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Compulsory Able-Bodiedness and Queer/Disabled Existence Robert Mcruer

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Compulsory Able-Bodiedness and Queer/Disabled Existence Robert Mcruer CHAPTER 27 Compulsory Able-Bodiedness and Queer/Disabled Existence Robert McRuer CONTEXTUALIZING DISABILITY existence. Indeed, I would extract from her suspicion of mere “toleration” confirmation In her famous critique of compulsory het- for the idea that one of the ways in which erosexuality Adrienne Rich opens with the heterosexuality is currently constituted or suggestion that lesbian existence has often founded, established as the foundational been “simply rendered invisible” (178), but sexual identity for women, is precisely the bulk of her analysis belies that render- through the deployment of lesbian exis- ing. In fact, throughout “Compulsory Het- tence as always and everywhere supple- erosexuality and Lesbian Existence,” one of mentary—the margin to heterosexuality’s Rich’s points seems to be that compulsory center, the mere reflection of (straight and heterosexuality depends as much on the gay) patriarchal realities. Compulsory het- ways in which lesbian identities are made erosexuality’s casting of some identities as visible (or, we might say, comprehensible) alternatives ironically buttresses the ideo- as on the ways in which they are made in- logical notion that dominant identities are visible or incomprehensible. She writes: not really alternatives but rather the natu- 1 Any theory of cultural/political creation that ral order of things. treats lesbian existence as a marginal or less More than twenty years after it was ini- “natural” phenomenon, as mere “sexual tially published, Rich’s critique of com- preference,” or as the mirror image of either pulsory heterosexuality is indispensable, heterosexual or male homo sexual relations the criticisms of her ahistorical notion of is profoundly weakened thereby, whatever a “lesbian continuum” notwithstanding. 2 its other contributions. Feminist theory can Despite its continued relevance, however, no longer afford merely to voice a toleration the realm of compulsory heterosexuality of “lesbianism” as an “alternative life-style,” might seem to be an unlikely place to begin or make token allusion to lesbians. A femi- 3 nist critique of compulsory heterosexual ori- contextualizing disability. I want to chal- entation for women is long overdue. (178) lenge that by considering what might be gained by understanding “compulsory het- The critique that Rich calls for proceeds erosexuality” as a key concept in disability Copyright © 2013. Taylor and Francis. All rights reserved. Francis. All rights © 2013. Taylor and Copyright not through a simple recognition or even studies. Through a reading of compulsory valuation of “lesbian existence” but rather heterosexuality, I want to put forward a through an interrogation of how the system theory of what I call compulsory able-bod- of compulsory heterosexuality utilizes that iedness. The Latin root for contextualize The Disability Studies Reader, edited by Lennard J. Davis, Taylor and Francis, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/du/detail.action?docID=1125176. Created from du on 2018-01-08 06:49:30. 370 | ROBERT MCRUER denotes the act of weaving together, inter- and lesbian liberation, the processes he de- weaving, joining together, or composing. scribes should be recognizable to feminists This chapter thus contextualizes disability and queer theorists, as well as to scholars in the root sense of the word, because I argue and activists in other contemporary move- that the system of compulsory able-bodied- ments, such as African American studies ness that produces dis ability is thoroughly or critical race theory. As these movements interwoven with the system of compulsory have developed, increasing numbers of heterosexuality that produces queerness, words have indeed forced themselves on that—in fact—compulsory heterosexuality our attention, so that an inquiry into not is contingent on compulsory able-bodied- just the marginalized identity but also the ness and vice versa. And, although I reiter- dominant identity has become necessary. ate it in my conclusion, I want to make it The problem of the meaning of masculinity clear at the outset that this particular con- (or even maleness), of whiteness, of hetero- textualizing of disability is offered as part of sexuality has increasingly been understood a much larger and collective project of un- as inextricably bound up with the problems raveling and decomposing both systems.4 the term is being used to discuss. The idea of imbricated systems is, of One need go no further than the Oxford course, not new—Rich’s own analysis re- English Dictionary to locate problems with peatedly stresses the imbrication of com- the meaning of heterosexuality. In 1971 pulsory heterosexuality and patriarchy. I the OED Supplement defined heterosexual would argue, however, as others have, that as “pertaining to or characterized by the feminist and queer theories (and cultural normal relations of the sexes; opp. to ho- theories generally) are not yet accustomed mosexual.” At this point, of course, a few to figuring ability/disability into the equa- decades of critical work by feminists and tion, and thus this theory of compulsory queer theorists have made it possible to able-bodiedness is offered as a preliminary acknowledge quite readily that heterosex- contribution to that much-needed conver- ual and homosexual are in fact not equal sation.5 and opposite identities. Rather, the ongo- ing subordination of homosexuality (and ABLE-BODIED HETEROSEXUALITY bisexuality) to heterosexuality allows for heterosexuality to be institutionalized as In his introduction to Keywords: A Vocabu- “the normal relations of the sexes,” while lary of Culture and Society, Raymond Wil- the institutionalization of heterosexuality liams describes his project as as the “normal relations of the sexes” al- the record of an inquiry into a vocabulary: a lows for homosexuality (and bisexuality) to shared body of words and meanings in our be subordinated. And, as queer theory con- most general discussions, in English, of the tinues to demonstrate, it is precisely the practices and institutions which we group as introduction of normalcy into the system culture and society. Every word which I have that introduces compulsion: “Nearly every- included has at some time, in the course of one,” Michael Warner writes in The Trouble some argument, virtually forced itself on my with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of attention because the problems of its mean- Queer Life, “wants to be normal. And who ing seemed to me inextricably bound up can blame them, if the alternative is be- with the problems it was being used to dis- Copyright © 2013. Taylor and Francis. All rights reserved. Francis. All rights © 2013. Taylor and Copyright cuss. (15) ing abnormal, or deviant, or not being one of the rest of us? Put in those terms, there Although Williams is not particularly con- doesn’t seem to be a choice at all. Especially cerned in Keywords with feminism or gay in America where [being] normal probably The Disability Studies Reader, edited by Lennard J. Davis, Taylor and Francis, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/du/detail.action?docID=1125176. Created from du on 2018-01-08 06:49:30. COMPULSORY ABLE-BODIEDNESS AND QUEER/DISABLED EXISTENCE | 371 outranks all other social aspirations” (53). OED defines able-bodied redundantly and Compulsion is here produced and covered negatively as “having an able body, i.e. one over, with the appearance of choice (sexual free from physical disability, and capable preference) mystifying a system in which of the physical exertions required of it; in there actually is no choice. bodily health; robust.” Able-bodiedness, A critique of normalcy has similarly been in turn, is defined vaguely as “soundness central to the disability rights movement of health; ability to work; robustness.” The and to disability studies, with—for exam- parallel structure of the definitions of abil- ple—Lennard Davis’s overview and critique ity and sexuality is quite striking: first, to of the historical emergence of normalcy or be able-bodied is to be “free from physical Rosemarie Garland-Thomson’s introduc- disability,” just as to be heterosexual is to tion of the concept of the “normate” (Da- be “the opposite of homosexual.” Second, vis, 23–49; Thomson, 8–9). Such scholarly even though the language of “the normal and activist work positions us to locate the relations” expected of human beings is not problems of able-bodied identity, to see present in the definition of able-bodied, the problem of the meaning of able-bod- the sense of “normal relations” is, especial- iedness as bound up with the problems it is ly with the emphasis on work: being able- being used to discuss. Arguably, able-bod- bodied means being capable of the normal ied identity is at this juncture even more physical exertions required in a particular naturalized than heterosexual identity. At system of labor. It is here, in fact, that both the very least, many people not sympathet- able-bodied identity and the Oxford Eng- ic to queer theory will concede that ways of lish Dictionary betray their origins in the being heterosexual are culturally produced nineteenth century and the rise of indus- and culturally variable, even if and even as trial capitalism. It is here as well that we they understood heterosexual identity it- can begin to understand the compulsory self to be entirely natural. The same cannot nature of able-bodiedness: in the emer- be said, on the whole, for able-bodied iden- gent industrial capitalist system, free to sell tity. An extreme example that nonetheless one’s labor but not free to do anything else encapsulates currently hegemonic thought effectively meant free to have an able body on ability and disability is a notorious Sa- but not particularly free to have anything lon article by Norah Vincent attacking dis- else. ability studies that appeared online in the Like compulsory heterosexuality, then, summer of 1999. Vincent writes, “It’s hard compulsory able-bodiedness functions to deny that something called normalcy by covering over, with the appearance of exists.
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