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Prepared by Brent Baker Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission FINAL REPORT ON LINDERA MELISSIFOLIA (WALTER ) BLUME [P ONDBERRY ] SURVEY AND RESEARCH WORK IN ARKANSAS , 2016 Prepared by Brent Baker Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission Submitted to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service March 2017 Funding Provided by Grant AR-E-F16AP00069 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………….2 OBJECTIVE ……………………………………………………………………………....…………5 METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………………………..……..6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………………………6 FIGURES 1. Extant and historical Lindera melissifolia occurrences in Arkansas………….……………9 2. Excerpt of page from GLO survey notes with “spicewood” reference ……………...…...10 3. Photo of in situ Lindera melissifolia at Coffee Prairie on 6 August 2014…….………......11 4. Photo of Lindera melissifolia removal from Coffee Prairie on 14 November 2014...……12 5. Photo of ex situ Coffee Prairie Lindera melissifolia plant at Pine Ridge Gardens on 30 August 2015………………………...…………………………………………………......13 6. Sites monitored or surveyed for Lindera melissifolia in Arkansas in 2016.……………....14 7. Photo of ex situ Coffee Prairie Lindera melissifolia at Pine Ridge Gardens on 30 September 2016.……………………………………………………………………...…...15 8. Area of GLO survey notes reviewed in 2016, with potential Lindera melissifolia references indicated …...……………………………………………………………………………...16 TABLES 1. Positive-result sites surveyed for Lindera melissifolia in 2016………….……………..…17 2. Negative-result sites surveyed for Lindera melissifolia in 2016………….………………17 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………………..….18 APPENDIX A: Positive Results: Maps, Location Information, Descriptions, and Results/ Discussion for Monitored/Updated Sites of Lindera melissifolia in 2016.……...............19 APPENDIX B: Negative Results: Maps, Location Information, Descriptions, and Results/ Discussion for Unoccupied Sites Searched for Lindera melissifolia in 2016.…………...29 Cover Photo: Lindera melissifolia clone rescued from Coffee Prairie Natural Area in November 2014 growing ex situ at Pine Ridge Gardens, London, Arkansas, on 30 September 2016. Photo credit: Brent Baker. 1 FINAL REPORT ON LINDERA MELISSIFOLIA (WALTER ) BLUME [P ONDBERRY ] SURVEY AND RESEARCH WORK IN ARKANSAS , 2016 Prepared by Brent Baker ANHC Staff Botanist INTRODUCTION Lindera melissifolia (Walter) Blume [pondberry] is a dioecious, aromatic, clonal shrub in the laurel family (Lauraceae). It is listed as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under the federal Endangered Species Act (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service [USFWS] 1986, 1993) and has been given a global conservation status rank of G2G3 (vulnerable to imperiled) by NatureServe (2015). Lindera melissifolia is known to occur in seasonally flooded wetlands in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, and South Carolina, with historical populations reported from Florida and Louisiana (NatureServe 2015). It is tracked by the Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission as a state species of conservation concern and has been given a state conservation status rank of S2 (very rare) (Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission [ANHC] 2017). Prior to 1999, L. melissifolia was known in Arkansas only from isolated sand pond depression wetlands amid ancient sand dune fields in Clay, Jackson, Lawrence, and Woodruff counties in the Western Lowlands Pleistocene Valley Trains subdivision of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Natural Division in the northeastern part of the state (Figure 1). The prevalent thought at the time was that this was the only habitat in which L. melissifolia occurred in Arkansas, although there were historical reports of the species from bordering parishes in northern Louisiana (Louisiana Natural Heritage Program 2011; NatureServe 2015). Then in 1999, a very small and seemingly stressed population of L. melissifolia was discovered by chance at Coffee Prairie Natural Area in Ashley County in the Floodplains and Low Terraces subdivision of the West Gulf Coastal Plain Natural Division, in the Ouachita River bottoms just north of the Louisiana border (ANHC 2017; Figure 1). The population occurred at the ecotone of several habitats: bottomland hardwood forest, lowland sand prairie, and sandy upland pine-dominated mound. Upon further investigation, it was found that there were multiple references to “spicewood,” presumably in reference to L. melissifolia , in original General Land Office (GLO) survey notes dating to the mid-1800s from bottomland forests in the vicinity of this occurrence, where it was sometimes listed as a common understory species (Arkansas Commissioner of State Lands [ARCoSL] 2016; Figure 2). The GLO survey notes contain information, often including common woody plants or other notes on vegetation, recorded by land surveyors as they blazed the mile by mile Section grids of the Township/Range system. Then in 2001, an extremely large population of L. melissifolia , one of the largest known (thousands of clones across over a thousand acres), was discovered by chance in sandy, forested bottomlands near the St. Francis River in the St. Francis Lowlands subdivision of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain in Craighead and Poinsett counties (ANHC 2017; Figure 1). This area, generally referred to as the St. Francis Sunken Lands, consists of slightly elevated Valley Train deposits 2 (sandy glacial outwash from the Late Wisconsin glaciation) within an area of lower bottomlands (Saucier 1994). The entire Sunken Lands area is seasonally inundated (in winter and spring) and supports bottomland hardwood forest that varies in composition across slight elevation gradients. Lindera melissifolia is concentrated on a series of low (less than one meter high) ridges separated by shallow channels or depressions. Although these latter two discoveries were somewhat of a surprise, nevertheless, all known Arkansas populations of L. melissifolia still shared common habitat characteristics. They all occurred within bottomland or lowland forests specifically associated with sandy, Pleistocene alluvial deposits. It subsequently became accepted that this was the standard for L. melissifolia populations in Arkansas, and surveys in subsequent years were often restricted to just such areas. However, another exciting discovery of a population of L. melissifolia on Wapanocca National Wildlife Refuge in Crittenden County (Figure 1) in the fall of 2012 changed the perception once again (ANHC 2017). This population, although still within a bottomland hardwood forest matrix, occurs within a depression atop a natural levee along a former channel of the Mississippi River in the Northern Holocene Meander Belts subdivision of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. The soil at this site did not superficially appear to be particularly sandy; in fact, it appeared to be primarily clay to clay-loam. Furthermore, the age of the geomorphic surface of the site was much younger than at the sites of the other known Arkansas populations. In 2014, Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission (ANHC) botanists visited several populations of L. melissifolia in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain within the State of Mississippi in order to investigate the locations and habitats occupied in that state. These investigations revealed the species’ ability to grow in bottomland hardwood forest depressions with clay to clay-loam soils and even in wet hardwood flatwoods with similar soils, and on sites of younger age/more recent geomorphic origin (Baker & Witsell 2015). This information seemed to open many possibilities for potential sites for as yet undiscovered L. melissifolia populations in Arkansas. Although L. melissifolia is widely considered to have been relatively uncommon historically, the size and extent of the St. Francis Sunken Lands population (ANHC 2017; Baker & Witsell 2012; Witsell & Baker 2011) as well as the extent of references in the GLO survey notes from the lower Ouachita River bottoms (ARCoSL 2016) suggest that perhaps the species was more common historically than previously thought. Regardless, it appears to have become much rarer since the time of the GLO survey, with some populations continuing to exhibit decline or being extirpated altogether (Baker & Witsell 2015; NatureServe 2015; U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1993). Loss of habitat by clearing for agriculture as well as habitat alteration by wetland drainage and/or changes to the hydrologic regime have been the predominant threats to L. melissifolia populations, while timber harvesting may also be a contributing factor (NatureServe 2015; U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1993). The increasingly fragmented habitat and populations may greatly reduce the species’ chances of survival, as sexual reproduction is limited and dispersal and recruitment are impeded (NatureServe 2015). Surveys for and protection of any as yet undocumented populations could be vital to the ultimate conservation and recovery of this species. To this end, and as evidenced by the notes from the Coffee Prairie area, the GLO survey notes could hold possible clues to locations of any such previously undocumented L. melissifolia 3 populations in the state. Additional review of nineteenth century GLO survey notes from lowland areas in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain and West Gulf Coastal Plain have revealed other references to “spicewood,” “swamp spice,” as well as other such names that perhaps could have been in reference to L. melissifolia (Baker 2016). Further and more systematic review of GLO survey notes followed by additional field surveys in areas of such references is certainly warranted . Monitoring
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