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The Use of Geology on the Western Front.1 THE USE OF GEOLOGY ON THE WESTERN FRONT.1 By ALFRED H. BROOKS. INTRODUCTION. ALDEN, W. C., The country around Camp Upton (text on back of topographic map), New York: Map of Mor­ Before the end of the war nearly all active iches quadrangle (Camp Upton edition), U.S. Geol. American geologists were engaged in work di­ Survey, 1918. rectly or indirectly connected with military BASTIN, E. S., War-time mineral activities in Washington: problems. The many fields of activity opened Econ. Geology, vol. 13, pp. 524--537, 1918. to geologists by the emergency iricluded service BATEMAN, A.M., Military and geologic mapping---a plane table: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 30, pp. 405-414, with troops, administration of war activities, 1919. national economics, relief work, military edu­ -- The geologist in war time-the training of artillery · cation, and, above all, applied geology. The officers: Econ. Geology, vol. 12, pp. 628-631, 1917. success achieved by the American geologist in BERKEY, C. P., Engineering geology during and after the such strongly contrasting duties bears testi­ war (abstract): Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 30, p. 81, 1919. mony to his broad interests and wide experi­ BLiss, E. F., Some problems of international readjust­ ence and shows that he did his full part in the ments of mineral supplies as indicated in recent for­ great struggle. This record also shows the eign literature (abstract): Geol. Soc. America Bull., educational value of geologic training, for it vol. 30, pp. 101-102, 1919. has made clear that such training develops the BROOKS, A. H., Influence of geography on the conduct of the war (abstract): Educational Congress, Dept. Pub­ mentAl power necessary to success in new fields lic Instruction of Pennsylvania, 1919, Proc., pp. of endeavor. It is also true, as shown by the 540-547, Harrisburg, 1920. record, that while the geologj,st has the mental -- Military mining in France: Eng. and Min. Jour., equipment and experience to render valuable vol. 109, pp. 606-610, 1920. service during war in many different capacities, --The application of geology to war (abstract): Eng. a.nd Min. Jour., vol. 109, p. 764, 1920; Washington yet his most important duties will be to deter­ Acad. Sci. Jour., vol. 10, pp. 331-333, 1920. mine the sources of minerals which the military -.- TheLorraine iron field and the war: Eng. a.nd Min. situation renders especially necessary. This Jour., vol. 109, pp. 1065-1069, 1920. fact is here emphasized because it has been BuTTs, CHARLEs, The country in and around Camp Tay­ assumed by some that the application of ge­ lor (text on back of topographic map): Map of Camp Taylor and vicinity, Ky., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1918. ology to war is limited to the work done on the CAMPBELL, M. R., The country around Camp Shernlan. · battlefield. As a matter of fact, the work in (text on back of topographic map): Map of Camp economic geology done on this side of tp.e Sherman quadrangle, Ohio, U.S. Geol. Survey, 1918. Atlantic contributed more to the successful CRoss, WHITMAN, Geology in the World War and after: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 30, pp. 165-188, 1919. termination of the war than that of the ge­ DAvis, W. M., Handbook of northern France, Cambridge, ologists in France. The Germans, too, recog­ 1918. nized this fact, for a large part of the geologists DAy, A. L., Annual report of the Director of the Geophys­ they called into military service were engaged ical Laboratory: Carnegie Inst. Washington Year­ in the investigation of mineral resources. Many book, 1917, pp. 135-137, 1918. DEWOLF, F. W., The outlook for geology and geography: geologists in both France and England were School Science and Mathematics, vol. 19, pp. 391-397, engaged in a similar service. Chicago, 1919. The following is a partial list of publications GREGORY, H. E. [editor], Milital'ygeologyand topography, in which reference is made to the war work of New Haven, Conn., 1918. -- Geology in the Student Army Training Corps (ab­ American geologists: stract): Geol. Soc. America Bull. vol. 30, pp. 81-82, ALDEN, W. C., The country around Camp Albert L. Mills 1919. (text on back of topographic map), New York: Map HEWETT, D. F., Manganese ore as a war mineral (abstract): of Camp Mills quadrangle, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1918. Geol. Soc. America Bull. vol. 30, pp. 97-98, 1919. t Presented in ab~tract before the Geological Society of America Pee. 31, 1919. 85 86 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1920. JoHNSON, D. W., 'Iopography and strategy in war, New SPURR, J. E., War minerals: Econ. Geology, vol. 13, pp. York, 1917. 500-511, 1918. --- Some recent books on military geography: Geog. -- Commercial control of the mineral resources of the Review, vol. 9, pp. 60-63, 1920. world (abstract): Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 30, LEE, C. H., Water resources in relation to military opera­ pp. 108-109, 1919. tions: Military Engineer, vol. 12, pp. 285-289, 1920. -- The commercial control of the Inineral resources LEITH, C. K., Internationalization of mineral resources of the world; its political significance: Sci. Monthly, (abstract): Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 30, pp. 107- vol. 6, pp. 73-82, 1919. ·108, 1919. STEPHENSON, I~. \V., and MISER, H. D., Camp Pike and !;EVERETT, FRANK, The country around Camp Custer the adjacent country (text on back of topographic (text on back of topographic map): Map of Camp Cus­ map): Map of Little Rock quadrangle, Ark., Camp ter quadrangle, Mich., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1918. Pike edition, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1918. LoUGHLIN, G. F., Rock products and the war (abstract): STONE, R. W., Phosphate rock an economic army (ab­ Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 30, p. 97, 1919. stract): Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 30, p. 104, 1919. MATTHES, F. E., The country around Camp Mc(Jlellan UMP~EBY, J. B., World view of mineral wealth (abstract): (text on back of topographic map): Map of Anniston Geol. Sec. America Bull., vol. 30, p. 107, 1919. quadrangle, Ala., Camp McClellan edition, U. S. VAUGHAN, T. W., Geologic surveys and the eradication of Geol. Survey, 1918. · malaria: Southern Med. Jour., vol. 11, pp. 569-572, · -- The country around Camp Gordon (text on back Birmingham, Ala., 1918. of topographic map): Map of Camp Gordon and vi­ --- Presentation of geologic information for engineer~ cinity, Georgia, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1918. ing purposes (abstract): Geol. Soc. America Bull., vot MERTIE, J. B., jr., Present status of phototopographic 30, pp. 79-80, 1919. mapping from the air: Eng. News Record, vol. 82, WRIGHT, F. E., War-time development of the optical in­ pp. 996-999, 1919. dustry: Optical Soc. America Jour., vol. 2-3, pp. 1-7, MoFFIT, F. H., Methods used in aero-phototopographic 1919. mapping (review): Eng. Newf! Record, vol. 82, pp. 1000-1.004, 1919. Although geologic investigations in areas MooRE, R. C., The environment of Camp Funston, with far behind the front must always be of great a chapter on the western theater of war, by Maj. D. W. importance during war, yet it is now definitely Johnson: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 4, Topeka, 1918. PAIGE, SIDNEY, United States Geological Survey as a civic established that the geologist can render an institution during war (abstract): G€01. Soc. America essential service at and near the front. The Bull., vol. 30, pp. 78-79, 1919. fact that a knowledge of geology may prove PoGuE, J. E., Mineral resources in the war and their bear­ to be the decisive factor in a given military ing on preparedness: Sci. Monthly, vol. 4, pp. 120- operation was made evident only during the 124, 1917. late war and by no means found general accept­ -- Military geology: Science, vol. 46, pp. 8-10, 1917. SALISBURY, R. D., and BARROws, H. ·H., The environ­ ance among military leaders. ment of Camp Grant, Ill.: :illinois Geol. Survey Bull. An exposition of the use of geology during the 39, 1918. war should be prefaced by the statement that SHAW, E. W., Mexican petroleum and the war (abstract): while the science was definitely recognized in Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 30, pp. 109-110, 1919. SMITH, G. 0., Our mineral reserves, in American problems several of the armies, it was by no means de­ of reconstruction, edited by E. 1\L Friedman, pp. 59- veloped to its full usefulness, not so much be­ 97, New York, 1918. cause of the failure to organize geologic staffs --U.S. Geol. Survey Thirty-eighth Ann. Rept., pp. or to give support to geologic investigations, as 7-9, 1917. because of the failure to apply the results -- U. S. Geol. Survey Thirty-ninth Ann. Rept., pp. achieved and to seek the advice of the geologist 7-10, 1918. ---U.S. Geol. Survey Fortieth Ann. Rept., pp. 7-10, on problems that clearly lay within his field. 1919. Relatively few officers of the high commands -- The strategy of Ininerals, New York, 1919. of the several armies that employed geologists ---- EconOinic limits of domestic independence in had any adequate conception of the application minerals (abstract): Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 30, of geology to military and engineering prob­ pp. 98-100, 1919. -- Military contributions of civilian engineers, Geol. lems. So far as geology was thought of at all, Soc. America Bull., vol. 30, pp. 389-404, 1919. it was regarded by many as a purely specula­ SMITH, P. S., The geologist in war times: The United tive and abstract rather than as a practical and · States Geological Survey's war work: Econ. Geology, concrete science. The geologic officers of all the vol. 13, pp.
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