Restoration of Tropical Peatlands
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RESTORATION OF TROPICAL PEATLANDS Recommended form of citation Wösten, J.H.M., Rieley, J.O. and Page, S.E. (2008) Restoration of tropical peatlands. Alterra - Wageningen University and Research Centre, and the EU INCO – RESTORPEAT Partnership. 252 pp. ISBN: 978-90-327-0361-5. © 2008 ALTERRA P.O. Box 47; 6700 AA Wageningen; The Netherlands Phone: +31 317 474700; fax: +31 317 419000; e-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or published in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system without the written permission of ALTERRA. ALTERRA and the EU INCO RESTORPEAT Partnerships assume no liability for any losses resulting from the use of the research results or recommendations in this report. The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the publishers, the editors, or any other contributors concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the publishers, the editors, or other participants or the organisations to which they belong. Acknowledgements The publication of this document has been made possible by the contributions of the editors, members of the EU INCO RESTORPEAT partnerships and others. Original data quoted in this publication have been obtained by the financial support of the EU RESTORPEAT research grant. EU contract number: INCO-CT2004-510931. Printed by ALTERRA, Wageningen, the Netherlands. ii CONTENTS Foreword Wösten, J.H.M. Restoration of tropical peatlands: efforts undertaken by the EU funded RESTORPEAT project…………………………………………………………...….9 Preface Page, S.E. and Rieley, J.O. Overview of the need for restoration and rehabilitation of tropical peatland and review of the contents of this book……………………………………………...….13 Introduction Rieley, J.O., Notohadiprawiro, T., Setiadi, B. and Limin, S.H. Restoration of tropical peatland in Indonesia: why, where and how?..................20 Restoration of Ecological and Natural Resource Functions Page, S.E. and Waldes, N. Unlocking the natural resourse functions of tropical peatlands: understanding the nature and diversity of peat swamp forest vegetation as a foundation for vegetation restoration studies……………………………………………..………..30 Tawan, C.S., Ipor, I.B. and Wan Sulaiman, W.H. Flora diversity of the peat swamp forest of Sarawak……………………..………39 D’Arcy, L.J. and Graham, L.L.B. The potential effects of naturally low rates of secondary seed dispersal, coupled with a reduction in densities of primary seed dispersers on forest tree species diversity in regenerating peat swamp forest……………………………………....45 Graham, L.L.B., D’Arcy, L., Page, S.E., Eser, E. and Limin, S.H. Understanding the growth strategies of tropical peat swmp forest tree species: establishing potential restoration tools………………………………………….....56 Page, S.E., Graham, L., Hoscilo, A. and Limin, S.H. Vegetation restoration on degraded tropical peatlands: opportunities and barriers………………………………………………………………………………64 Husson, S., Morrogh-Bernard, H., D’Arcy, L., Cheyne, S.M., Harrison, M.E. and Dragiewicz, M. The importance of ecological monitoring for habitat management – a case study in the Sabangau forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia…………………………69 iii Restoration of the Hydrological Integrity and its Impact on Carbon Fluxes Ritzema. H.P. The role of drainage in the wise use of tropical peatlands…………………..……78 Ritzema, H.P. and Jansen, H. Assessing the water balance of tropical peatlands by using the inverse groundwater modelling approach……………………………………………….....88 Wösten, J.H.M., Clymans, E., Page, S.E., Rieley, J.O. and Limin, S.H. Peat-water interrelationships in a tropical peatland ecosystem in Southeast Asia……………………………………………………………………………...…...95 Wösten, J.H.M. and Ritzema, H.P. Water management for multiple wise use of tropical peatlands……………..…101 Jauhiainen, J., Silvennoinen, H., Limin, S.H. and Vasander, H. Carbon flux controls and land use change in tropical peatland……………......106 Jauhiainen, J., Silvennoinen, H., Limin, S.H. and Vasander, H. Effect of hydrological restoration on degraded tropical peat carbon fluxes…..111 Limin, S.H., Yunsiska, E., Kitso, K. and Alim, S. Restoration of hydrological status as the key to rehabilitation of damaged peatland in Central Kalimantan…………………………………………….……118 Dohong, A. and Lilia Hydrology restoration of Ex Mega Rice Project Central Kalimantan through canal blocking techniques: lessons learned and steps forward……………...….125 Sulistiyanto, Y., Vasander, H., Jauhiainen, J., Rieley, J.O. and Limin, S.H. Nutrient content of rainfall, water in canal and water at different depths in peatland in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia………………………………...……131 Fire and Land Use Change Aspects of Restoration Hoscilo, A., Page, S.E. and Tansey, K. The role of fire in the degradation of tropical peatlands: a case study from Central Kalimantan……………………………...………………..………...…….139 Jaenicke, J. and Siegert, F. Monitoring restoration measures in tropical peatlands using radar satellite imagery………………………………………………..…………………...……….143 Hoscilo, A., Page, S.E. and Tansey, K. Development of post-fire vegetation in the tropical ecosystem of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia………………………………………...……………..……148 iv Turjaman, M., Saito, H., Santoso, E., Susanto, A., Gaman, S., Limin, S.H., Shibuya, M., Takahashi, K., Tamai, Y., Osaki, M. and Tawaraya, K. Effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculated on Shorea balangeran under field conditions in peat-swamp forests……………………………………...………….154 Mohd Norowi, H., Ismail, A.B., Jaya, J. and Zukifli, I. Spatio-temporal development of selected arthropod families on developing peatland ecosystem: their value as an agri-environment indicator…………….160 Ismail, A.B., Zulkefli, M., Salma, I., Jamaludin, J. and Mohamad Hanif, M.J. Selection of crop type and land clearing techniques as preliminary steps in restoring carbon reserve in tropical peatland under agriculture………………165 Barry Clough, Vo Thi Guong, Vo Quang Minh, Nguyen My Hoa, Nguyen Vo Chau Ngan. Peatland characterization and restoration in Vo Doi national park, the Mekong Delta, Vietnam…………………………….……………………………………….170 Limin, S.H., Saman, T.N. and Alim, S. Giving full responsibility for local community as one way of fire management in Central Kalimantan: the TSA concept……………………..…….………………183 Socio-economic and Governmental Aspects of Restoration Setiadi, B. Indonesian government approach tp peatland restoration………………….….193 Limin, S.H., Yuprin, A.D., Tampung, N. Saman, Yunsiska, E. The key to successful management of peatland in Central Kalimantan is correct government policy………………………………………………………..………..200 Jewitt, S. Restoration, rehabilitation and sustainable livelihoods: the importance of alternative income generating strategies for tropical peatland-dependent communities……………………………………………………………...………...210 Sjarkowi, F. Socio-economic linkages of rural poverty and forest fire phenomena in a development scenario of peatland rehabilitation and agribusiness revitilisation in Central Kalimantan………………………………………….……………………216 Limin, S.H, Rieley, J.O., Ritzema, H.P. and Vasander, H. Some requirements for restoration of peatland in the former Mega Rice Project in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia: blocking channels, increasing livelihoods and controlling fires……………………………………………………..…………...…223 Schumann, M. and Joosten, H. Towards a global exchange of peatland restoration information with special attention to the Ruoergai Plateau (China)………………………………….……230 v Symposium Statements on Restoration and Wise Use of Tropical Peatland Palangka Raya (2005) statement on “Restoration and Wise Use of Tropical Peatlands: Problems of Biodiversity, Fire, Poverty and Water”……...………..238 Yogyakarta (2007) statement on “Carbon - Climate - Human Interactions - Carbon Pools, Fire, Mitigation, Restoration and Wise Use”……………………245 vi Foreword vii RESTORATION OF TROPICAL PEATLANDS: EFFORTS UNDERTAKEN BY THE EU FUNDED RESTORPEAT PROJECT Henk Wösten Alterra – Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands, tel: +31 317 486478, email: [email protected] BACKGROUND Tropical peatland, which is one of the least known ecosystems of the world, covers approximately 45 Mha, or 12%, of the global peatland resource by area1. Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam contain nearly 70%. Indonesia, with 22 Mha contains about one half of the total area of peat in the tropical zone. Natural peat swamps in SE Asia have been recognized as important reservoirs of biodiversity and stratigraphical information and exhibit a range of important ecological and natural resource functions. In particular they contain a large number of endemic tree species many of which are of significant commercial value. Peat swamp forests are the last refuges for several rare and endangered animals, including orang-utan, while streams and rivers draining from peatlands are important fish habitats. In their natural state tropical peatlands are carbon sinks and stores, but drainage and forest clearance rapidly converts them to carbon sources. Continuing population growth, deterioration of existing land, especially owing to erosion and increasing competition for land from industry and urbanization, are exerting continuous pressure for peatland development. TOPICS The EU funded project on the restoration of tropical peatlands (RESTORPEAT)