CHARACTERISTIC AND PATHOGENECITY CHANGING OF ON moluccana AFFECTED BY PYROCLASTIC CLOUD FROM MERAPI VOLCANO, IN YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA

Sri Rahayu and Faozan Indresputra Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No. 1 Bulaksumur Yogyakarta, Indonesia , E-mail: [email protected] INTRODUCTION

• • Adenanthera falcata • Adenanthera falcataria L. • Albizia falcata (L.) • Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosberg. • Albizia moluccana Miq. • falcataria (L.) • (Indonesia : Sengon) is the second preferred species after teak, planted in Indonesia forest. Planted forest (monoculture) shading trees to tea garden Shading trees to coffee and orange mixed with some medicinal and flavor plant in trees ( in Bali island) agro forestry system Central Java. has attracted international interest due to : very fast growing, harvesting at 6 to 8 years old trees Price of wood (IDR/m3)

210

205

200

195

190

185

180

175

170

165 2005 2007 2008 Supply and Demand (in milliom m3/year)

30

25

Export to 20 Japan, Middle East, Korea 15 supplay demand

10

5

0 2005 2007 2008 2009 many uses, such as for making pulp, paper, veneer, plywood, and furniture Range of Distribution

Natural Distribution : in Indonesia (Moluccas and Irian Jaya islands), Papua New Guinea, New Britain and the Solomon Islands, ranging from 10°S to 30° N (Wagner et al., 1999; Richter and Dallwitz, 2000). exotic tree species planted in : Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Japan, Kiribati, Laos, , Marshall Islands, Myanmar, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, Philippines, Samoa, Thailand, Tonga, United States of America, Vanuatu and Vietnam (WAC, 2005). (2005) Gall caused by Uromycladium tepperianum is definitely serious and devastating, damaging and killing seedlings in nurseries and trees Known distribution at the South East Asia

Gall rust disease incidence (%) below 300 m a.s.l

100

Majalengka

Kuningan

Cirebon

Ciamis

Yogyakarta 36 % Wonosobo

Temanggung

Boyolali

Banjarnegara

Probolinggo

Lumajang

Kediri

Jember 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 Bondowoso Gall rust disease incidence (%) between 300 to 500 m a.s.l

60% Majalengka Kuningan Cirebon Ciamis Yogyakarta Wonosobo Temanggung Boyolali Banjarnegara Probolinggo Lumajang Kediri Jember Bondowoso

2006 2007 2008 2009 Gall rust disease incidence (%) above 500 m a.s.l

100 %

Majalengka Kuningan Cirebon Ciamis Yogyakarta Wonosobo Temanggung Boyolali Banjarnegara Probolinggo Lumajang Kediri Jember Bondowoso

2006 2007 2008 2009

Acacia decurens Paraserianthes lopantha Caliandra Sp. The effect on production 30

On seedlings 25

150 20

15

100 10 Sow log 5

leaf stalk Wood production in RM/ha Sow mill 50 shoot 0 stem 0 25 50 75 100

Disease Incidence (%) Production/100 seedlings in RM 0 0 25 50 75 100

Disease Incidence (%) 30 Sow log 25 On 1 to 3 years old of young trees 20

Sow mill 15 On 4 to 7 years old of matured trees 10

5 Wood production in RM/ha

0 0 25 50 75 100 Disease Incidence (%) Mode of infection

Merapi Eruption in October 2010 MERAPI ERUPTION (continued) • Last eruption (October 2010) = biggest explotion for 200years • Impacts many sectors, such as - Social = damaged 14 villages including the community forest - Ecology = local climate change, forest burning, air pollution, etc - Economy = material loses about $590million

Inoculum source for artificial inoculation Fire

Border

Green Percentage of Germination Distance 3-7km From The Top of Mount Merapi 110

(%) 90

70 3-7 km Fire 50 3-7 km Border 30 3-7 km Green 1 2 3

Days After Inoculation Percentage of Germination of Percentage a b

c

Distance >11-15 km From The Top (%) of Mount Merapi Distance >7-11km From The Top

110 (%) of Mount Merapi 90 100 90 70 >11-15km Fire 80 70 50 >11-15km Border 60 >7-11km Fire

Percentage of Germinationof Percentage >11-15km Green 50 30 >7-11km Border 40

1 2 3 30 >7-11km Green Percentage of Germination of Percentage Days After Inoculation 1 2 3 Days After Inoculation Percentage of Penetration

Distance 3-7km From The Top of Mount Merapi 100

80

60 3-7km Fire 40 3-7km Border

Percentage of Penetration (%) Penetrationof Percentage 20 3-7km Green 0 1 2 3 Days After Inoculation

Distance >7-11km From The Top of Mount Merapi Distance >11-15km From The Top 100 of Mount Merapi

80 100 80 60 60 >7-11km Fire >11-15km Fire 40 40 >7-11km Border >11-15km Border Percentage of Penetration (%) Penetrationof Percentage 20 20 >7-11km Green 0 >11-15km Green

0 (%) Penetrationof Percentage 1 2 3 1 2 3 Days After Inoculation Days After Inoculation Percentage of Infection Distance 3-7km From The Top of Mount Merapi 70 60 50 40 30 3-7km Fire 20 3-7km Border 10 3-7km Green

0 Distance >7-11km From The Top of Percentage of Infection (%) Infection of Percentage 1 2 3 Mount Merapi Days After Inoculation 70

50

>7-11km Fire Distance >11-15km From The Top 30 >7-11km Border of Mount Merapi 10 >7-11km Green 70 -10 60 (%) Infectionof Percentage 1 2 3 50 Days After Inoculation 40 30 >11-15km Fire 20 >11-15km Border 10 >11-15km Green 0

1 2 3 Percentage of Infection (%) Infectionof Percentage Days After Inoculation

The Characteristic of Gall Rust Diseases in Mount Merapi Area

Distance Location Color Texture

3 – 7 km Fire Dark brown Crumbly

3 – 7 km Border Nut brown Soft

3 – 7 km Green Nut brown Soft

>7-11 km Fire Brown grey Hard but crumbly

>7-11 km Border Sorrel Soft

>7-11 km Green Nut brown Hard >11-15 km Fire Brown grey Hard but crumbly

>11-15 km Border Sorrel Soft

>11-15 km Green Sorrel Soft Distance 3 – 7 km from the top of Mount Merapi

Fire Area Border Area Green Area

The trees which were infected by Gall Rust diseases Distance >7 – 11 km from the top of Mount Merapi

Fire Area Border Area

The trees which were infected by Gall Rust diseases

Green Area Distance >11 – 15 km from the top of Mount Merapi

Fire Area Border Area Green Area

The trees which were infected by Gall Rust diseases

How to Mitigate ?

Use Resistance provenances or progenies Eradicate? Restricted planting ?

Future programme Looking for cooperation with researcher who interested on :

1. DNA detection on U. tepperianum from different legume species, location and site 2. Isolation and identification of chemical compound that produce by the rust and host that responsible promoting the gall 3. Screening and selection for resistance