DOCSLIB.ORG

Rajesh Sada.Pmd

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rajesh Sada.Pmd Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 1 (2013) 121-128 Groundwater Extraction: Implications on Local Water Security of Peri-urban Area of Kathmandu Valley Rajesh Sada1, Anushiya Shrestha1, Kanchan Karki2 and Ashutosh Shukla1 1Peri-urban Water Security Project, Nepal Engineering College, Center for Postgraduate Studies Balkhu, Kathmandu 2Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Illinois e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The rapid and haphazard urbanization in Kathmandu valley and expansion of built-up area to the peripheral rural landscapes has resulted to formation of peri- urban areas which are now transforming into urban form. This paper examines how the increasing urban water demand has put unprecedented pressure on groundwater sources in the peri-urban areas of Kathmandu valley. Based on the semi-structured interviews with local people, focus group discussions and key informants interviews, the study found that water security at Jhaukhel is closely associated with groundwater and the dependency of local people on it has increased over the years. The implications of the groundwater extraction coupled with sand mining in the area have been manifested in the form of declining groundwater table and drying of traditional water sources. Despite the growing awareness among the local people on the consequences of depleting groundwater table, in absence of strict regulatory mechanism, the exploitation of groundwater has been adding threat to the local eco-hydrology of the area and subjecting the local community to water insecurity. Key words: groundwater extraction, impacts, peri-urban, urbanization, water security Introduction growth, expansion in the urban areas, agricultural Kathmandu valley is the most urbanized area in the intensification, growth in the tourism and other country. The built-up area in the valley expanded from infrastructure and services in Kathmandu valley are 33.3 km2 in 1955 to 164.72 km2 in 2000 (Pradhan & Parera the anthropogenic activities and processes that have 2005) and over the last decade the population been responsible for the increase in the water demand increased by 61.23% (Central Bureau of Statistics for municipal, commercial and industrial uses. At (CBS) 2012). This process of urbanization and present, Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited subsequent expansion of the built-up area to the (KUKL) is capable of supplying only 155 and 100 peripheral rural landscape has resulted to emergence million liters per day (MLD) of water during wet and of rural-urban intermediary, differentiated by a mixed dry seasons respectively against the demand of 320 rural-urban economy and livelihood, differently called MLD. Thus shortages of 165 and 220 MLD in the wet as rural-urban fringe, peri-urban interface and and dry seasons are apparent (KUKL 2010). This acute Desakota by different researchers (Allen 2003, Brook short supply in municipal level coupled with ever et al. 2003, Narain & Nischal 2007). increasing demand of water forced people to look for other reliable sources of water supply. Moench and As identified by International Center for Integrated Janakarajan (2006) argue that the emergence of Mountain Development (ICIMOD) in 2007, population different modes of water transfer from rural and peri- 121 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 1 (2013) 121-128 urban areas in Kathmandu has been the result of as shown in Figure 2. In the last decade the population demand for convenient water supply, created by the in the VDC increased by 1.56% with the addition of gap left by the combined services of traditional 435 (3.68%) households. This VDC lies in the northern sources and piped water supply system in Kathmandu groundwater recharge zone among the three distinct valley. As per the estimation made by Shrestha (2011) groundwater zones in Kathmandu valley identified by more than 90% of the water supplied by tankers was Japan International Corporation Agency (JICA) extracted from groundwater resources mostly from the in 1990. peri-urban areas. Changes over time in total As the surface water sources in Kathmandu are already population of Jhaukhel VDC constraint, increasing urban water demand has put unprecedented pressure on groundwater resources. In the peri-urban areas, increasing groundwater extraction for local and urban water supply has been stressing local water security. In this context, this paper examined how the local water security at Jhaukhel is Number linked to groundwater and describes the current status of various modes of groundwater extraction in the area highlighting upon the impending implications on the local water security. Census Year Methodology Study area Fig. 2. Changing trend in total population at Jhaukhel (Source: CBS 1981; CBS 1991; CBS 2001; CBS 2012) The study was conducted at Jhaukhel Village Development Committee (VDC) which is located at Data collection longitudes 85° 24’ 56" and 85° 26’ 15" East and latitudes 27° 40’ 39" and 27° 42’ 17" North (VDC, 2006). It lies This study is based on qualitative research design about 2 km north of the city core of Bhaktapur involving direct field observation and semi-structured Municipality (Figure 1). Located at the northern flange interviews with local residents, government and non- of Bhaktapur Municipality, this VDC covers an area of governmental officials, commercial water 5.41 km2. entrepreneurs and brick kiln operators to capture the information on groundwater extraction at Jhaukhel. Similarly, series of focus group discussions were conducted in the study area to understand the perceptions on positive and negative implications of the increasing competition over the extraction of groundwater resources in terms of local water security. Secondary sources of data have been reviewed to substantiate the findings from the formal and informal interactions. Results and Discussion Groundwater extraction Groundwater extraction for local use There are around 11 community drinking water supply schemes in Jhaukhel. Among them, Changu- Fig. 1. Location map of the study area Duwakot-Jhaukhel Drinking Water Supply System (CDJ DWSS) that has been in operation since 1998 The VDC is inhabited by a total of 7721 people (Male- A.D. is the largest community drinking water supply 3908 and Female- 3813) in 1631 households (CBS 2012) scheme. It is based on the groundwater extracted from 122 Rajesh Sada/Groundwater Extraction: Implications.......... two infiltration galleries that are constructed near the bank of Manohara River in Changunarayan VDC. Beside this system, all the other systems are dependent upon groundwater sources of Jhaukhel itself. Those households which do not have piped water supply connection within households are dependent on other public as well as private groundwater sources and even the households who have tap connection also use the existing community groundwater sources for other domestic purposes because the tap water supply is not adequate to meet all the domestic water requirements. According to the VDC profile (2006), majority of the households are dependent upon piped water supply connection followed by dug well/ tube well, springs, stone spouts and other sources (Figure 3). Fig.4. Location of community groundwater resources in the study area (Source ENPHO 2011) Groundwater extraction for brick production Brick industries have been in operation in Jhaukhel Fig.3. Distribution of households using different sources since 1990 and at present there are 12 brick industries of water (Source: VDC 2006) in this VDC. This is highly water demanding industry and in Jhaukhel, the only reliable water source has Environment and Public Health organization (ENPHO) been groundwater. As per the field information, recorded 70 community groundwater sources in the production of each brick requires on an average 0.75 study area (29 springs, 11 stone spouts, 26 dug wells liters of water. Based on the data obtained from and 4 tube wells) in 2011. Among those 70 sources, 51 Department of Small Scale and Cottage Industries were recorded to be in use as domestic and drinking (DSSCI) of Bhaktapur, all the brick industries in water sources while the remaining 19 were used for Jhaukhel annually produce 31.8 million bricks. irrigation and other purposes. The spatial distribution Considering the water required per brick production, of these community groundwater sources are given in the estimated volume of annual groundwater extraction Figure 4. Beside these community water sources, by these industries comes to be 23.85 million liters. people also own private dug wells and tube wells to However, based on the interviews with key extract groundwater, however, their exact numbers functionaries of brick factories operating in the VDC, were not known. Lately, an increasing trend has been the annual average brick production per industry is 7 observed in constructing private dug wells and tube million which makes a total of 84 million bricks wells, for both domestic and irrigation uses. This clearly production per year in Jhaukhel. Considering this data, reveals the increasing dependency of the local people these industries annually extracts 63 million liters of on groundwater extraction in the area to meet the groundwater. Beside water consumption for brick domestic and irrigation water needs. production, large numbers of labors who are engaged 123 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 1 (2013) 121-128 in the brick factories are also dependent on the same while the processed water, in bottles or jars has its groundwater
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sand Mining and Its Socio-Economic and Environmental
    REPORT ON STATE OF SAND MINING AT PERI-URBAN KATHMANDU: CASE OF JHAUKHEL VDC Rajesh Sada and Anushiya Shrestha NEPAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE, 2013 Table of Content 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Problem Statement ................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Limitations ............................................................................................................... 4 2. Methodology .......................................................................................................... 4 3. Study area ............................................................................................................... 5 4. Result and Discussion ............................................................................................ 6 4.1 Existing legal Procedure for Sand mining .......................................................... 6 4.2 Trajectory of Terrace Sand Mining in Jhaukhel VDC ........................................ 7 4.3 Terrace sand mining technology and estimated volume of minable sand .......... 9 4.4 Fixed Capital Investment, Annual Operation Cost and Profit Generated......... 13 4.5 Compliance of mine sites with the agreed Terms and Conditions ................... 13 4.6 Social and Environmental Impact of Sand Mining ..........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Food Insecurity and Undernutrition in Nepal
    SMALL AREA ESTIMATION OF FOOD INSECURITY AND UNDERNUTRITION IN NEPAL GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL National Planning Commission Secretariat Central Bureau of Statistics SMALL AREA ESTIMATION OF FOOD INSECURITY AND UNDERNUTRITION IN NEPAL GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL National Planning Commission Secretariat Central Bureau of Statistics Acknowledgements The completion of both this and the earlier feasibility report follows extensive consultation with the National Planning Commission, Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), World Food Programme (WFP), UNICEF, World Bank, and New ERA, together with members of the Statistics and Evidence for Policy, Planning and Results (SEPPR) working group from the International Development Partners Group (IDPG) and made up of people from Asian Development Bank (ADB), Department for International Development (DFID), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), UNICEF and United States Agency for International Development (USAID), WFP, and the World Bank. WFP, UNICEF and the World Bank commissioned this research. The statistical analysis has been undertaken by Professor Stephen Haslett, Systemetrics Research Associates and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand and Associate Prof Geoffrey Jones, Dr. Maris Isidro and Alison Sefton of the Institute of Fundamental Sciences - Statistics, Massey University, New Zealand. We gratefully acknowledge the considerable assistance provided at all stages by the Central Bureau of Statistics. Special thanks to Bikash Bista, Rudra Suwal, Dilli Raj Joshi, Devendra Karanjit, Bed Dhakal, Lok Khatri and Pushpa Raj Paudel. See Appendix E for the full list of people consulted. First published: December 2014 Design and processed by: Print Communication, 4241355 ISBN: 978-9937-3000-976 Suggested citation: Haslett, S., Jones, G., Isidro, M., and Sefton, A. (2014) Small Area Estimation of Food Insecurity and Undernutrition in Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics, National Planning Commissions Secretariat, World Food Programme, UNICEF and World Bank, Kathmandu, Nepal, December 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • A Qualitative Study from the Jhaukhel-Duwakot Health
    University of Southern Denmark Adolescents' knowledge and opinions about smoking a qualitative study from the Jhaukhel-Duwakot Health Demographic Surveillance Site, Bhaktapur District, Nepal Povlsen, Lene; Aryal, Umesh Raj; Petzold, Max; Krettek, Alexandra Published in: International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2015-0124 Publication date: 2018 Document version: Final published version Citation for pulished version (APA): Povlsen, L., Aryal, U. R., Petzold, M., & Krettek, A. (2018). Adolescents' knowledge and opinions about smoking: a qualitative study from the Jhaukhel-Duwakot Health Demographic Surveillance Site, Bhaktapur District, Nepal. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 30(1), [20150124]. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2015- 0124 Go to publication entry in University of Southern Denmark's Research Portal Terms of use This work is brought to you by the University of Southern Denmark. Unless otherwise specified it has been shared according to the terms for self-archiving. If no other license is stated, these terms apply: • You may download this work for personal use only. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying this open access version If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details and we will investigate your claim. Please direct all enquiries to [email protected] Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 Int J Adolesc Med Health 2018; 30(1): 20150124 Lene Povlsena,*, Umesh Raj Aryala, Max Petzold and Alexandra Krettek Adolescents’ knowledge and opinions about smoking: a qualitative study from the Jhaukhel- Duwakot Health Demographic Surveillance Site, Bhaktapur District, Nepal DOI 10.1515/ijamh-2015-0124 related to passive smoking.
    [Show full text]
  • Pagina 1 Di 3 25/09/2013
    Pagina 1 di 3 Print Highly pathogenic avian influenza, Nepal Close Information received on 21/09/2013 from Dr Nar Bahadur Rajwar, Director General, Department of Livestock Services, Department of Livestock Services, Lalitpur, Nepal Summary Report type Follow-up report No. 12 Date of start of the event 27/08/2012 Date of pre-confirmation of the 03/09/2012 event Report date 21/09/2013 Date submitted to OIE 21/09/2013 Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease Date of previous occurrence 30/03/2012 Manifestation of disease Clinical disease Causal agent Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus Serotype H5N1 Nature of diagnosis Clinical, Laboratory (basic), Laboratory (advanced), Necropsy This event pertains to the whole country Immediate notification (14/10/2012) Follow-up report No. 1 (02/11/2012) Follow-up report No. 2 (24/12/2012) Follow-up report No. 3 (06/01/2013) Follow-up report No. 4 (18/01/2013) Follow-up report No. 5 (21/01/2013) Related reports Follow-up report No. 6 (15/02/2013) Follow-up report No. 7 (11/04/2013) Follow-up report No. 8 (26/05/2013) Follow-up report No. 9 (30/06/2013) Follow-up report No. 10 (09/09/2013) Follow-up report No. 11 (11/09/2013) Follow-up report No. 12 (21/09/2013) New outbreaks (43) Outbreak cluster 1 Bhaktapur Municipality and adjoining villages, BNP/Villages, Bhaktapur, BAGMATI (34 outbreaks) Date of start of the 26/07/2013 outbreak Outbreak status Resolved (17/08/2013) Epidemiological Farm unit Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Affected animals Birds 266959 44493 44493 222466 0 Commercial broiler/layer and broiler parent stock raised in deep litter system within Bhaktapur Municipality Ward No.
    [Show full text]
  • 95 Status of Brucellosis in Dairy Cattle of Kapilvastu
    Nepalese Vet J. 34: 95-100 STATUS OF BRUCELLOSIS IN DAIRY CATTLE OF KAPILVASTU AND BHAKTAPUR DISTRICTS OF NEPAL B. Ghimire1, S. Thapa Chhetri2 and D. R. Khanal3* 1Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture Bioresources (ANSAB), Kathmandu 2Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan 3Animal Health Research Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Lalitpur (*email: [email protected]) ABSTRACT Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes abortion in dairy cattle. To find out its status, serological tests were conducted, during June-July 2013, in 48 sera samples from dairy cattle (23 from Kapilvastu and 25 from Bhaktapur districts) having the recent history of abortion. Out of 48 samples 6 (12.5%) were positive on Rose Bengal Plate Test. Among 6 positive samples, 2 (8.69%) were from Kapilvastu and 4 (16%) from Bhakhtapur. Considering the positive cases of brucellosis in the dairy pocket areas and its threat of transmission to other animals and human, a suitable preventive and control measures including the regular test and segregation of sero-positive animals, effective quarantine, legislative measures and awareness programs for farmers, veterinarian, technicians and stakeholders are recommended. Keywords: abortion, brucella, cattle, rose bengal plate test, zoonosis INTRODUCTION Brucellosis is one of the most widespread bacterial zoonotic diseases of cattle, buffalo, swine, goats, sheep, dogs and human, resulting into tremendous economic losses in endemic regions. In human, it causes Malta or Mediterranean fever (Godfroid et al., 2005). It is caused by gram- negative coccobacilli of the genus Brucella that contains a group of very closely related bacteria. The first member of the group, Brucella melitensis, affects primarily sheep and goats.
    [Show full text]
  • NEPAL: Bhaktapur - Operational Presence Map (Completed and Ongoing) [As of 30 Sep 2015]
    NEPAL: Bhaktapur - Operational Presence Map (completed and ongoing) [as of 30 Sep 2015] 92 Partners in Bhaktapur Changunarayan Nagarkot 1-10 11-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 Chhaling Bageshwari Duwakot Jhaukhel Health 33 Sudal Madhyapur Thimi Municipality Protection Bhaktapur Municipality 28 Tathali Shelter and NFI 23 Balkot Katunje WASH 21 Sirutar Chitapol Sipadol Food Security 9 Dadhikot Nangkhel Gundu Education 6 Early Recovery 1 IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS BY CLUSTER Early Recovery Education Food Security 1 partner 6 partners 9 partners Nb of Nb of Nb of organisations organisations organisations 1 >=5 1 >=5 1 >=5 Health Protection Shelter and NFI 33 partners 28 partners 23 partners Nb of Nb of Nb of organisations organisations organisations 1 >=5 1 >=5 1 >=5 WASH 21 partners Want to find out the latest 3W products and other info on Nepal Earthquake response? visit the Humanitarian Response website at http:www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/op erations/nepal Nb of organisations Note: send feedback to Implementing partner represent the organization on the ground, in the affected district doing operational work, such as [email protected] 1 >=5 distributing food, tents, water purification kits, etc. Creation date: 13 Oct 2015 Glide number: EQ-2015-000048-NPL Sources: Cluster reporting The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the U nited Nations. Bhaktapur District Include all activity typesTRUE in this report?Showing organizations for all activity types Showing
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Original Article Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 3, No. 4, Issue 10, Oct.-Dec., 2014 Knowledge, prevalence and treatment practices of uterine prolapse among women of reproductive age in the Jhaukhel- Duwakot Health Demographic Surveillance Site, Bhaktapur, Nepal Shrestha B1, Onta S2, Choulagai B3, Shrestha KB4, Petzold M5, Krettek A6 1Binjwala Shrestha, Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; 2Sharad Onta, Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; 3Bishnu Choulagai, Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; 4Khadga B Shrestha, Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; 5Max Petzold, Health Metrics at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; 6Alexandra Krettek, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Biomedicine and Public Health Department, School of Health and Education, University of Skövde, Sweden; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway. Abstract Background: Uterine prolapse (UP) is a main contributor to reproductive health problems that infl uence women’s quality of life. In Nepal, the UP prevalence ranges from 7-27%. Women experience various diffi culties and symptoms due to UP, which are determined by the type as well as thestage of UP.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Sensitive Land Use Plan of Changunarayan Municipality
    Risk Sensitive Land Use Plan of Changunarayan Municipality चााँगुनारायण नगरपालिकाको िागी जोखिम संवेदनशीि भू-उपयोग योजना December 2018 Prepared for Implemented by Changunarayan Municipality Office DanChurchAid Kharipati, Bhaktapur Jhamsikhel, Lalitpur NEPAL NEPAL In partnership with Imadole Mahalaxmi Municipality, Ward 9 Lalitpur NEPAL Prepared by Genesis Consultancy (P) Ltd. Sai Marg, Shree Mahal, Pulchowk-3 Lalitpur NEPAL Risk Sensitive Land Use Plan (RSLUP) of Changunarayan Municipality Acknowledgement <to be inserted > चााँगुनारायण नगरपालिकाको िागी जोखिम संवेदनशीि भू-उपयोग योजना December 2018 This report entitled “Risk Sensitive Land Use Plan of Changunarayan Municipality” is an outcome of the study “Prepare Integrated Risk Sensitive Land Use Plan (RSLUP) and GIS based Evacuation Route Modelling for Changunarayan Municipality” undertaken for Changunarayan Municipality by DanChurchAid (DCA) and implementing partner Friends Service Council Nepal (FSCN) with technical support by GENESIS Consultancy (P) Ltd. The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed herein are those of the consultant/author(s) and do not reflect those of Changunarayan Municipality nor DCA or FSCN. Data Sources and Credits GIS datasets and their associated attributes used in the study are developed by GENESIS Consultancy (P) Ltd. for the study. Building footprints, road network and land use data were extracted from Pleiades 0.5m MSS satellite imagery dated 3 January 2018. Geological and geotechnical investigation was undertaken during October-November 2018, community level data were collected from ward level consultative meetings during November 2018 for the study. Sources of other data and maps are cited in the report.
    [Show full text]
  • 43524-014: Kathmandu Valley Wastewater Management Project
    Resettlement Plan Document Stage: Updated Project Number: 43524-014 April 2020 NEP: Kathmandu Valley Wastewater Management Project – Interceptor along Khasyang Khusung River (IS-03) Prepared by the Ministry of Water Supply, Government of Nepal for the Asian Development Bank. This resettlement Plan is document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff and May be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory of geographic area in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 31 March 2019) Currency unit- Nepalese rupees (NRs/NRe) NRs 1.00= $0.0090 $1.00= NRs 110.35 ABBREVIATIONS ADB - Asian Development Bank CASSC - Community Awareness Safeguard Support Consultant CDC - Compensation determination Committee CDO - Chief District Officer DAO - District Administration Office DSC - Design and Supervision Consultant EMP - Environmental management plan GoN - Government of Nepal GRC - grievance redress committee GRM - grievance redress mechanism HHs - households HPCIDBC - High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of the Bagmati Civilization INGO - International nongovernment organization KUKL - Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited KVWSMB - Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board MoUD - Ministry of Urban Development MWSP - Melamchi Water Supply Project NFDIN - National Federation of Disadvantaged and Indigenous Nationalities NGO - Nongovernment organization NLSS - Nepal Living Standard Survey NPC - National Planning Commission of Nepal NRS - Nepalese rupees PID - Project Implementation Directorate SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 WWTP - Wastewater Treatment Plant WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ha.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Changes in Land Use/Land Cover and Land Surface Temperatures and Their Impact on Surface Urban Heat Island Phenomena in the Kathmandu Valley (1988–2018)
    International Journal of Geo-Information Article Assessment of Changes in Land Use/Land Cover and Land Surface Temperatures and Their Impact on Surface Urban Heat Island Phenomena in the Kathmandu Valley (1988–2018) Md. Omar Sarif 1 , Bhagawat Rimal 2,3,* and Nigel E. Stork 4 1 Geographic Information System (GIS) Cell, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, India; [email protected] or [email protected] 2 College of Applied Sciences (CAS)-Nepal, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal; [email protected] 3 The State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 4 Environmental Future Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170, Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; nigel.stork@griffith.edu.au * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 October 2020; Accepted: 23 November 2020; Published: 6 December 2020 Abstract: More than half of the world’s populations now live in rapidly expanding urban and its surrounding areas. The consequences for Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) dynamics and Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) phenomena are poorly understood for many new cities. We explore this issue and their inter-relationship in the Kathmandu Valley, an area of roughly 694 km2, at decadal intervals using April (summer) Landsat images of 1988, 1998, 2008, and 2018. LULC assessment was made using the Support Vector Machine algorithm. In the Kathmandu Valley, most land is either natural vegetation or agricultural land but in the study period there was a rapid expansion of impervious surfaces in urban areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Initiative on Out-Of-School Children
    ALL CHILDREN IN SCHOOL Global Initiative on Out-of-School Children NEPAL COUNTRY STUDY JULY 2016 Government of Nepal Ministry of Education, Singh Darbar Kathmandu, Nepal Telephone: +977 1 4200381 www.moe.gov.np United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Institute for Statistics P.O. Box 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada Telephone: +1 514 343 6880 Email: [email protected] www.uis.unesco.org United Nations Children´s Fund Nepal Country Office United Nations House Harihar Bhawan, Pulchowk Lalitpur, Nepal Telephone: +977 1 5523200 www.unicef.org.np All rights reserved © United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) 2016 Cover photo: © UNICEF Nepal/2016/ NShrestha Suggested citation: Ministry of Education, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Global Initiative on Out of School Children – Nepal Country Study, July 2016, UNICEF, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2016. ALL CHILDREN IN SCHOOL Global Initiative on Out-of-School Children © UNICEF Nepal/2016/NShrestha NEPAL COUNTRY STUDY JULY 2016 Tel.: Government of Nepal MINISTRY OF EDUCATION Singha Durbar Ref. No.: Kathmandu, Nepal Foreword Nepal has made significant progress in achieving good results in school enrolment by having more children in school over the past decade, in spite of the unstable situation in the country. However, there are still many challenges related to equity when the net enrolment data are disaggregated at the district and school level, which are crucial and cannot be generalized. As per Flash Monitoring Report 2014- 15, the net enrolment rate for girls is high in primary school at 93.6%, it is 59.5% in lower secondary school, 42.5% in secondary school and only 8.1% in higher secondary school, which show that fewer girls complete the full cycle of education.
    [Show full text]
  • Monthly District Report
    District Report Housing Recovery and Reconstruction Platform, Nepal Housing Recovery and Reconstruction Platform Monthly District Report Lalitpur, Bhaktapur 14 June - 14 July 2019 Summary of events during this period Districts Name of activity/event Event Location (District, Contact Person Reference date Municipality) Document Lalitpur General Coordination meeting with 2nd July DLPIU GMALI Mr. Yamnath Giri Meeting minute POs were conducted by DLPIU GMALI 2019 Lalitpur, Manbhawan M & E Specialist Lalitpur office. The meeting was DLPIU NRA GMALI Lalitpur attended by Mr. Pitamber Ghimire, Manbhawan Joint Secretary NGOs Coordination [email protected] Section, NRA and by Dr. Chandra Bdr Contact: 9851239785 Shrestha, Member of Executive Committee of NRA along with representatives from DLPIUs (Building, GMALI and Education) of Lalitpur. The meeting was attended by representatives of 12 POs that were engaged in reconstruction works in Lalitpur district in past as well as in present times. The key agenda of this meeting was to discuss on regularizing the POs works with NRA, to take updates of POs work and the challenges of reconstruction. HRRP Lalitpur Cluster have 26 June Ward no 13 Ms. Ambika Amatya Field visit section coordinated focused group 2019 Jharuwarashi, District Coordinator discussion activity for two Godawari HRRP Lalitpur and Myagdi researchers from Notredam Municipality Cluster University, USA [email protected] Contact: 9841356409 Tranche status of Lalitpur updated to 1 July Sachin Malego GD sheet in Palika Profile 2019 IM Officer, HRRP Support for preparation of Tranche Map in 18 June Sachin Malego one sheet and Meeting with M&E 2019 IM Officer, HRRP Specialist, EHRP/DLPIU GMALI Lalitpur Support to National HRRP for design and Ongoing Sachin Malego, publication of Experiences booklet IM Officer, HRRP Bhaktapur The general ward-level coordination 19 June Ward no 3, Er.
    [Show full text]