Unraveling the Population History of the Xiongnu to Explain Molecular and Archaeological Models of Prehistoric Mongolia
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An Overview of Hakka Migration History: Where Are You From?
客家 My China Roots & CBA Jamaica An overview of Hakka Migration History: Where are you from? July, 2016 www.mychinaroots.com & www.cbajamaica.com 15 © My China Roots An Overview of Hakka Migration History: Where Are You From? Table of Contents Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 3 Five Key Hakka Migration Waves............................................................................................. 3 Mapping the Waves ....................................................................................................................... 3 First Wave: 4th Century, “the Five Barbarians,” Jin Dynasty......................................................... 4 Second Wave: 10th Century, Fall of the Tang Dynasty ................................................................. 6 Third Wave: Late 12th & 13th Century, Fall Northern & Southern Song Dynasties ....................... 7 Fourth Wave: 2nd Half 17th Century, Ming-Qing Cataclysm .......................................................... 8 Fifth Wave: 19th – Early 20th Century ............................................................................................. 9 Case Study: Hakka Migration to Jamaica ............................................................................ 11 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 11 Context for Early Migration: The Coolie Trade........................................................................... -
Steppe Nomads in the Eurasian Trade1
Volumen 51, N° 1, 2019. Páginas 85-93 Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena STEPPE NOMADS IN THE EURASIAN TRADE1 NÓMADAS DE LA ESTEPA EN EL COMERCIO EURASIÁTICO Anatoly M. Khazanov2 The nomads of the Eurasian steppes, semi-deserts, and deserts played an important and multifarious role in regional, interregional transit, and long-distance trade across Eurasia. In ancient and medieval times their role far exceeded their number and economic potential. The specialized and non-autarchic character of their economy, provoked that the nomads always experienced a need for external agricultural and handicraft products. Besides, successful nomadic states and polities created demand for the international trade in high value foreign goods, and even provided supplies, especially silk, for this trade. Because of undeveloped social division of labor, however, there were no professional traders in any nomadic society. Thus, specialized foreign traders enjoyed a high prestige amongst them. It is, finally, argued that the real importance of the overland Silk Road, that currently has become a quite popular historical adventure, has been greatly exaggerated. Key words: Steppe nomads, Eurasian trade, the Silk Road, caravans. Los nómadas de las estepas, semidesiertos y desiertos euroasiáticos desempeñaron un papel importante y múltiple en el tránsito regional e interregional y en el comercio de larga distancia en Eurasia. En tiempos antiguos y medievales, su papel superó con creces su número de habitantes y su potencial económico. El carácter especializado y no autárquico de su economía provocó que los nómadas siempre experimentaran la necesidad de contar con productos externos agrícolas y artesanales. Además, exitosos Estados y comunidades nómadas crearon una demanda por el comercio internacional de bienes exóticos de alto valor, e incluso proporcionaron suministros, especialmente seda, para este comercio. -
1 Running Head: MONGOLIAN MORALITY in the EAST and THE
1 Running head: MONGOLIAN MORALITY IN THE EAST AND THE WEST Mongolian Morality in the East and the West: Do Moral Values Change Through Acculturation? Master`s thesis Bulgan Altangerel ANR: 663219 Supervisors: Fieke Wagemans, Michael Bender Tilburg University 8th July, 2016 MONGOLIAN MORALITY IN THE EAST AND THE WEST 2 The journey of writing this thesis hasn’t been easy but it brought me a lot of thought, new wisdom and at the same time left with many questions. I couldn’t have gone through this process without the help of many people. First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my sister Khulan Altangerel for her continuous support and confidence that she placed in me. I would like to thank my supervisors, Fieke Wagemans and Professor Michael Bender for all the advice and guidance that they gave me. My gratitude goes to Amantai Merkit, Khongorzul and Tunaljin Bat- erdene, who devoted their precious time to accurately translate the survey and supported the data collection. I am also grateful for the care and encouragement given by my family, Tsahimurtuu community and my friends. And lastly, I would like to thank all the people who participated in this study. MONGOLIAN MORALITY IN THE EAST AND THE WEST 3 Abstract Researchers have invested much effort in understanding the development of moral mind within the society one grows in. However, the dynamics of morals in response to environmental change in the case of immigration has received scarce attention in the literature. The present study aims to contribute in understanding to what extent moral standards acquired in the home culture gets modified as a result of acculturation and if yes, which contextual factors can help explain this change. -
Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Relations of the Korean Peninsula with the Eurasian Steppe
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 301 May, 2020 Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Relations of the Korean Peninsula with the Eurasian Steppe by Kang, In Uk Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out for peer review, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. -
Chronology of Chinese History
Chronology of Chinese History I. Prehistory Neolithic Period ca. 8000-2000 BCE Xia (Hsia)? Trad. 2200-1766 BCE II. The Classical Age (Ancient China) Shang Dynasty ca. 1600-1045 BCE (Trad. 1766-1122 BCE) Zhou (Chou) Dynasty ca. 1045-256 BCE (Trad. 1122-256 BCE) Western Zhou (Chou) ca. 1045-771 BCE Eastern Zhou (Chou) 770-256 BCE Spring and Autumn Period 722-468 BCE (770-404 BCE) Warring States Period 403-221 BCE III. The Imperial Era (Imperial China) Qin (Ch’in) Dynasty 221-207 BCE Han Dynasty 202 BCE-220 CE Western (or Former) Han Dynasty 202 BCE-9 CE Xin (Hsin) Dynasty 9-23 Eastern (or Later) Han Dynasty 25-220 1st Period of Division 220-589 The Three Kingdoms 220-265 Shu 221-263 Wei 220-265 Wu 222-280 Jin (Chin) Dynasty 265-420 Western Jin (Chin) 265-317 Eastern Jin (Chin) 317-420 Southern Dynasties 420-589 Former (or Liu) Song (Sung) 420-479 Southern Qi (Ch’i) 479-502 Southern Liang 502-557 Southern Chen (Ch’en) 557-589 Northern Dynasties 317-589 Sixteen Kingdoms 317-386 NW Dynasties Former Liang 314-376, Chinese/Gansu Later Liang 386-403, Di/Gansu S. Liang 397-414, Xianbei/Gansu W. Liang 400-422, Chinese/Gansu N. Liang 398-439, Xiongnu?/Gansu North Central Dynasties Chang Han 304-347, Di/Hebei Former Zhao (Chao) 304-329, Xiongnu/Shanxi Later Zhao (Chao) 319-351, Jie/Hebei W. Qin (Ch’in) 365-431, Xianbei/Gansu & Shaanxi Former Qin (Ch’in) 349-394, Di/Shaanxi Later Qin (Ch’in) 384-417, Qiang/Shaanxi Xia (Hsia) 407-431, Xiongnu/Shaanxi Northeast Dynasties Former Yan (Yen) 333-370, Xianbei/Hebei Later Yan (Yen) 384-409, Xianbei/Hebei S. -
25878784.Pdf
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 124 International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2017) The Sprout of Foreign Contact Reflected in "The Secret History of Mongolia" The Contact with Other Tribes and Neighboring Countries Xuelian History and Culture College Chifeng University Inner Mongolia, China Abstract—In the Mongolian classical literature "the secret relevant Mongolian tribes foreign relations. In many history of Mongolia,", it can learn about the sprout of foreign historical books, the only book which was written in the relations in the original Mongolia tribes - and other tribes, the thinking of Mongolian language is "the secret history of contact between the neighboring countries was the main clue to Mongolia", which is not only describing the early Mongolian the diplomacy during this period. Among it, the people who prairie social life style of the heroic epic, but also we know have served as the bridge and bond between the tribes and the that the original data of the foreign relation activity in that countries was the "Elechi" envoy. time. If we trace the origin of the origin of foreign relations in Mongol-Yuan period, we must begin with the relevant Keywords—the history of Mongolia; foreign relations; Elechi records and narration in "the secret history of Mongolia". "The secret history of Mongolia" described the origin of the I. INTRODUCTION Mongols in detail, the story of Lord Genghis khan and Cuy Human beings are the social group, and their diplomatic kaan period, and the establishment of the Mongol khanate, activities have a long history. -
CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological Evidence Places Early Stone Age Human Habitation in the Southern
CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological evidence places early Stone Age human habitation in the southern Gobi between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago 1. While they were nomadic hunter-gatherers it is believed that they migrated to southern Asia, Australia, and America through Beringia 50,000 BP. This prehistoric migration played a major role in fundamental dispersion of world population. As human migration was an essential part of human evolution in prehistoric era the historical mass dispersions in Middle Age and Modern times brought a significant influence on political and socioeconomic progress throughout the world and the latter has been studied under the Theory of Diaspora. This article attempts to analyze Mongol Diaspora and its characteristics. The Middle Age-Mongol Diaspora started by the time of the Great Mongol Empire was expanding from present-day Poland in the west to Korea in the east and from Siberia in the north to the Gulf of Oman and Vietnam in the south. Mongols were scattered throughout the territory of the Great Empire, but the disproportionately small number of Mongol conquerors compared with the masses of subject peoples and the change in Mongol cultural patterns along with influence of foreign religions caused them to fell prey to alien cultures after the decline of the Empire. As a result, modern days Hazara communities in northeastern Afghanistan and a small group of Mohol/Mohgul in India, Daur, Dongxiang (Santa), Monguor or Chagaan Monggol, Yunnan Mongols, Sichuan Mongols, Sogwo Arig, Yugur and Bonan people in China are considered as descendants of Mongol soldiers, who obeyed their Khaan’s order to safeguard the conquered area and waited in exceptional loyalty. -
China's Place in Philology: an Attempt to Show That the Languages of Europe and Asia Have a Common Origin
CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT Of CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF IB76 1918 Cornell University Library P 201.E23 China's place in phiiologyian attempt toI iPii 3 1924 023 345 758 CHmi'S PLACE m PHILOLOGY. Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023345758 PLACE IN PHILOLOGY; AN ATTEMPT' TO SHOW THAT THE LANGUAGES OP EUROPE AND ASIA HAVE A COMMON OKIGIIS". BY JOSEPH EDKINS, B.A., of the London Missionary Society, Peking; Honorary Member of the Asiatic Societies of London and Shanghai, and of the Ethnological Society of France, LONDON: TRtJBNEE & CO., 8 aito 60, PATEENOSTER ROV. 1871. All rights reserved. ft WftSffVv PlOl "aitd the whole eaeth was op one langtta&e, and of ONE SPEECH."—Genesis xi. 1. "god hath made of one blood axl nations of men foe to dwell on all the face of the eaeth, and hath detee- MINED the ITMTIS BEFOEE APPOINTED, AND THE BOUNDS OP THEIS HABITATION." ^Acts Xvil. 26. *AW* & ju€V AiQionas fiereKlaOe tij\(J6* i6j/ras, AiOioiras, rol Si^^a SeSafarat effxarot av8p&Vf Ol fiiv ivffofievov Tireplovos, oi S' avdv-rof. Horn. Od. A. 22. TO THE DIRECTORS OF THE LONDON MISSIONAEY SOCIETY, IN EECOGNITION OP THE AID THEY HAVE RENDERED TO EELIGION AND USEFUL LEAENINO, BY THE RESEARCHES OP THEIR MISSIONARIES INTO THE LANGUAOES, PHILOSOPHY, CUSTOMS, AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, OP VARIOUS HEATHEN NATIONS, ESPECIALLY IN AFRICA, POLYNESIA, INDIA, AND CHINA, t THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. -
An Interdisciplinary Survey of South Siberia
Alexis Schrubbe REEES Upper Division Undergraduate Course Mock Syllabus Change and Continuity: An Interdisciplinary Survey of South Siberia This is a 15 week interdisciplinary course surveying the peoples of South-Central Siberia. The parameters of this course will be limited to a specific geographic area within a large region of the Russian Federation. This area is East of Novosibirsk but West of Ulan-Ude, North of the Mongolian Border (Northwest of the Altai Range) and South of the greater Lake-Baikal Region. This course will not cover the Far East nor the Polar North. This course will be a political, historical, religious, and anthropological exploration of the vast cultural landscape within the South-Central Siberian area. The course will have an introductory period consisting of a brief geographical overview, and an historical short-course. The short-course will cover Steppe history and periodized Russian history. The second section of the course will overview indigenous groups located within this region limited to the following groups: Tuvan, Buryat, Altai, Hakass/Khakass, Shor, Soyot. The third section will cover the first Russian explorers/fur trappers, the Cossacks, the Old Believers, the Decembrists, and waves of exiled people to the region. Lastly, the final section will discuss contemporary issues facing the area. The objective of the course is to provide a student with the ability to demonstrate an understanding of the complex chronology of human presence and effect in South-Central Siberia. The class will foster the ability to analyze, summarize, and identify waves of influence upon the area. The overarching goal of the course is to consider the themes of “change” versus “continuity” in regard to inhabitants of South Siberia. -
Land Use and Land Tenure in Mongolia: a Brief History and Current Issues Maria E
Land Use and Land Tenure in Mongolia: A Brief History and Current Issues Maria E. Fernandez-Gimenez Maria E. Fernandez-Gimenez is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Watershed Stewardship at Colorado State University. She received her PhD at the University of California, Berkeley in 1997 and has conducted research in Mongolia since 1993. Her current areas of research include pastoral development policy; community-based natural resource management; traditional and local ecological knowledge; and monitoring and adaptive management in rangeland ecosystems. strategies have not changed greatly; mobile and flexible grazing Abstract—This essay argues that an awareness of the historical relation- ships among land use, land tenure, and the political economy of Mongolia strategies adapted to cope with harsh and variable production is essential to understanding current pastoral land use patterns and policies conditions remain the cornerstone of Mongolian pastoralism. in Mongolia. Although pastoral land use patterns have altered over time in Similarly, although land tenure regimes have evolved towards response to the changing political economy, mobility and flexibility remain increasingly individuated tenure over pastoral resources, hallmarks of sustainable grazing in this harsh and variable climate, as do the communal use and management of pasturelands. Recent changes in Mongolia’s pasturelands continue to be held and managed as common political economy threaten the continued sustainability of Mongolian pastoral property resources in most locations, although these institutions systems due to increasing poverty and declining mobility among herders and have been greatly weakened in the past half century. The most the weakening of both formal and customary pasture management institu- recent changes in Mongolia’s political economy threaten the tions. -
Án Zimonyi, Medieval Nomads in Eastern Europe
As promised, after the appearance of Crusaders, in Slavic or Balkan languages, or Russian authors Missionaries and Eurasian Nomads in the 13th who confine themselves to bibliography in their 14th Centuries: A Century of Interaction, Hautala own mother tongue,” Hautala’s linguistic capabili did indeed publish an anthology of annotated ties enabled him to become conversant with the Russian translations of the Latin texts.10 In his in entire field of Mongol studies (14), for which all troduction, Spinei observes that “unlike WestEu specialists in the Mongols, and indeed all me ropean authors who often ignore works published dievalists, should be grateful. 10 Ot “Davida, tsaria Indii” do “nenavistnogo plebsa satany”: Charles J. Halperin antologiia rannikh latinskikh svedenii o tataromongolakh (Kazan’: Mardzhani institut AN RT, 2018). ——— István Zimonyi. Medieval Nomads in Eastern Part I, “Volga Bulgars,” the subject of Zimonyi’s Europe: Collected Studies. Ed. Victor Spinei. Englishlanguage monograph,1 contains eight arti Bucureşti: Editoru Academiei Romăne, Brăila: cles. In “The First Mongol Raids against the Volga Editura Istros a Muzueului Brăilei, 2014. 298 Bulgars” (1523), Zimonyi confirms the report of pp. Abbreviations. ibnAthir that the Mongols, after defeating the his anthology by the distinguished Hungarian Kipchaks and the Rus’ in 1223, were themselves de Tscholar of the University of Szeged István Zi feated by the Volga Bolgars, whose triumph lasted monyi contains twentyeight articles, twentyseven only until 1236, when the Mongols crushed Volga of them previously published between 1985 and Bolgar resistance. 2013. Seventeen are in English, six in Russian, four In “Volga Bulgars between Wind and Water (1220 in German, and one in French, demonstrating his 1236)” (2533), Zimonyi explores the preconquest adherence to his own maxim that without transla period of BulgarMongol relations further. -
Iron Age Nomads of Southern Siberia in Craniofacial Perspective
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE Vol. 122(3), 137–148, 2014 Iron Age nomads of southern Siberia in craniofacial perspective Ryan W. SCHMIDT1,2*, Andrej A. EVTEEV3 1University of Montana, Department of Anthropology, Missoula, MT 59812, USA 2Kitasato University, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan 3Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 125009, Mokhovaya St., 11, Russia Received 9 April 2014; accepted 24 July 2014 Abstract This study quantifies the population history of Iron Age nomads of southern Siberia by ana- lyzing craniofacial diversity among contemporaneous Bronze and Iron Age (7th–2nd centuries BC) groups and compares them to a larger geographic sample of modern Siberian and Central Asian popula- tions. In our analyses, we focus on peoples of the Tagar and Pazyryk cultures, and Iron Age peoples of the Tuva region. Twentysix cranial landmarks of the vault and facial skeleton were analyzed on a total of 461 ancient and modern individuals using geometric morphometric techniques. Male and female cra- nia were separated to assess potential sexbiased migration patterns. We explore southern Siberian pop- ulation history by including Turkicspeaking peoples, a Xiongnu Iron Age sample from Mongolia, and a Bronze Age sample from Xinjiang. Results show that male Pazyryk cluster closer to Iron Age Tuvans, while Pazyryk females are more isolated. Conversely, Tagar males seem more isolated, while Tagar fe- males cluster amongst an Early Iron Age southern Siberian sample. When additional modern Siberian samples are included, Tagar and Pazyryk males cluster more closely with each other than females, sug- gesting possible sexbiased migration amongst different Siberian groups.