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Hyblaea Puera

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Hyblaea Puera Forest protection in Asia and Pacific F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Introduction • Forest lands across Asia cover an area of over 500 million hectares • In particular, the tropical forests of the region are vital carbon stores, reservoirs of biodiversity, homes to millions of ethnically rich people and sources of medicinal plants, food and both timber and non-timber forest products F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos • considerably more pests (77 %) were reported in planted forests • the world’s highest plantation rates are found in Asia (China is one of the top ten countries for productive forest plantations F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Forest Protection • The Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network (APFISN) • Several mechanisms are in place to facilitate information exchange including a network Web site, newsletters and a regional forest invasive species list server. • The Chinese Academy of Sciences has also begun work on developing a forest invasive species database which will provide a system for collating, storing and readily accessing information gathered by the network. • The Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission (APPPC) administers an intergovernmental treaty, the Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Region, and is an RPPO under the IPPC (24 countries). F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Main forest pests and diseases F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Teak defoliator – Hyblaea puera • main pest of teak plantations • adult moths are comparatively small, with a wingspan of 3–4 cm, and have a characteristic resting posture that conceals the black and orange-yellow hindwings under the greyish-brown forewings. • 1 mm long eggs are laid on tender new leaves, placed singly near the veins, and usually on the, about 500 eggs are laid per female with a recorded maximum of 1000 undersurface F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Teak defoliator – Hyblaea puera • There are five larval instars. The first and second instars mainly feed on the leaf surface. Starting with the third instar, the larva cuts out a leaf flap, usually at the edge of the leaf, folds it over, fastens it with silk, and feeds from within. • The mature larvae descend to the ground on silken threads and pupate under a thin layer of leaf litter or soil F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Teak defoliator – Hyblaea puera • Symptoms: partially eaten leaves, total defoliation and the ground is littered with fallen leaf skeletons • Biological control: There is known a great number of parasitoids of teak defoliator. The predatory wasps, spiders and birds help to control their numbers too. And there are few pathogens causing mortality of them. F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos HpNPV virus • An absolutely specific virus with refractile polyhedral inclusion bodies, named as Hyblaea puera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HpNPV) is found to be very effective in the biological control of this pest. • The NPVs come under the family of baculoviridae and its virions are enveloped rod shaped nucleocapsids containing circular, supercoiled, double stranded DNA. F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Siberian silk moth – Dendrolimus sibiricus • Destructive pest of conifers in naturally regenerated and planted forests • Host trees: Larix, Pinus Abies, Picea and Tsuga • Adult Siberian moths are yellowish-brown or light grey to dark brown or almost black. The forewings are marked by two characteristic dark stripes and a white spot in the centre. • Females are approximately 40 mm long with a wing span of 60 to 80 mm while males are approximately 30 mm long with a 40 to 60 mm wing span • Larvae are mainly black or dark brown with numerous spots and long hairs. F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Siberian silk moth – Dendrolimus sibiricus • Spring flight usually occurs in mid-July • Females lay eggs on the needles primarily in the lower part of the crown • Each female lays an average of 200 to 300 eggs, with a maximum of 800 • There are 6 to 8 larval instars. • They overwinter in soil in larvae stadium twice • Larvae finish maturation feeding by late June or early July and pupate in the crowns of trees where they form silken cocoons intertwined with foliage and branches. • The full life cycle usually takes two years. F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Siberian silk moth – Dendrolimus sibiricus • Outbreaks of this moth are cyclic, occurring every 8 to 11 years following a few years of water shortage and last for 2 to 3 years. • caterpillars have stinging hairs that can cause significant allergic reactions • Control measures: aerial application of chemical and bacterial insecticides, using pheromone traps and applying appropriate control measures F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Siberian silk moth – Dendrolimus sibiricus • Natural enemies of the Siberian caterpillar, including several parasitoids and pathogens, play an important role in the regulation of population density. • Examples include the egg parasitoids Telenomus gracilis, T. tetratomus, and Trichogramma dendrolimi; the larval and pupal parasitoids Ooencyrtus pinicolus and Rhogas dendrolimi; the bacteria Bacillus dendrolimus and B. thuringiensis; the fungus Beauveria bassiana; and some viruses F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Asian gypsy moth – Lymantria dispar • On both broadleaf and conifer trees in naturally regenerated forests in China and Mongolia; Mongolia also reported the pest in planted forests of both host types. • Host trees: many broadleaf and conifer trees, including Betula, Larix, Populus, Pinus, Quercus, Salix, and Ulmus species • Video F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Beehole borer – Xyleutes ceramica • Major pest moth of teak, mostly occuring at the plantations • Larvae are burrowing a long tunnel in the tree trunk called „beehole“, that leads to dieback • Control methods: Since females lay their eggs mostly beneath the scales of bark, it is necessary to reduce such oviposition sites in trees. Conservation of the natural enemies, especially ants, is also important F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Coffee carpenter– Zeuzera coffeae • Moth that is problematic pest at wide rage of host trees: coffee, tea, cotton, coca and teak • Their larvae bore into the stems or branches of the host plant • It is a white moth with small black spots • Larva and pupa are reddish brown in color. F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Coffee carpenter– Zeuzera coffeae • After larval attack, the crops can show many symptoms: branches and twigs wilt quickly then break off from plant. Holes are frequently visible from which the frass is exuded. Stems show dieback due to internal feeding and finally wilt, then the plant quickly dieback occurs. F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Coffee carpenter– Zeuzera coffeae • Control methods: adults and larva can hand picked and removed, immediately infestation is spotted; Planting barrier crops such as taro or sweet potato is used in many countries • In biological control, many parasitoids and predators are used. To control larva, Bracon zeuzerae, larva of Eulophonotus myrmeleon, and Pantorhytes species are used. Woodpeckers are also effective. Pantorhytes F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Poplar clearwing borer – Paranthrene tabaniformis • Breeding sources have to be carefully checked as moths are not easily visible • Open galls or swellings appear on poplar stems • Larvae have short legs and may be white yellowish in colour • Eggs are laid in crevices and wounds, and larvae destroy first the cambial tissue around the entrance, causing swellings and necrotic change of stems • Later, the larvae tunnel 6-8cm long into the core of the stem • Pupal case is outside the exit hole in July. F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Poplar clearwing borer – Paranthrene tabaniformis • Noxious in forest nurseries and young poplar plantations • The damage is stem breaking, but mainly on younger plants. • Heavy attacks in nurseries can cause the loss of growing stock and possible risk of the spread of the pest into new plantations where the stem breaking continues • Control and monitoring are necessary in the nursery when 5% of the stock is infested. • For control mainly pheromones are used F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Poplar clearwing borer – Paranthrene tabaniformis F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Rubber termite– Coptotermes curvignathus • The pest often causing death of rubber trees in plantations • Eggs are small, round and white and the nymphs are also white • It is a social insect, living in colonies founded by an adult male (king) and female (queen) • The workers are differentiated from the soldier caste in having paler head capsules and abdomens that are not as white. • The soldiers have yellow head capsules, the mandibles of the soldier are also very strongly in-curved F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Rubber termite– Coptotermes curvignathus • W – workers • N – nymphs • S - soldiers F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Rubber termite– Coptotermes curvignathus • Often, large- to medium-sized trees are attacked, but plants with small wood stems are also attacked in plantations • Host trees: Pinus spp., Araucaria spp.
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