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Rearing Redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus Glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), on Semi-Artificial Media

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Rearing Redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus Glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), on Semi-Artificial Media 1042 Florida Entomologist 96(3) September 2013 REARING REDBAY AMBROSIA BEETLE, XYLEBORUS GLABRATUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE: SCOLYTINAE), ON SEMI-ARTIFICIAL MEDIA 1 2,* 3 M. LAKE MANER , JAMES L. HANULA AND S. KRISTINE BRAMAN 1Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA 2USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 320 Green Street, Athens, GA 30602-2044, USA 3Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223-1797, USA *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Semi-artificial diets consisting of redbay Persea( borbonia (L.) Spreng.; Laurales: Laura- ceae) sawdust and various nutrients were tested for rearing Xyleborus glabratus Eichoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in vitro. Comparison of 2 media, modified and stan- dard, adapted from Biedermann et al. (2009) showed that the more solid consistency of the modified medium resulted in greater rates of successful brood production in cultures. A 2-layered medium structure with a nutrient rich lower layer and a nutrient poor upper layer proved to be superior to a single-layered structure. Using a 2-layered structure, 72.5% of foundresses successfully produced brood, which was similar to or greater than success rates of X. glabratus under natural field conditions. The most successful media recipes used finely ground wood from redbay, but some successful brood production also occurred when wood from pondberry (Lindera melissifolia ) (Walter) Blume; Laurales: Lauraceae) and California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.; Laurales: Lauraceae) were used instead of redbay. A 2-layered structure with nutrient levels slightly higher than those in the modified medium of Biedermann et al. (2009) is recommended for rearingX. glabratus in vitro. Key Words: laurel wilt, Raffaelea lauricola, redbay, Persea borbonia, avocado RESUMEN Las dietas semi-artificiales que consisten del aserrín del laurel rojo Persea( borbonia (L.) Spreng; Laurales: Lauraceae) y varios nutrientes fueron probados para criar el Xyleborus glabratus Eichoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in vitro. Una comparación de los 2 medios, uno modificado y el otro estándar, adaptado de Biedermann et al. (2009) mostraron que la consistencia más sólida del medio modificado resultó en una mayor tasa de producción de cría éxitosa en las crías del laboratorio. Una estructura de 2 capas de medio con una capa abajo rica en nutrientes y una capa arriba pobre en nutrientes demostró ser superior a una estructura de una sola capa. Al utilizar una estructura de 2 capas, 72.5% de fundadoras produjeron cría con éxito, que fue similar o superior a la tasa de éxito de X. glabratus en condiciones de campo naturales. Las recetas de los medios mas éxitosas utilizan madera del laurel rojo molida finamente, pero una producción exitosa de cría también se produjo cuando se utilizó la madera de Pondberry (Lindera melissifolia) (Walter) Blume; Laurales: Laura- ceae) y del laurel de California (Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt; Laurales: Lauraceae) en lugar de laurel rojo. Se recomienda una estructura de 2 capas con los niveles de nutrientes ligeramente más altos que aquellos en el medio modificado de Biedermann et al. (2009) para la cría X. glabratus in vitro. Palabras Clave: marchitez del laurel, Raffaelea lauricola, laurel rojo, Persea borbonia, aguacate Like other ambrosia beetles in the subtribe Xy- (Kirkendall et al. 1997), but unlike most other leborina, the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus ambrosia beetles X. glabratus also attacks liv- glabratus Eichoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: ing trees and carries a lethal fungus. In the case Scolytinae), lives within the sapwood of stressed of X. glabratus the primary mutualistic fungus or dying trees and feeds only on mutualistic fungi is Raffaelea lauricola Harrington, Fraedrich Maner et al.: Rearing Xyleborus glabratus In Vitro 1043 and Aghayeva (Harrington & Fraedrich 2010; MATERIALS AND METHODS Harrington et al. 2010), the laurel wilt patho- gen killing redbay, Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Trial 1 (Laurales: Lauraceae), and other members of the Lauraceae in the southeastern United States Two artificial media were adapted from Bie- (Fraedrich et al. 2008; Fraedrich et al. 2011). dermann et al. (2009) for testing. The standard This lifestyle makes observation of the beetle in medium contained 0.35 g streptomycin (Sigma its natural habitat difficult and also poses an in- Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO), 1 g Wesson’s salt teresting challenge for culturing ambrosia beetles mixture (MP Biomedicals, Solon, Ohio), 5 g brew- because culture conditions must be suitable for er’s yeast (ACROS Organics, Fair Lawn, New both the beetles and their symbiotic fungi. Jersey), 5 g casein (ACROS Organics, Fair Lawn, The first ambrosia beetle successfully reared New Jersey), 5 g corn starch, 10 g sucrose (Fisher in vitro was Xyleborus ferrugineus Fabricus Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts), 20 g agar (Saunders & Knoke 1967), which was reared on a (Difco, Detroit, Michigan), 2.5 mL wheat germ oil sawdust and agar based medium in glass culture (Puritan Pride, Oakdale, New York), 5 mL 95% tubes. Since that time, a variety of ambrosia bee- ethanol (AAPER Shelbyville, Kentucky), 500 mL tle species have been reared with some success in- deionized water, and 75 g redbay sawdust. Saw- cluding: Xyleborus pfeili Ratzberg (Mizuno et al. dust was prepared by first processing debarked 1997; Mizuno & Kajimura 2009), Xyleborus dis- redbay sections through a wood chipper and par F. (French & Roeper 1972), Xyleborus affinis then grinding the wood chips in a Thomas-Wiley Eichhoff, Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg (Bie- laboratory mill (Model 4, Arthur H. Thomas Co., dermann et al. 2009), and Xylosandrus germanus Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) fitted with a 1 mm Blandford (Biedermann et al. 2009; Castrillo et final screen mesh, but this was slow. In subse- al. 2012). While working with X. saxesenii, Bie- quent trials sawdust was made by repeatedly dermann et al. (2009) achieved a success rate of cutting debarked redbay sections with a 10 inch 7.2% using previously established media recipes. power mitre saw fitted with a general purpose By modifying the medium with a much greater blade. This resulted in wood dust in which 36.9 concentration of wood dust they increased the percent of particles were < 0.42 mm, 39.2 percent percentage of foundresses that produced brood to were 0.42-0.84 mm particles, and 24 percent were 23.9%, a rate similar to that for X. saxesenii fe- > 0.84 mm by weight. All ingredients were mixed males in wood under field conditions. thoroughly, and the media was autoclaved at 121 One of the major issues limiting success in lab- °C for 30 min. Immediately after autoclaving, the oratory cultures of Xyleborina beetles is contami- media were transferred to a sterile bench and nation, usually by undesirable fungi or bacteria poured into borosilicate glass (18 × 150 mm) cul- (Biedermann et al. 2009). These contaminants ture tubes (Carolina Biological Supply Co., Bur- become established at the mouth of a culture lington, North Carolina), which were then fitted tube and can rapidly spread down through the with plastic caps. medium, overwhelming symbiotic ambrosial spe- The modified medium contained 0.35 g strep- cies. In response to this, Mizuno et al. (1997) and tomycin, 1.25 g Wesson’s salt mixture, 10 g ca- Mizuno & Kajimura (2009) tested a multi-layered sein, 5 g corn starch, 5 g sucrose, 30 g agar, 2.5 medium structure to slow or prevent the spread of mL wheat germ oil, 2.5 mL peanut oil, 580 mL undesirable microorganisms. They initially used deionized water, and 200 g of redbay sawdust. a 3-layered structure, which contained progres- The modified medium had to be packed rather sively more nutritional material, namely yeast than poured into culture tubes before autoclav- and starch, as depth into a culture tube increased ing because of its more solid consistency. Cotton (Mizuno et al. 1997), but later Mizuno & Kajimu- plugs were placed into the mouth of the filled ra (2009) reported that a 2-layered structure was tubes. A Pyrex glass dish (~20 × 30 × 5 cm) with as effective for inhibiting the spread of undesir- a 2 kg weight added was set on top of the upright able microorganisms. Compared with the single- tubes to hold the plugs in place in order to pre- layered structure, the 2-layer medium increased vent the modified medium from expanding out of the success rate of X. pfeili foundresses from 60% the tubes while autoclaving. After autoclaving the to 90%. tubes were transferred to a sterile bench where Laboratory cultures of X. glabratus would be the cotton plugs were removed and the tubes useful for studies of life cycle details, host com- were immediately covered with plastic caps. This patibility, climatic interactions, and mutualistic first trial consisted of 33 tubes of modified and 35 fungi relationships. Lab cultures also have ad- tubes of standard medium. vantage over field-based methods of study in that All beetles used for this trial were reared in the they are able to provide homogenous and consis- laboratory from logs naturally infested in the field tent conditions. Here we describe a series of trials so they contained the natural complement of my- to develop an effective rearing technique for X. cangial fungi. Rearing bins were made from black glabratus. plastic file boxes (38 × 30 × 25 cm; Spacemaker™, 1044 Florida Entomologist 96(3) September 2013 Newell Office Products Co, Madison, Wisconsin) °C. Introductions of beetles into tubes took place with 10 × 10 cm sections cut from the box lids, between 28 Nov 2010 and 3 Feb 2011. This ex- which were covered with cotton cloth, to allow tended time period was due to initially low live moisture to evaporate. Six cm-diam holes were beetle availability. Full examination of tubes was cut into the box bottoms near one end and similar performed by cutting off the bottom of culture diameter holes were cut into the jar lids of clear tubes using a Dremel rotary tool (Dremel Co., Ra- plastic collection jars.
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