime and amidst the visits to caux. Thus caux became one chaotic situation of a defeated Germany, of the great moral forces to which we communism was gaining rapidly in the owe our new position in the world." Ruhr. Following the tour of rz7e GooJ JZo47J But the situation in the Soviet zone of through the ruined cities of Germany, occupation, and the stories of the pri- many of the men from industria] and soners of war who had returned from political life who had been to Caux the USSR, had begun to sow doubt in asked Buchman to send a strong force many minds. Many men rio had suf- of Moral Re-Armament into the Ruhr, fered terribly under the Nazi regime for a longer period. This group took became aware of the conflict between with them the industrial drama rzG theory and practice among their com- Forgo#G# Fc7c/or as a means of drawing munistcomrades. It was atthis decisive in large numbers from this crucial indus- moment that Moral R.e-Armament ar- trial area, and dramatising for them the rived, bringing no new theory or central truths of Moral Re-Armament. system,butanewconcept,validforboth TrL Nciívc:"be;i Tbe Forgiotten Factor wus Communists and non-Communists, a produced in German at the theatre in concept more revolutionary and more Essen and began a tour of the principal profound than anything they had cities of the Ruhr. This play, trans- known before. As one ofthe hard-core lated into German by the Socialist Mi- Communists of the Ruhr coalfields,

Iló Am unseen but eff ectiue role

Tbe Good Road

Paul Kurowski, said at Caux in igji : Hundreds of meetings were held in "What if we plant the red banners on factories, union buildings, works can- the Atlantic coast, and all Europe lies in teens, making possible a forthright £uins behind us-what have we gained exchange of views between members of for the workers of the world? For the Communist Party, trade union twenty-five years 1 have sung the J#/Gr leaders and militants of Moral Re- #4Í/z.o#úz/G. Here at Caux for the first Armament. time 1 have seen it lived." When he These events attracted the attention and his friends went back from Caux to of Dr. Hans Bõckler, the President of the Ruhr, they said publicly and pri- the German Trade Union Congress. vately, "We have found an ideology Bõckler said at Caux: "If men are to be greater than Communism." free from the old and the outmoded, it JJ7 A Pbilosopby of life ¢Pplied in action can only happen as they set themselves Two months later, in May ig49, the a new goal, and place in the forefront basic law drafted by the Parliamentary humanity and moral values. I believe Council was promulgated, setting up that Moral Re-Armament can bring the new constitution of Federal Ger- about a definitive improvement for many. mankind in many areas of life. When It was at this time that Louis Boucquey men change, the structure of society invited Robert Schuman, then Foreign changes, and when the structure of Minister of France, to dine at his house society changes, men change. Both go at Saint-Cloud with some of his friends together and both are necessary. The from Caux. Schuman spoke at length goal which Moral Re-Armament strives about the North Atlantic Treaty which to reach is the same as that for which 1 was going to be signed in April. The am fighting as a trade unionist." Marshall Plan, he said, made possible a Adenauer, also, was taking the keenest degree of European integration needed interest in the progress of Moral Re- to rebuild and develop the means of Armament in the Ruhr, among both production destroyed by the war. The workers and employers. In the spring North Atlantic Treaty` gave the United of ig49 he personally introduced r4G States the opportunity to protect Wes- Forgo#G# FÁ7c/or when the play was put tern Europe against a Soviet attack or on for a conference of his party at Communist co#j)r J'E/zz/ from within. Kõnigswinter. It was the weakening of Europe that The winter of ig48-49 marked a turn- had made these American initiatives ing point in the German situation. necessary, and the Europeans could The Berlin airlift was working at full only be grateful for them. Schuman, pressure, and succeeding in sustaining however, considered that now an inner Beflin. In March ig49, at Berne, Ade- change had to take place in the life of nauer made his first political speech the European nations to give the conti- outside Germany. After speaking of nent a new ideological concept, in which difficulties with the Western Powers even the nations which had long been which still existed, he pointed to the in conflict could unite. Considerable new attitude of certain French states- courage was needed, he said, if French- men, and concluded : "In large sectors of men and Germans were to begin work- the German public there is a profound ing together on a new basis to find a conviction that only a union of the solution to the problems which divided countries of western Europe can save them. But it was clear from the con- the old continent. If France behaves versation that Schuman's mind was wisely and generously towards Germa- searching how to bring this about. ny, she will render a historic service AndthatMoralRe-Armamentcouldgive to Europe." content to these new developments.

JJ, Am unseen but effectiue role

In September ig49 the Bundestag, the among the German politicians. For new German Parliament, met for the example, I've only met Adenauer once." first time and Konrad Adenauer was "1 can give you a list of a dozen Ger- elected Chancellor of Federal Germany mans who have been to Caux," replied by a majority of one. Buchman, "and whom you can trust In October ig49, Louis Boucquey in- completely." vited Schuman and Buchman to dine In December of the same year Buchman together at his house. It was a memo- was invited to lunch at Bonn by the rable meeting which lasted far into the President of the Federal German Repu- night. Schuman was very discouraged blic with several members of the go- and wanted to retire from political 1ife, vernment. Afterwards he was received but he felt a profound conviction that by Chancellor Adenauer at the Schaum- the essential task in his life still lay burg palace. Adenauer thanked Buch- ahead: putting an end to the antago- man for what he had done for Germany, nism and hatred which separated France and was extremely interested by his and Germany. account of his conversation with Schu- "One of my difficulties," said Schuman, man about the relations which ought to "is that 1 don't know whom 1 can tfust exist between France and Germany.

Cbcmcellor Konrad Adenauer witb a g]roup of minm from tlu RuJw

JJ, A Pbilosopby of life cipphed in action

A month later, in January, ig5o, Schu- cy; it is a question of changing men. man came to Bonn on his first official Democracy and her freedoms can be visit to Chancellor Adenauer. The saved only by the quality of the men two statesmen discussed the question of who speak in her name. the saar. It was not easy to find a solu- "That is what Dr. Buchman expresses in tion, but both men spoke completely simple and moving wofds. He has frankly, and they agreed on the broad declared war on materialism and indivi- lines of general policy to be followed dualism, twin generators of our selfish by their respective countries. divisions and social injustices. In February, Schuman had to take to his "May he be heard and followed more bed for a few days and took the oppor- and morc., in all nations of the wofld, by tunity to read carefully the new French those who today still clash in fratricidal translation of jz%úÍÁÍ.#g ZóG W7ror/Z, the hatred.„ collected volume of Frank Buchman's During the following months, Schuman speeches. In response to an invitation and Adenauer continued to make public made a few months earlier, he wrote a statements about the co-operation which preface to the French edition, in which they believed might be established he said : between France and Germany. "If we were being presented with some Meanwhile, in France, in the greatest new scheme for the public welfare or secrecy, ]ean Monnet and his team were another theory to be added to the many working out plans for the creation of a already put forward, I should remain European coal and steel community. sceptical. But what Moral Re-Arma- Monnet's initiative thus prepared the ment brings us is a philosophy of life way for Schuman's political policy. applied in action. Schuman's basic idea in the Jc4#zz74!# "To begin by creating a moral climate in P/4% was a practical approach to the which true brotherly unity can flourish, long-continued conflict between France over-arching all that today tears the and Germany, and it was essentially world apart-that is the immediate simple in its concept. Schuman's idea goal. was so to integrate the steel and coal "To provide .teams of trained men, industries of France and Germany- ready for the service of the state, apost- and of any other European country les of reconciliation and builders of which cared to join the coal and steel a new world, that is the beginning of community-that war between them a far reaching transformation of soci- would forever be impossible. ety in which, during fifteen war-rava- The Schuman Plan was accepted by the ged years, the first steps have already French Government on 9 May igjo, on been made. the eve of the Foreign Ministers Confe- "It is not a question of a change of poli- rence which was to define the position

120 Robert SclJuman amd Framk Bucbmami at MowMitain House 121 A |)bilosoply of life ¢Pplied in acúon

of the Federal German Republic in the Buchman and Moral Re-Armament had context of the North Atlantic Treaty. played in helping to create the climate in That same morning a personal message which the new relationship between from Schuman to Adenauer had infor- France and Germany had been rendered med him of the action France was going possible. to take. Schuman's letter began with At Gelsenkirchen, in the presence of an these words: "World peace cannot be audience of 2,6oo people-minefs and preserved without efforts in proportion metalworkers, employers and workers, to the dangers threatening us. Europe industrialists and politicians-Buchman cannot be made in a single day. It will spoke on the radio to millions on both be built by means of a series of concrete sides of the lron Curtain. He con- achievements which will create a real cluded with these words: "Everyone solidarity. That requires the elimina- agrees that unity is our only hope. It is tion of the age-old opposition between the true destiny of Ftance and of Ger- France and Germany. In any action many today. It is the destiny of East we undertake, those two countries have and West. The alternative is divide to be at the centre of our preoccupa- and die. Moral Re-Armament offers tions." the world the last chance for every Adenaueí promptly replied that he gave nation to change and survive, to unite his entire support to Schuman's propo- and live." sal and assured him of his agreement In igj i, two months after the signing of withboththebasicconceptandthegene- the treaty creating the European Coal ral tendency of the Schuman Plan. and Steel Community, Chancellor Ade- For the first time since the war, Europe, nauer made this statement to the press : through France and with Germany's "The nations of the world will only have support, was taking the initiative again stable relations with one another when and no longer trailing after the USA they have been inwardly prepared for or the USSR. them. In this respect Moral Re-Arma- When, a few weeks later, on the ment has rendered great and fruitful initiative of the Minister-President of services. During these last few months West Rhine-Westphalia, Karl Arnold, we have witnessed the success of diffi- and other German leaders, a Moral Re- cult negotiations and the signing of im- Armament Assembly was held in the portant international agreements. Mo- Ruhr, Robert Schuman chose this occa- ral Re-Armament has played an unseen sion to send a member of the French but effective role in reducing the diffe- Senate to Germany to invest Frank rences of opinion between the negotiat- Buchman with the insignia of Chevalier ing parties and has guided them towards ofthe Legion ofHonour. It was con- a peaceful agreement by helping them ferred in recognition of the unique part to seek the common good."

122 It was the French journalist ]ean Rous who first used the expression /4z /zzG/G THE RDUHD ronde de la décolonisation to d€sciihe Tkye contacts made at Caux between nationa- lists aspiring to independence and re- mBLE OF presentatives of the European colonial Powers. Frank Buchman believed in the right of any nation to decide its own destiny, but IHDEPEHDEHCE he saw far beyond that point. What interested him was not only freedom but what men and nations would do with their freedom, especially as there was, at that time, a fundamental misun- derstanding between colonies which were demanding immediate indepen- dence and Europeans who wanted first to ensure that the emergent nations were equipped with their own forms of democratic govemment. Frank Buchman often used to repeat the words of William Penn, the founder of Pe;"sy+Na;rira.. Men must cboose to be g!ouerned b] God, or tby condem tl)em- selue§ to be ruled by tyrants. He constantly challenged people who Trseà TjLg wo±ds-i)eace , f reedom , libert`y egz#/z./j; and /rtz/G%./j;-but who refused to accept in their own life the costly changes needed to realise and maintain them. "Peace comes not by chance but by change," he often said. Freedom must have a moral basis or corrupt men will exploit it for their own ends. Buchman did not regard independence and freedom simply as ends in them- selves, but also as a means of helping men and nations to serve the whole of

J2j A Pbilosopby of life ¢Pplied in action mankind better. He also believed that felt toward the French became stronger eveíy human being, like every nation, and stronger. is called to carry out a particular task, The Pasha of Sefrou, Si Bekkai, a which he alone can perform in order to former officer in the French Army, left fulfil God's will on earth. He placed a Morocco as a mark of protest and went target in front of every nation and every into voluntary exile in France. individual, a reason for living, a chal- In Morocco, as in Tunisia, the trial of lenge which went far beyond personal strength began with the traditional or national interest. displays of terrorism and repression. Two examples of this, among many one Riots broke out in the cities and fires might choose, are those of Morocco burnedtheharvestsinthecountryside. and Tunisia. In October igj 3, ]ean Rous, then work- * ing for the French paper Fr##c-r;.rG#r, ** brought Si Bekkai to Caux. The situation in Morocco was deteriorating Immediately after the end of the Second daily and everybody feared what might World War, tension mounted in North happen. Africa between the nationalists and After spending ten days at Caux, Si France. Bekkai declared: "Since the beginning Algeria, one of the oldest French colo- of the tragedy in Morocco, I have been nies, was to experience the bloody tra- asking myself questions. I have been gedy of war. But both Morocco and trying to find a formula which will Tunisia succeeded in obtaining jnde- enable my country and France to break pendence in very different circum- the present deadlock and preserve stances. Franco-Moroccan friendship. Caux has In Morocco, the tension between the miraculously provided the answer to French authorities and the Moroccan the questions 1 have been asking, forces seeking independence reached without any hatred or bitterness. I the point where France deposed the hereby undertake to put into practice Sultan of Morocco, exiled him to Mada- the four moral standards of Moral Re- gascar, and placed on his throne a man Armament, for 1 know that in order to who was more amenable to the French change my country, which needs to protectorate. change, I have to change myself. If 1 Some people thought that this show of have had doubts about France for a strength by France would restore calm moment, I apologise to France, and to and solve everything. In factthe oppo- all my French friends here and else- site happened. The action caused an where.„ explosion of indignation, and the re- Not long before this visit, Robert sentment which the Moroccan people Schuman had spent some days at Caux.

J24

A PbilomiJbj of lif e applied in action

He was deeply preoccupied with the for his own life, and for the Moroccan situation in North Africa. When he situation. He decided to try the expe- left Caux, Schuman suggested to Buch- riment of applying Moral Re-Arma- man that he should spend the winter in ment drastically to his private and pro- Morocco and see what he could do. fessional life, and it was then that he Buchman went to Marrakesh, which realised that his attitude of superiority lay in the fief of the Pasha EI Glaoui, aroused opposition in the hearts of the the great Berber chieftain, whose uns- Moroccans. He decided to change his werving loyalty to France had earned attitude and to retum to Morocco with him the hatred of the Moroccan the same feeling of responsibility for nationalists. EI Glaoui had supported the future of that country as the Mo- the French Resident when he had exiled roccans themselves. the Sultan of Morocco for opposing Not long afterwards an invasion of his policy. locusts threatened to ravage the farm- Buchman and his party made friends lands around Marrakesh. The Mo- with manv of the French residents and roccan agricultural services took the with many Moroccans, including mem- necessary action and `the dange.r was bers of EI Glaoui's family. One day, averted. Chavanne had the elementary Buchman was visited by Pierre Cha- courtesy to thank the head of the pro- vanne, a young French settler, who vince's agricultural department, a step brought him a letter of introduction he would never have taken before. from a mutual friend in Paris. Cha- "You are the first Frenchman who has vanne's father had settled in Morocco ever thanked me for anything," the man at the beginning of the PÍ:otectorate. in charge told him. At that time Cha- He himself was the type of man who vanne was unaware that this man, made life difficult for the Moroccans. Ahmed Guessous, was one of the under- An agnostic with Marxist leanings, he ground leaders of the nationalist move- adopted an attitude of cold superiority ment who were determined to shake in discussion which paralysed the Mo- off the French yoke by any means roccans. at their disposal. Chavanne thought Chavanne invited a few of Buchman's for a moment and then replied to Gues- friends to meet his family. He was so sous : "1 would like to apologise to you interested by what he heard that he for the way 1 have lived in your country decided that Moral Re-Armament might andtheattitudelhaveadoptedinthepast be able to help Morocco to solve the towardsyou andyours. I always thought problems in which he was involved. 1 was right and knew better than anyone It was in this hope that Chavanne attend- else. I have decided to change and to ed the Caux conference in ig54. He live my life according to the mofal began to understand the implications standards of Moral Re-Armament."

12ó Si Bekka;i ad Mobamed Masmoudi witb Mrs. Ir`ene Laure amd Robert Carmicbael J27 A i)bilosoply of life aiJplied in action

siastic description of Moroccan hospi- tality, but unfortunately took as an example the way Buchman had been received in one of Pasha EI Glaoui's castles. At the end of the meeting Ahmed Gues- sous, pale with anger, went up to the platform and said: "1 regard Caux as a holy place; yet in speaking here of our worst enemy, EI Glaoui, you have spoken of the devil incarnate. He supports the French and is the enemy of independence. He is a man 1 could never agree with. I shall not stay at Caux if his name is mentioned again." Dr. Campbell invited Guessous and Chavanne to lunch. He listened to them and discovered the reasons for Guessous' hatred. Then campbell said to Guessous : "You are as close to God Abmed GueJ]ouS cmd Pierre Cbavame as you are to the person from whom you afe most divided." Silence fell. Then Guessous replied, "If l am as far from Guessous was intrigued, but suspicious. God as 1 am from EI Glaoui, I am a long He made enquiries and discovered that way off indeed." Chavanne and his wife, out of respect At that moment he began to understand for the convictions of their Moslem that hatred divides and destroys and workers, had given up drinking wine that the swiftest way to the salvation of and spirits and had publicly destroyed his country might lie through reconci- all the bottles in their cellar. He realis- liation between men. He left Caux ed that Chavanne was sincere, and the with these ideas stirring in him. men became friends. Chavanne then To deal with a situation in Morocco invited Guessous to Caux, and he which was steadily deteriorating, the accepted. French had decided to set up a Regency To welcome these Moroccans, Buch- Council consisting of four guardians man asked his personal physician, of the throne. EI Glaoui was expec- Dr. Paul Campbell, who had stayed with ted to make an act of allegiance to him in Morocco, to act as chairman of this Council, to strengthen the French the meeting. Campbell gave an enthu- position.

J2, Tbe round table of independence

Tl)e Secret¢ry General of tbe Ardb Leag/ue

But at the very moment he was suppos- the afternoon they discussed the coun- ed to do this, EI Glaoui made a sudden try's situation at length, and it was that and complete #o/ZG-/czm He called on evening that EI Glaoui issued his aston- the French to restore the Sultan to his ishing statement which had been drafted lawful throne, and declared his alle- in the course of their meeting. giancetohim. "EI Glaoui's bombshell" EI Glaoui was already a sick man, and was the reaction of the press. one of his last public acts was to visit The reason for this dramatic move, the exiled Sultan in France and to pros- which led directly to independence and trate himself in front of him as a mark of the restoration of the Sultan, came out submission. The sultan helped the old later. Ahmed Guessous, after con- Pasha to his feet and said, "Listen, Hadj sulting his colleagues in the nationalist Thami, the past is dead. May God for- party, had obtained an audience with giveyou! Thereis no need to speak of EI Glaoui through one of his sons, in thepast any more." So the mostpower- order to urge on him the need for a ful and diverse elements began to find reconciliation with the Sultan. Gues- a new unity. sous, accompanied by two of his na- The French could no longer stand in tionalist friends, made a profound apo- the way of the Sultan's return or the logy to EI Glaoui for his hatred and independence of his country. The resentment towards him. The old Sultan called upon Si Bekkai to form a Pasha was deeply moved. Throughout governmentandthelattersentBuchman

J29 A |Jbilosopby of life ¢Pplied in action the following message: "We are deter- coming down from the mountains to mined to make Moral Re-Armament burn the crops and attack the settlers. the philosophy and practice of our Blood was flowing and it seemed as if govemment." war between France and Tunisia were In June igj6, the Sultan, now King inevitable. Mohammed V, the head of a sovereign When ]ean Rous spoke about Caux to and independent state, sent this tele- Masmoudi, he was unable to go there as gram to Buchman: "1 thank you for all he had no identity documents. He was that you have done for Motocco, the the only one of the leaders of the Neo- Moroccans and myself in the course of Destour who was still in France, banned these testing years. My desire is that from his own country. Masmoudi was your message of Moral Re-Armament, tolerated on French soil, but he had no founded upon the essential moral values desire to get into the hands of the secu- and the Will of God, reaches the masses rity police. He decided to cross the of this country. We have complete frontier secretly into Switzerland at confidence in the work you are doing." Saint-Gingolph, on the opposite side of the lake from Caux, and was able to do * so without difficulty. ** Masmoudi, then one of the youngest of his party's leaders, was a tough man, At the time that Si Bekkai was in exile committed to the fight for freedom and from Morocco, a young Tunisian na- inclined to violence. His motherwrote tionalist leader, Mohamed Masmoudi, to him from Tunisia with the news that was also in France. He was the secret his brother had just been put under representative of the Tunisian Nationa- house arrest: the vicious circle of vio- list Party, the Neo-Destour, which the lence and repression had begun and French regarded as a dangerous revo- everyone was expecting to be arrested. 1utionary organisation. Its leader, Ha- All this was far from reassuring. bib Bourguiba, was arrested in i 9 5 2. The first day, Masmoudi attended the Like Si Bekkai, Mohamed Masmoudi Caux meetings as a mere onlooker, im- found at Caux a new perspective in his pervious to everything. The spirit of struggle for the independence of the vengeance burned within him, violence Tunisian people. calling for violence. When he came to Caux in igj3, events Then he heard Madame lrêne Laure and in Tunisia were becoming increasingly some of the Germans speak of how a serious. The situation was so tense new understanding had been born be- that the harvest had to be brought in tween France and Germany through under the protection of French armour- far-reaching change in men and women ed cars. The /G//úJgóúu had taken to in both countries. The reality of what

Jjo Tbe roumd table of indepmdeme they said struck deep into Masmoudi. "Isaidtomyself,"Masmoudiwrotelatet, "that after all, relations between France and Tunisia had never been so bad as those between France and Germany, in spite of our ups and downs and the fervour of the nationalists." Masmoudi at this time was strongly considering going to Cairo or Libya, to organise an armed struggle against the colonial power with the few friends of his who were still at liberty. But in the atmosphere at Caux, Mas- moudi started thinking. Seeing French and Germans reconciled befote his eyes, he asked himself : "What would happen if 1 met a fanatical representative of colonialism here?" Then Masmoudi thought of a man he had once tried to kill. "1 said to myself : if that man, if Mobamed Masmoudi other Ffenchmen were to see what is going .on at Caux, how would they Cairo 1 had to take, but the road to react?,, Paris." Inother words,he had decided On the third day Masmoudi decided to to set his course, not on a bloody speak. He declared that he would be struggle but on an all-out attempt to ready to meet any representative of the reach agreement. colonial authorities, and that he believed It was in the Moral Re-Armament centre that if Frenchmen of the old school, in Paris that he first met some of the those who wanted to maintain the co- men on the French side and began to 1onial regime at all costs, came to Caux establish a basis of trust between them and meditated in the spirit of the four and himself. One ofthe men he came principles of Moral Re-Armament, then to know there was Mr. Basdevant, who they too might be able to come to an was responsible at that time for Tuni- understanding. sian and Moroccan affairs at the Quai Masmoudi wrote to his mother saying d,Orsay. that the important thing was not to urge In the course of a meeting organised by his brothers and sisters to seek ven- Moral Re-Armament he also met Ro- geance. "1 asked her to pray for me. bert Schuman. The latter was deeply I told her it was not the road to Libya or touched by the change in the attitude of JjJ A Pbilosoply o.f lif e a;Pplied in action

Masmoudi, who had earlier been hurt As a result of these patient negotiations by certain decisions taken by the French and the spirit which Masmoudi brought Foreign Minister. to them, Tunisian independence was Another friend was Pierre Mendês- finally agreed. Habib Bourguiba be- France, who had offered to defend Mas- came first President of the Tunisian moudi at an earlier period when he had Republic. He then appointed Mohamed been arrested and thrown into a condem- Masmoudi the first Tunisian Ambassa- ned cell in Tunisia. When Pierre dor to France. Mendés-France became Prime Minister In ig5 j Masmoudi went on aworld tour and went to Geneva to start negotia- with the Moral Re-Armament "states- tions to bring the war in lndo-China to men's mission". In Washington he an end, Masmoudi returned to Swit- told a group of senators: "Without zerland to see him. It was after these Moral Re-Armament we would be conversations between the two men involved today in Tunisia in a war to that the French Prime Minister travelled the death against France. By trying to to Tunis and promised Tunisia internal bridge the gap between France and self-govemment. Tunisia, Moral Re-Armament helped Masmoudi, though still in his early to bridge the gap between Europe and thirties, was appointed Minister of State, Africa. Africa is waking up and wants to negotiate with the French govern- to play her part in world affairs in the ment on the future of Franco-Tunisian spirit of Moral Re-Armament. With- relations. For nine months Masmoudi out the help given by Moral Re-Arma- fought inch by inch in accordance with ment, Tunisia would now be a second the principles he had discovered at Caux. lndo-China." Whenever the negotiations reached In December igj6, when the Pfesident deadlock he would go for a walk in the of Tunisia was leading the first delega- gardensofthehoteltothinkthesituation tion from his country to the General over, asking himself #Ácz/ was right and Assembly of the United Nations, he not#Áowasright,andseekingtheroadto declared in New York: "The world follow with the help of moral stand- must be told what Moral Re-Armament afds. has done for our country." Masmoudi came to the conclusion that It was as a result of these events that it was preferable to say what he thought the Prime Minister, Robert Schuman, frankly, instead of playing, cheating or deeply moved by what had happened in beating about the bush. It saved a Morocco and Tunisia, wrote to Frank great deal ofuseless effort. He told his Buchman : "There can be no doubt that friends : "1 have the impression that with the history of Tunisia and Morocco the spirit of Moral Re-Armament a new would have been different if it had not type of diplomacy may see thelight." been for Moral Re-Armament." Jj2 During the summer of igjo, Maurice Mercier, the Secretary General of the THE BASIS Federation of Textile Workers in the Force Ouvriére, visited Caux for three days. From the age oftwenty, Mercier had been a militant trade unionist, and n[ n H[" he had taken part in the struggles which had won the social reforms of ig36 for the workers of France. During the EGOHOMY war he had shared in the clandestine activities of the ÃG'rí.í/ú7#cG and in the course of these years of open and undef- ground warfare, he had felt the inter- vention in men's existence of a superior force which led them to risk and even sacrifice their lives. Marked by a career of trade union acti- vity and by traumatic experiences in the ÃG'Jz.r/##ÍG Mercier was profoundly di- sturbed by what happened in France after the Liberation. It was then that he left the Communist Party. Two years later, when the trade union mo- vement split up, his comrades in the textile industry asked him to organise the new Force Ouvriêre federation. At Caux, Mercier found hundreds of people working together in unison towards a common aim. He noticed in particular that the young people had a dynamic faith, comparable in many respects to the dedication and selfless- ness of some ardent communists. But what struck him most of all was the fact that employers from various countries, once they had absorbed the atmosphere of Caux, reconsidered their position and became aware of their res- ponsibilities in face of the problems Jjj A Pbilosopby of life ¢Pplied in action presented by the national and interna- Caux conferences. They led to a draft tional situation. agreement going much further in the After yeats of class warfare in an atmos- direction of co-operation between em- phere of suspicion and mistrust, many ployers and employees. This agfee- of the employers of northern France ment was signed, on 9 June ig53, by wanted to create a more favourable the Union of Textile lndustries on climate of opinion. Robert Tilge, the behalf of all the employers, and by Secretary General of the Employers' three of the four textile workers' Federation of the Nord and the Pas-de- unions. Calais, had come to Caux for the first On the eve of the Second World War, time in ig47, and had arranged several over soo,ooo people were employed in meetings which had led to considerable the textile industry in France; in igj2 changes in management circles in the the number had dropped to 55o,ooo. region. Yet textile production had doubled in A new attitude developed in the textile twenty years, and there was every industry which resulted, on i February £eason to believe that the increase in ig5 i, in the first great collective labour population and in the public's pur- agreement signed in France after the chasing power would lead to an in- war. This agreement for the first time creased demand for the industry's took growth in productivity into ac- products. count, and so enabled textile workers However, the loss of overseas markets to be guaranteed and to obtain substan- and growing foreign competition had tial wage increases. It marked a new an adverse affect on the French textile trend which was to be followed by industfy, and after the summer of igj i other French industries. it went into a serious economic decline. In igji, Mercier met Frank Buchman It was therefore in a difficult, if not and embarked on what he called the disastrous, economic situation that the "second revolutionary action" in his collective agreement of igji and the life. He went to see dozens ofemploy- draft agreement of 9 June igj3 were ers in the textile industry and invited negotiated between workers' and em- them to come to Caux with the mana- ployers' organisations. gers of their factories and delegates When he signed the igj3 agreement, from every trade union. In the course Maurice Mercier wanted not only to of the autumn of i g j i , over eighty dele- maintain living conditions for the gations from the textile industry came textile workers in view of the industry's to Caux. economic difficulties, but also to open Two years later, further steps were up larger prospects of constructive taken through the influence of employ- activity for the French trade union ers and workers who had attended the movement. As a result of the agree- Jj4 Nig!bt Scerie at Caux JjJ A Pbilosopby o.f lif e cipplied in action ment, round-table organisations were workers has gone down to less than created at various levels in the indus- 4oo,ooo. Many workers have been try. These joint councils, presided over absorbed into other industries, and in turn by employers' and workers' thanks to a new retirement scheme representatives, made possible an ex- workers have been able to retire at change of detailed information on pro- sixty. Yet increased productivity has blems which arose in the industry. led to a substantial rise in wages in the In November ig53 the textile industry textile industry. The purchasing pow- set up a round-table social committee er of French textile workers has risen which brought together the employers' by an average of 3.3 per cent per year and workers' organisations twice a year during the last seventeen years, and in todiscussthewagesituationindetail. artificial textiles by nearly j per cent Thanks to the co-operation between when profit-sharing schemes are taken employers and employees, the French into account. The workers have also textile industry has been able to survive obtained extra days off and a third, then the social and political crises of the a fourth week of holidays with pay. past fifteen years, including the serious On the employers' side, it has been upheaval of May-June ig68, and to possible to attract investments to mo- find solutions to the problems created dernise the mills and prepare the textile by the application of new technological industry to face competition from methods and changes in its traditional abroad. Textile production in France markets. has increased considerably, although Maurice Mercier and his trade union technological developments nowadays colleagues found through Caux new necessitate an investment of the order and effective ways to enable the trade of i2o,ooo francs to produce one new union movement to play an increasingly job in the industry. important and responsible role in the On the union side, thousaíids of mili- transformation of post-war society in tants in the workers' organisations have France. gone through training courses which According to Mercier, strikes which have greatly increased their under- were political rather than economic had standing of the problems of individual contributed, in France as in other firms as well as those of the industry as countries, to weakening and dividing a whole. the trade union movement. The textile Finally, in the political sphere, the agreements on the other hand created a textile agreements had important reper- social climate which made it possible to cussions. At a time when France was set the industry in order. threatened by inflation, the Prime Mi- Since ig5i, nearly 7,ooo textile firms nister, Antoine Pinay, appealed to the have closed down and the number of textile industry to help him avert the

EiE]Zi Tbe basis of a new economy

ever responsibilities you hold, to apply a revolutionary answer. " * **

The building of good, cheap housing is one of the vital needs in most countries of the world. By the end of the cen- tury the number of homes will have to be doubled or even trebled if every family is to be assufed of a roof over its head. Thanks to technological pro- gress, and particularly to automation, it should be possible to provide every family in the world with a decent home. However, in most countries the build- ing industry is still using out-of-date methods and the property market is riddled with unhealthy elements trying to make as much money as possible for

Mawrice Mercier

Am industrial delegation at Caux danger by agreeing to keep wage increases within reasonable limits, which they were able to do. M.aurice Mercier stresses that both the spirit and the results of the agreements of 9 June ig53 are bound up with the work of Moral Re-Armament in France. "Not one cry of hatred, not one hour of work lost, not one drop of blood shed-that is the revolution to which Moral Re-Armament calls wor- kers and management alike," Mercief said. "Mofal Re-Armament offers you the possibility, wherever you a£e and what- Jj7 A Pbilosopby of life ¢Pplied in action

A few years ago, this company decided to give priority to the building of inex- pensive homes. It is now building a quarterofthehomesintheregionwhere it is established. These homes are up to 2o per cent cheaper than the average, while being of better quality. What is more, the workers enjoy better social conditions than those gencrally granted in that part of Switzerland. The story began in ig5o, when Gott- fried Anliker, one of the partners in the firm, came to Caux for forty-eight hours. The economic crisis of the thirties had made a considerable impression on Anliker. As a result, he determined to succeed at all costs. He eventually started several building companies, but success brought worry in its train. A group of lndians uisiting a bouse built Anliker was in partnership with his by Anlikr father and brother, who looked after the technical side of the business. Re- the least possible effort. All too often lations between the three partners were contractors think first of the profits to so tense that they had almost reached be made out of their business and only breaking point. later of the needs of those for whom At Caux, Anliker realised that the wo£ld they are building homes. was like hjs own firm, and that if his The result is that the price of building father and brother were difficult to get land, like that of the buildings them- on with, he had a difficult character too, selves, is often too high. This situation and that he was the one who needed to leads to state intervention, in the form of change most of all. credit restrictions, in an attempt to During his forty-eight hours at Caux, stabilise the position. However neces- he took stock of his life and made the sary they may be, these measures do not decision to live by absolute honesty go to the root of the trouble. from then on. It took him three A pilot experiment carried out during months to settle a score of practical the last ffteen years by a Swiss building problems. He refunded sums ofmoney firm near Lucerne deserves study. to certain clients. He decided to be Jj, Tbe basis of a new economy honest with the revenue authorities and SF&jí' to restore to them. Anliker calculates that this weekend at Caux cost him and his firm over ioo,ooo francs, but he declares that honesty released unsuspected forces within him whichhadpreviouslybeenblockedbyhis bad conscience. The consequences soon made themselves felt in his business. Since the firm's accounting was now accurate, it could be used to estimate quantities and calculate costs of produc- tion. An atmosphere of trust was soon created with the employees, and the firm's productivity rapidly im pfoved. The workers' committee gradually be- Gottfried Anliher came a managing committee which was kept informed of evetything to do with TIJe works council of tbe A:miliker fim in Lucerne

Jj, A Pbilosopby of life ¢Pplied in action the running ofthe company. Through able to those in need of them than for its proposals the committee was res- the firm to reap the maximum possible ponsible for initiating important deve- profit. lopments and became a source of ins- Anliker maintains that dishonesty in piration to the management. business is a characteristic sign of pro- One example was concerned with the fessional incompetence. An intelligent re-equipment ofthe crane depot. Some contractor tries to provide a good pro- of the crane operators, noticing that duct for the highest profit at the lowest their machines were incapable of coping possible price. Good quality work is with the tasks demanded of them, nearly always profitable. Corruption is submitted a report to the workers' unnecessary. The first effect of disho- committee. As a result the firm decided nesty is to prevent a competent man to buy new highpower cranes, and the from using his imagination to obtain a consequent increase in production made higher profit. it possible to pay for this equipment in The Swiss government invited Anliker record time. to join a committee of experts organis- The firm expects good work from its ing house building throughout the employees in return for a fair wage. It Country. also aims to build homes for its clients In the course of the negotiations for the at the lowest prices and by the most renewal of the collective labour agree- rational methods. ment for the Swiss building industry, In the course of the last fifteen years, Anliker, though not a member of the over half the profits have been passed official delegation, helped to create what on to the employees. The capital of the trade unions called ¢ #GZJ fpí.rí./ o/ the employees' social benefits fund is coúj)#zz/z.o#. The preamble to this agree- almost double the capital of the firm ment seems to me to introduce a new itself (Sw. Fr. 9,ooo,ooo compared with concept into the building industry : "In Sw. Fr. j,ooo,ooo). the course of the discussions leading to A few years ago, the Anliker firm the conclusion of the present National bought some land which, if it had been Agreement, the contracting parties rea- sold at present-day prices, would have lised that the problems which will face produced a greater profit than if homes the building industry and public works were built on it. In the interests ofhis contractors in the future can only be clients, Anliker decided to build several solved satisfactorily if the diffefent hundred houses on it, pricing the land parties agree to examine those problems at little more than cost price, or about in common in a spirit of healthy co- a third of the price of the adjoining lots, operation.„ in pursuit of his conviction that it is * more important to make homes avail- **

J40 Tbe basis of a neui economy

clings to positions already won and considers only immediate interests, re- gardless of the future. In this context it is interesting to note the patient and effective work done by the jute industry in the framework of the United Nations Organisation for Food and Agriculture (FAO). The consumption of jute, which is mainly used all over the world to make sacking and other materials, has tisen rapidly with the development of agriculture in the countries of the third world, while it has remained stable in the industrial countries which have found new uses for jute.

Mr. cim}d Mrs. Robert Ca;rmicbael witb d Ewopean ]ute delegate

Processing r¢w jute in Pakistari

Some years ago, the United Nations set up a special body, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, to consider the relationship between industrialised countries and the develop- irig countries, in the changing world situation. Two world conferences were held, at Geneva in ig64 and at New Delhi in ig68. There has been no lack of analyses of the growing economic differences be- tween the richef and the poorer nations, but so far it has proved difficult to do more than diagnose the trouble. The reason is that the remedies which might bring a cure come into conflict with national or private self-interest, which A Pbilosoply o.f life ¢Pplied in action

]ute is a vegetable fibre which needs to therefote obliged to import their raw be grown in a hot, humid climate, with material almost exclusively from Pakis- well irrigated soil and a plentiful supply tan (8o to sj per cent) and Thailand of labour. (Ij to 20 per Cent). Bengal jute is the variety most widely Pakistan's virtual monopoly of exports, used. It used to grow almost exclusi- and the wide variations in the crops due vely in the delta of the Ganges and the to the climate, produced considerable Brahmaputra, and it was the British who instability in the prices for raw jute and started a jute refining industry in Bengal made them very vulnerable to specula- at the beginning of the century. tion. As a result the price of jute could When the sub-continent obtained its rise so steeply as to double in ten days. independence, the partition of lndia and The President of the French ]ute lndus- Pakistan cut Bengal in two, leaving the try, Robert Carmichael, realised how mills in lndia and the jute plantations unhealthy this situation was from every in Pakistan. point of view, and decided to do some- The political difficulties between the thing to remedy it. He began by two countries led to a ridiculous rival- patiently forging links between the ry. The lndians turned rice-fields over various European manufacturers, and to the production of jute, thus adding in igj4 succeeded in setting up an asso- to existing food shortages, while the ciation of European jute industries, with Pakistanis developed an industry of Charles de Watteville as the Secretary finished products to compete with General. lndia in foreign markets. After some years of persuasive argu- India and Pakistan were the two largest ment, Carmichael got his colleagues to producers of jute fibre, but whereas agree to study the possibility of nego- lndia used all its jute at home, Pakistan tiating with lndia and Pakistan. He exported its jute, and indeed became then embarked on a series of explora- the largest source of jute in the world. tory journeys to get to know the people Over half the jute products used in the of those two countries and win their world were refined on the spot in Asia. confidence, especially the confidence of India, now rivalled by Pakistan, export- the leaders of the lndian and Pakistani ed half-finished or finished products. jute industry. Her biggest export market was in the Carmichael knew what an impact Caux United States. That is why America, had made on his own life, and he which had never developed a jute- decided to take with him one of the refining industry, practised a liberal films produced by Moral Re-Armament, trade policy in this domain. %G# o/ j}mzz./, which told the story of European manufacturers, who had the fevolutionary changes in the attitudes biggest jute refineries after lndia, were of the dockers in Rio de ]aneiro.

J42

A Pbilosopby of life applied in aÂtion ln the course of his joumeys, Carmi- ]ute Association) had no interest in chael achieved more than any leamed stabilising ptices, for they often pre- committee of experts, and won the ferred playing the market to accepting hearts of those who were going to a reasonable margin of profit. make a decisive conttibution to the task Among the transport firms and Euro- of putting this great industry in order. pean manufacturers, similar p£oblems There seems to be no doubt that this arose, especially as the jute industry was prelirninary work, which was Carmi- facing growing competition from syn- chael's contribution to solving the thetic products, and its only hope of problem, prepared the way for what economic survival lay in tempting the was achieved later at FAO level. consumer with low prices. The aim he had in view was to bring Discussions began in Rome in ig64, around one table everyone involved in under the aegis of the FAO. They the production and consumption of were held in the framework of the study jute, in orde£ to ptepare an agreement group on jute and related fibres, and which took into account the needs of affiliated to the Products Committee. the peasants who grew jute-there were It was here that Carmichael's patient over a million in lndia and Pakistan- labours bote fruit. One after another, the men who bought and sold the three of the delegates modified their product, the men who transported it, entrenched attitudes in the course of the industrialists who refined it, and the negotiations, opening the way for finally the consumers. The greatest an unusual agreement which has since single contribution they could make to served as an example for a similar the well-being of everybody in the agreement on hard fibres, and might do industry, he felt, would be to establish the same later on for other products. a stable world price for jute, at a level The originality of the agreement on jute that was fair to all concerned. lay in its flexibility. Its main achieve- Naturally, there were a great many ment, in fact, was to establish a process difficulties to be overcome. To begin of consultation which covered evety with, the jute-grower had seldom been stage of the development and use of given a faif reward for his work, the product, and thus helped to keep even when jute was fetching a high prices stable. price, because of the deductions made The accumulation of necessary stocks by middlemen. The new agreement has now begun to create problems of aimed at doubling the grower's remun- a different sort, and this may lead to eration. the drawing-up of a more detailed The dealers who sold the jute in Pakis- agreement. tan and London, where the world The historic value of what has happened market in jute was based (the London in the jute industry is that it has shown

J44 Tbe basis of a new ecoriom] that a new philosophy of life can be on the other side of the conference table applied in action, to find an effective think. wayofsolvingproblemsbetweenindus- From then on he set out to create a trial countries and countries of the new attitude in industry. It was at third world. Caux that he found a stimulus for his Before his encounter with Moral Re- industrial life which led him to assume Armament, Carmichael was the typical responsibility for his entire industry authoritarian employer who decided and, through his perseverance, to trans- what was best for others without form the attitude of many of his col- consulting them. Meeting some of 1eagues and to find original solutions the British coal-miners at Caux in for some of the most difficult problems ig46 opened his eyes to what those of the jute indust£y across the world.

Suftsei ouer tbc lq;k¢

J4,

POSTSCRIPT

As 1 write tbese final words, tbe igóg World Assemblu of Mordl Re-Afmament is in session. In ]ume , deleg/ates to tbe htemdtional La,bour Orgd;misation Corif emce , representimg go!ouerments , emplyer§ and trdde unions , came Powringinto Caux f rom Geneua. h ]ulü students from f ort]-one umiversities met f or tlJree weeh] to worh out a Strateg)/ to erilist tbeir f ellow Students across Europe in a Progr]ramme more reuohtionmy dnd more satisfying tbdn |Jrotest. Tbe second of tbis jedr'S leadersbip training courses is just concluding. Young men and women from twenty-f our countries baue been lemning tog!etber to umderstand tbe world in wlJicb un liue , amd bow to transfom it bi modernisingtbe nature of mam. Delegations from¢ Nortbem lreland,tbe Soutb Tyrol,tbe ]ura dnd Cjijru§, trouble- spots of EuroiJe, d;re beg!iming to find a new approacb. Later tbis montb, ledders of

Political, economic dmd uniuersity life d;re meeting at Caux to see bow to tackle some of tlJe PressingiJroblems of tbe bowr.

Ouer 7oo People dre iri Ccmx at tbis moment, and more tbam} i ,ooo will ba;Üe been

lJere tbis iear b] tlJe time tbe conference ends.

/47 In tbis booh 1 boue toucbed on onl] a f ew aspects of tbe worldwide action of Moral Re-Armament, and of tbe outreacb of Caux. But 1 bdue tried to euoke SometlJirig of tbe extraordinary story of tbis little T/audois uillag!e, bom during la belle époque , uJbo§e name bas todcy become a ynonym of lJope f or millions of iJeoiJle of all races and all co„m[tries.

Tbe immense cbangies wbicb bave tahen ijlace in tbe world between tlJose da#S in tl]e late Nineteentb Century and our own dre libel] to be sur|Jassed bi euen more Specta- culcw cbcmg!es bef ore tbe end of tbe Present century.

It is in tbis coritext tbat 1 see a g!reat future for Caux, for 1 beliei)e we are g!oing to See a rei)ersdl of ualues wbicb uJill enable man to find bi§ true moral and spiritual

Stature. Iri tbe midst of tlJese clJang!es, one factor remains constdnt : tlJe relationsbip between m¢an d;nd God, tbe cboice betuJeen riJbetlJer we bow tbe kmee to tbe tyramy of ahigl!bt] man, or acceiJt tbe souereig]rity of Ahig!bty God. Tbe tash is immense. In our dd;y djiy strategw wbicb is mfined to a Single country,

a sing!le race, a sing!le class, or ei)en a Sirig/le g!eneration is too narrow to Prouide an

dnswer to tbe clJalleng!e of tbe modern world.

At Caux, men of euery race, cla`SS, creed and colour meet to face tbis clJalleng!e

tog!etber. Caux is read] d;nd d;Üailable for all tbose uibo care about tbe future of mcmkind and uJant to fig!bt to remabR tbe world. P.M.

J4, ADENAUER, Dr. Konfad, i i4, i i 8, Cbalei Fomerod, 3o, phoho P. 2.9 iig, i20,122, Photo P.119 Cbalet Mirabeau, 2.z Anytbing to Declare? 86, phiot;o Cbalet du Repo§, 4o p.8' Cbalet Rousyi 44 IHDEX ANLiKER, Gottfried, 138, 139, CHAUDET, Paul, Photo P. 105 i4o, photo P. i39 CHAVANNE, Pierfe, i26, i28, Armée et Fyer, 52. photo p. 128 ARNi, Henri, 46 CHEssEx, Ami, 26, 31, 32, 36, 37, ARNOLD, Karl, i22 42, Photo P. 33 Aherge de§ Monts-de-Caux, 2.4, CHiBA, Senator, photo p. 68 photo p. 23 Church, Anglican, 4o AUBERsoN, Robert, 48, j6 Church, Catholic, 4o, Photo P. 37 CLAUDius-PETiT, Eugêne, photo BAiLLET, I.éon, 48 P.129 Bcmq;ue Julien du Bocbet, 4o CLAT, General, i i i Banque Popula!ire Sui§Se, 44, 4S, 56, Coal and Steel Community, i22 '7 CossT, Mr., 36 BARODA, the Maharajah of, 36 CosTA, Angelo, Photo p. 69 BASDEVANT, I 3 I Crédit foncier va¢doi§, 43, +S BAUMANN, Pierre, 37 CRoss, Kate, Photo P. 93 BEN YoussEF, Sultan, i26, i29 BENEs, Edouard, j2 Dailü Expre§§, ]6 BERARD, Mr., 44, 46 DAULTE, Alfred, 32 BERGER, Gaston, 66 DAw NyEN THA, Photo P. 9j BiBLiANDER, 67, Photo P. 67 DELAMARE, Lise, 48 Bobsleigh, Wofld and Swiss Dictator' § Slippm , Tbe , 86, phono championships of, 47 p.8' Bobsleigh, World Fedefation of, DÜTTiNG, Hans, Photo P. 69 44 BOECKLER, Dr. Hans, ii7 EDisoN, Thomas, 74 BOER, Jap de, 59, Photo P. 57 EL GLAoui, Hadj Thami, i26, BORDEAux, Henry, 48 128' 129 BOTTELLi, Pierre, 26 ELisABETH, Empres§ of Austria, BoucQUET, Louis, ii3,118,119, 3o, Photo p. 28 120 EMERT, Alexandre, 26, 42 BouRGuiBA, Habib, i3o, i32 Ermatingen, 5 i BRANDT, Mf., 56, j7 E mu§§ alles andm nierden, so"8, BRANi)T, Albin, 6o 82, handbook, ii2 BRONARSKi, Ludwig, 37 EULENSTEIN, Hugo, 36 BucHMAN, Dr. Frank, jl-j7, 59, 6o, 62, 63-74, 7j, 76, 84, 86, 9o, FALQuiER, Louis, 23 97, ioo, io3, io4, io5, io6, iii, FAucHERRE, Henri, 44 112,113, 114, Ii6, 119, i2o, FAucHERRE-VAUTiER, Philippe, i22, i23, 126, 128, 1299 130j 23, 24, 26, 28, 31, 41 132, i34, Photos p. 6j, 68, 78, Feuille d' Avis de Montreux, 2.8, 34 121 FORD, Henry, 74 BucHMAN, Jakob, 67 ForgoltenFactor,Tbe,82.,ii6,il8, BTRON, Lord, i9 photo p. 8' Foundation for Moral Re-Arma- CAMPBELL, Dr. Paul, i28 ment, 93, 94. 9j CARMicHAEL, Robert, 142, 144, Fram-Tireur , T.z.4 145, Photos P. 69, ioi, io2, FRASER, George, 82 127, 141 FrGGJo%, 84, 85, Photo P. 83 C4#x-P4/¢CG, 32, 34, 36. 41. 43. Fteudenstadt, Germany, 74 44, 46, 48, 52, 56, 6o, photo Funicular railway, Territet-Glion, P.34 22, Photo P. 25 CELio, Enrico, Photo P. 72 Cbalet de la Forêi, 44 Ga«ette de IAusarme, 2;S, 36, 42.

J49 hdex

Geneva, 5i, 52,111 ]ouml de§ Etrang/ers , 36 MOTTu, Philippe, 93, Photo P. Iol Germany, Official Bulletin of ]ournal de Geriêeue, 52. Mountain Hou§e, 6o, 62., phiotos Govemment, i i6 ]ournal , IJ , o£ Pçii:rs, 2-9 P. 44, 71, 81, 89, 96 Good Road, Tbe, T.i4, iT.6, phioto ]ute, French lndustry of, i42 Mr. Brom Comes domvn tbe Hill, 82. P.117 Jute lndustries, Association of Grand-Hôtel de Caux, 2.4, 3i, 32., Eutopean, i42 Neo-Destour, i 3o 36, 4i, 62, Photos P. 17, 35 NESTLÉ, Henri, 38 Grand-Hôtel de Terrííet, 3T. KORAN, 67 Nouvelli§te vaudoi{, 2.4, 40 GROBET, Mlle, 4o KRAMER, Henri, 47 NU, U, photo p. ioo GROLLEAu, Geor8es, 37, 42, 43 KURowsKi, Paul,117 GUEssous, Ahmed, i26, i28, i29, KURZEN, Otto, 44 ORELLi, Konrad Von, 93 photo p. IZS 0xford Group, 5i, 52 GuisAN, General Henri, 52 Languages, laboratory of, 86 GuiTRT, Sacha, 48 LAUBi, Mr., 26 PADEREWSKI, 3 7 LAURE, Irêne, ii2, ii3, 130, PAKENHAM, Lord, i i i HADORN, Mr., 57 photo p.127 HAHNLosER, Robert, 56, 57, 58, LAURE, Irêne and Victof, photo PAUL-BONCOURT, 48 PENN, William,123 59, 6o, 62, 9i, 93, photos p. 6i, P.11' PE¥ER, Erich, 93 95 League of Nations, 5 2 PiGUET, Maítre Marius, 93 HALBFELi., Herr, i i6 LEGuiLLoux, Matcel, 28 HAMBRo, Carl, 52 LE Roux, Hugucs, 29 PiLET-GOLAZ, Marcel, 5 5 HARTUNG, Hans, 85 Gothard, League of, 54 PiNAy, Antoine, i 36 PiNTo, Louis lgnacio, photo HAssouNA, Abdel Khalek, photo LoisTRA, Riek, Photo P. 93 P.129 P. 102 HELD, Hermann, 34 Pisíe du Piable, 4] Mackinac lsland, 6o HELEN, Princess of Rumania, 48 Pitié Pou; Clémentine, 86 . MAiLLARD, Mr., 32 HERWARTH, Baron Hans von, i i 2 PRÉciGouT, Jean de, photo p. ioi Manfred, ig HiTLER, iii, ii2, ii6 MARCEL, Gabriel, 74 Hoffnung,85 MARSHALL, General George, i i i , QuiNTiERi, Quinto, Photo p. 69 HOHENEMBs, Countess of, 3o 114 Hôtel des Al|)eS , 2.T. Marshall Plan, ii4, iis Rack-railway, Montreux-Glion- Hôtel AIpina, 3], 43, 62, Pho¢o MARTiN, Alfred, 4o Caux-Rochers-de-Naye P.47 MASMouDi, Mohamed, i3o,131, RAMBERT, Eugéne, 2i Hôtel Beau-Rivage , Ge;rycNa, 3o i32, Photos P.127,131 REicHENBACH, Gottfried, 44 Hôtel du Cyg/ne, 2.i MAssoN, Geofges, 26 Real Nem)§ , Tbe, 82 Hôtel Esi)lanade, 46 MATER, Albert, j6, Photo P. 73 Re§taurant Borlozi 34 Hôíel Maria> 3], 42., 6z MATOR, Claude, is REVERDiN, Pfofessor, Jacques, 3o Hôtel Pavíllon de§ Fou2}eres, 37. 42. MAx, Adolphe, 48 RET, ]ean, photo p. ioi Hôtel Regína, 43, 44, 46> 4S MÉGRoz, Alfred, 47 RicHARD, Prince of Hesse, photo Hôiel FLigi VaudoiS, 2.2. Á4lG# o/Brz7zí./, i42, Photo P. 84 P.72 Hôíel des Sorbiers, qo MENDÊs-FRANCE, Pierre, i32 RIGGENBACH, N., 22 HowARD, Peter, 62, 7j, 76, 82, 86, MERCANTON, Dr., 40 ROBERTsoN, General, i i i io3, io6, io8, photos P. 54, 77, MERCATOR,19 RocHAT, Jules, 93 100, 103 MERciER, Maurice, 64,133,134> RocKEFELLER, John D., 36 HUBER, Professor Max, photo i36, i37, Photo P. i37 RODiEux, Georges, 28 P.72 MESTRAL, Elisabeth de, 6o, photo ROLLAND, Romain, 48 HUGo, Geofges, 23 RossET, Louis, 31 HUGo, Victor, 22 P.93 MiNGER, Rudolf, 52 ROTH, Auguste, 26 MiRABEAu, Jacques, 2i ROTHsCHiLD, Baroness, 3o IBN SAouD, Prince, 48 MOHAMMED V, King of Morocco, RouGE, Madame, 48 Ice Hockey, Wofld Federation of, 130 RouGE, Théophile, 37, 42, 43. 40 MONNET, Emilie, 2i photo p. 38 Interlaken, 5 2 MONNET, Jean, i2o RouGE, Vadis, 46, 47 hland House , 6o MONNET, Louis-Daniel, 23, 24 Rous, Jean, i23, i24,130 MORAND, Paul, i5, 48 RucHONNET, Alfred, 24 JOFFRE, Marshal, 42 MORAz, Chafles, 34 JosT, Eugêne, 32, photo P. 36 Morocco, i24-i 30 ScHAEFER, Henrik, Photo P.129 Journal deJ Débats, 2.S MOTTiER, Jules, 31 ScHOENFELD, Dr. Hans, i i i

IJO hdex

ScHUMAN, Robert, 64,113,114. TiLGE, Robeft,113,134 VEUTHE¥, Léon, 29 118, 119, 120, 122, 124, 126, Training coufses at Caux, 86, Villa Maria, 2.S, 37 131,132, Photo p. i2i photo p. 8j VuicHouD, Lydie, 23 Schuman Plan, i2o, i22 TROTT zu STOLZ, Adam von, 55 Seinendan, 8j TRÜssEL, Tmdi, Photo P. 93 WALLACE, Edgard, 48 SENA, Surya, photo P. 83 Tunisia, i3o-i 32 WAT'rEviLLE, Charles de, i42 Si BEKKAi, i24,129,130, Photo TURcz"sKi, Joseph, 37 Westminster Theatre, 8 2 P.127 WicKi, Auguste, Photo P. 43 Société immobiliêre de Caux, 3 i, United Nations, The, WicKi, François, 30, 32, 34. 41, 42, 43, 48, 57, 6o Conference on Trade and photo p. 29 SoLioz, Armand, 48 WoLRiGEGORDON,Patrick,photo SpicKNER, Franz-Paul, 24 Development, i4i General Assembly, i 3 2 P. 101 SpoERRi, Théophile, 5 i WHTTE, Mrs. Alexander, ji START, Countess, 30 Food and Agriculture Ofgani- STAUB, Walther, 5 i sation, i4I,144 STiERLIN, Mt., 44 International Labour Organi- YSA¥E, 37 STucKi, Ffançois, 44, 46, 47 sation, photo P. io4 Zengakuren, 85 THORNHiLL, Alan, 82. VAUTiER, Edouard, 2i ZÜsT, Claife, Photo P. 93 Tiger , Tbe , 85 VAUTiER, Louise, 23 ZwiNGLi, 68

J,J

37 The Catholic Chufch at Caux - PÁo/og/oó Tvebrli S .A. 3 8 Théophile Rouge. above ILLuSTmTloHs below The car which tried to climb the Rochers- de-Naye along the railway track 39 Railway Postet dating from igo3 -Pof/# collection of tbe Maison Suisse de§ Transport] in Lucerne 43 Auguste Wicki, one of the last peasants of Caux. 44|45 GerLc±ail v.icw o£ Czi:ux -New TVorld New§ 46 Winter sports at caux. Student competitors - On the bobsleigh track - Ice hockey 47 The electric train passing the Hôtel Alpina - Pbotog/lob Twebrli S A 5 o The Dents-du-Midi in winter. 53 The Mont-de-Caux, with the Château de Chillon and the Caux Palace - Jcó/G%Â#Gr 54 Peter Howard arfiving at Caux on 28 ]uly -9qÁ - Positioe Pictwre§ j 5 The pafticipants in the first Moral Re-Arma- ment Assembly at Caux in ig46 -J/ro#g End- Repfoduction of an engraving of the Monts- 57 Jap de Boer, ig68 papers de-Caux seen ffom clarens, published in pafis 58 right The building of the stage in 186o 58 left The painting of the kitchen. i4 The Dents-du-Midi from the terrace at caux j g Landscaping the park -^rew l71or/J JVG#T - Slrong 6 i Robeft Hahnlosef 65 Dr. Ffank N. D. Buchman: photograph taken i 7 Reproduction of a photograph of the Gfand- •.n ig5o - Jean Scblemmer. Hôtel de Caux taken in i893 ig The Church of Saint-Vincent in Montreux 67 Reproduction of an engraving of Bibliandef -Francioli-Beda §ucc. published in i669 2.o A beÀà o£ rLaitcissti -Francioli-Beda §ucc. 68 Frank Buchman receiving a Japanese delega- 22 At the top of the Rochers-de-Naye before the tion led by Senator Chiba in his sitting-room building of the railway at Caux. 23 The Auberge des Monts-de-Caux about i88j 69 A group of leading European industrialists: 24 The arrival of the fitst train at Caux in the 1. to f.: Robert Carmichael, Pfesident of the sprinB of i892. European Jute lndustry, Hans Dütting, 25 The inauguration of the Glion-Rochefs-de- managing ditector of the GBAG, Essen, above Naye tack-railway. Photograph taken from Quinto Quintieri, Vice-Pfesident of the the peak of the Rochers-de-Naye on 27 July Confindustria, Italy, Frank Buchman, Angelo 1892 Costa, Pfesident of the Confindustria - NG» 25 Safety test of the Territet-Glion fiinicular TWorld Nemys below failway on s August i883 26/27 Reproduction of an engraving of the château 7i View of Mountain House from the grounds de Chillon dufing the Bernese occupation 72 right Professor Max Huber welcoming the President of the Confede£ation, Enfico Celio, at Caux, 28 The Empress Elisabeth ofAustria : photograph 1948 -J,'o„g taken in i89j 29 The family of François wicki in front of the 72 left Dr. Frank Buchman with Prince Richard of Fornerod chalet: photograph taken about Hesse 1895 Albeft Mayer, Mayor of Montreux, welcoming Frank Buchman at Montreux station 3 3 Reproduction of the portrait of Ami chessex by the Vaud painter Ffédéf ic Rouge Mr. and Mrs. Peter Howard on the terrace at 34 Postcard of the caux palace dating from igo3 Caux 35 Poster of the Grand-Hôtel dc Caux, i895 - An lndian trade union delegation at Caux, Posíer Colle¢iíon of lbe Maison Suisse dcs TraxLS- 1. to r. : R. S. Ruikan, J. Sinka, R. S. Nimbkar, Porls iri I}i¢eme Dr. Buchman, V. G. Dalvi, A. A. Jefferbhoy 36 The architect Eugêne ]ost ~ Posiíiüe Pi¢iures J,j Ilhstraúon§

7g A delegation of Nigerian students -J/ro#g io4 Visit to Caux in June ig69 of delegates 8o The panorama of Lake Geneva seen from the attending the 5oth General Assembly of the Hauts-de-Caux. lnternational Labour Office. Among them 8i View of Mountain House from the sonchaud Abid Ali, MP, President of the lndian Natio- toíLà - New TWorld New$ nal Trade Union Congress and Member of 83 Surya sena of ceylon. Chorus in the European the Governing Body of the ILO, and Nicos rn:"stc2il Anyíbing to Declare? -Houston Rog/er§. Zivanas, General Secretary of the Cyprus Sc;erye £io:rn Tbe Forgotten Factor - Nemi World Workers' Confedefation. News. Soern £iom Anytbing to Declare? - io5 Unofficial visit by the President of the Swiss - Houston Rogeís. From the all-African film Confederation and Mrs. Paul Chaudet - Freedom - New World Nemwi. FrLrrii+"8 Tbe MRA Pbotos Dictator'S Slippers .in tkue Ckmx TtNca;kie - T.o] Les Hauts~de-Caux in winter - JCÁ/G#jwGr M aillef er T.cJ8 Caux and the Rochers-de-Naye seen from the 84 ScerLe £torn tbe E+m Men of Braril ~ New world lake off Clarens Neuus T.T.o Aerial view of the motorway to the Château 85 Training course at caux -M4rj.//G/Gr de Chillon and the Mont-de-Caux - GGr%o#z7 8g Main hall, theatre, Renoir room, entrance ii3 A group of Germans at Caux, ig47 -J/ro#g hall, cinema, main dining-room -Lr44/Gj%ÂW ii5 lréne and Victor Laure, of France - JVG# 9o Gift of coal from the Ruhr -J/ro#g T„orld Ne„§ top 117 The company presenting the musical rze 9o Gift of sardines from Norway -J/ro#g Good Road .rn T.949 - Strong bottom 119 Chancellor Konrad Adenauer with a group of 9i top Gift ofbutter from Denmark -J/ro#g miners from the Ruhr - JVG» W7lorÁJ ^7G#r gi Tea and coffee pots given by sheffield citizens i2i Robert Schuman and Frank Buchman at the bottom - Strong entrance of Mountain House - JVG» lz7lorÁJ 92 The kitchen at caux -JCÁ/eÂ#;%er N,Á„J. 93 In the kitchen at caux at the first Assembly. A field of nafcissi - JCÃ/G%z?Gr ig46: 1. to r.: Trudi Trüssel (Switzefland), Si Bekkai, later Prime Minister of independent Kate Cfoss (Canada), Riek Loistra (Nethef- Morocco, Irêne l.aure, Robert Carmichael and 1ands), Janet Clay (England), Elisabeth de Me- Mohamed Masmoudi, later first Tunisian stral (Switzerland), Monica Runestam (Swe- Ambassador to France at Caux in i 9 5 3 - J/ro#g den), Claire Weiss (France), Ester Nunning Ahmed Guessous and Pierfe Chavanne (Denmark), in the foreground, Clare Züst Abdel Khalek Hassouna, Secretary Genefal of (Sw.rtz;er+2ind) - Positive Pictum the Arab League with Claudius-Petit, former 94 The station at caux -PÁOJog/oó W7leÁr/;. J4 French Minister, and Henrik Schaefer - JVGzy 95 Mr. and Mrs. Robeft Hahnloser talking to Daw World Nems Nyen Tha from Burma -NGzy W7lor/J Ne»f 131 Mohamed Masmoudi - ^7Gzy W7or/J JVGÂyj. Night scene at Caux - JCÁ/eÂ27¢Gr g6 rTb:i,Fn:á:::eghha:lheofge¥:ruons:;n.TouAS.e,reaâ ;;! Maurice Mercier, Secretary General of the André, Mayor of Morges. above Fédération Force Ouvriàre des Ouvriers Textiles de France - JVG» W7lor/J JveÂyj. 98/99 Sunset over the lake -JVG# W7lo7iÁJ JVG»r An industrial delegation at Caux |oo Pete£ Howafd we,coming U Nu, Pfime à:|7ow Mirister ofBurma, to caux -Mj2i4 PÃOÁM i38 A group of lndians visiting a house built by ioi Round Table with Jean Rey: l. to r.: Jean de Gottfried Anliker Gottfried Anliker - ^ÍG» W7ror/J JVGzyf E:uâr::c:e:|É'oJ5u:t::l|d:eà::=t:rc;h':ii,aE:i::1;ien:trne;o:::f:f :! ;ve The wofks council of the Anliker firm in ofthe commission of Eufopean communities, ,,_ _,, ____ Philippe Mottu, Patrick Wolrige Gordon, below L"cetne - Mondo Annoni M. P., Great Britain -/ó.rgG#rG# 141 Pfocessing raw jute in Pakistan. The President of the Supreme Court of above Dahomey, Louis lgnacio Pinto, M. Robert ]4r Mr. and Mrs. Robeft Carmichael welcoming Cafmichael and a group of Ethiopian students below a delegate at a meeting of the European Jute taking part in the "Leadership training course" lrrd]istry - Pierre Cbouffet - Maillefer Le Mont-de-Caux seen ftom Clarens - 103 Peter Howard talking to fishermen at Recife Scblemmer in Brazil - 4/cGJo, jzGfí/G Sunset over the lake - Jcb/G%j%#

J,4 BIBLI0GRAPHY

ÃGÂ%ÁG.#g ZÃG W7ror/j7, the collected speeches of Dr. Frank N. D. BucHMAN, Blandford Press, London, ig6i. PG/Grf7o#4rJ-Life and Letters, Anne WoLRiGE GORDON, Hodder and Stoughton, London, ig69. Fr#ó f7oPG/or ZÁG 17lor/J.. Moral Re-Armament in Action, edited and inttoduced by Gabriel MARCEL. Longman's, London, ig60. FrÁz#Á B#fÃ%úJ%'r Lf%rG4 Peter HowARD, Heinemann, London, ig6i. Á/rz.%+ f7oz# áz#J OÁó# Lfj>%cÁGf, Peter HowARD, with a Foreword by Rajmohan Gandhi, Moral Re-Armament, London, ig68. j4 %z*e/Do#G/G, by H. W. "Bunny" AusTiN and Phyllis KONSTAM, Chatto and Windus, London, ig69. "oc7Gr#z.jz.#g Í14lcz#, Paul CAMPBELL, Grosvenor Books, London, i g68.

Periodicals :

In French: rrí.GZÁ% JG CzzzÍx -published twice monthly. Editorial offices : i 824 Caux, Switzerland. In German: CÁzz/x J#/or%4z/z.o% Postfach 2i 8, 6oo2, Lucerne, Switzerland. In English: %A4 J#/or%áz/z.o# JGr#Í.cG.. 4 Hays Mews, London, W.i.

J55 FIRST PRINTED MAY ig7o BY CORBAZ S. A., MONTREUX FOR GROSVENOR BOOKS, PINNER, MIDDLESEX, ENGLAND

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