DOCSLIB.ORG

Long-Term Nivation Rates, Cathedral Massif, Northwestern British Columbia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Long-Term Nivation Rates, Cathedral Massif, Northwestern British Columbia Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Long-Term Nivation Rates, Cathedral Massif, Northwestern British Columbia Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Manuscript ID cjes-2019-0176.R2 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 25-Mar-2020 Author: Complete List of Authors: Nyland, Kelsey; Michigan State University, Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences; George Washington University, Geography Department Nelson, Frederick; Michigan State University, Department of Geography, Environment,Draft and Spatial Sciences; Northern Michigan University, Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographical Sciences Periglacial Geomorphology, Nivation, Cryoplanation, UAV Survey, Keyword: Volumetric Erosion Estimation, Denudation Rates Is the invited manuscript for consideration in a Special Not applicable (regular submission) Issue? : https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Page 1 of 28 Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 LONG-TERM NIVATION RATES, CATHEDRAL MASSIF, 14 NORTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA 15 16 17 18 Draft 19 Kelsey E. Nyland ([email protected])1,2 Frederick E. Nelson ([email protected])2,3 20 1Department of Geography, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA 21 Mailing Address: 2036 H St., NW, Washington, DC, 20052 22 2Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East 23 Lansing, Michigan, USA 24 Mailing Address: 673 Auditorium Rd., East Lansing, MI, 48824 25 3Department of Earth, Environment, and Geographical Sciences, Northern Michigan University, 26 Marquette, Michigan, USA 27 28 29 30 Corresponding author: 31 Kelsey E. Nyland, Department of Geography, The George Washington University, 2036 H St., 32 NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA 33 Telephone: 603-562-7023 34 Fax: 202-994-2484 1 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Page 2 of 28 35 Abstract: Cryoplanation terraces (CTs) are large (3000-800,000 m2), erosional landforms found 36 in upland periglacial environments. Two hypotheses for the formation of CTs are supported in 37 contemporary literature: 1) CT formation is controlled primarily by geologic structure; and 2) 38 CTs are climatically controlled through nivation, a suite of erosional processes associated with 39 late-lying snowbanks. A persistent question in periglacial geomorphology is whether nivation 40 can produce CT-scale landforms. This paper examines the unique deglaciation history of “Frost 41 Ridge” on the Cathedral Massif, northwestern British Columbia, to estimate long-term 42 denudation attributable to nivation processes active since the last glacial maximum. Frost Ridge 43 forms one flank of an east-west oriented glacial valley. During deglaciation, marginal drainage 44 created V-shaped erosional notches on both valley walls. Minimization of solar radiation on the 45 steep north-facing wall (Frost Ridge) allowedDraft snowbanks to accumulate and persist in the 46 marginal drainage features and nivation processes to erode the slope. Today, several large 47 nivation hollows (incipient cryoplanation terraces) are present near the summit of Frost Ridge, 48 while the V-shaped marginal drainage features are preserved at lower elevations and on the 49 opposite, south-facing valley wall. A high-resolution survey using an unmanned aerial vehicle 50 (UAV) allowed volumes of marginal drainage and incipient terrace features to be compared. 51 Based on this volumetric comparison, denudation rates are estimated to be from 4.2 to 125.8 mm 52 ka-1, which are comparable to relatively short-term nivation rates reported from Antarctica and 53 mid-latitude alpine periglacial areas. 54 55 Keywords: Periglacial Geomorphology, Nivation, Cryoplanation, UAV Survey, Volumetric 56 Erosion Estimation 57 2 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Page 3 of 28 Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 58 59 Introduction 60 Cryoplanation terraces (CTs) are large landforms consisting of alternating steep and 61 shallow slope segments and repeating sedimentological patterns (Demek 1969; Reger 1975). From 62 a distance, these landforms resemble immense staircases. Risers (scarps) are inclined at angles of 63 15° - 40° and display exposed bedrock or a veneer of coarse, angular, clastic rubble. The large 64 (3000-800,000 m2), gently sloping (1° - 10°) treads are mantled with sorted patterned ground and 65 solifluction lobes. Although these landscape-scale features have long been associated with 66 periglacial environments, the geomorphic processes responsible for their formation remain 67 contentious. Debate is focused on whether CT formation is controlled primarily by geologic 68 structure or by climatic factors (FrenchDraft 2017, 295; Ballantyne 2018, 220-222). Process-oriented 69 field investigations on CTs are rare. There are, however, several indirect lines of evidence 70 supporting the climatic-influence hypothesis of CT development, through the suite of periglacial 71 and fluvial processes known collectively as nivation. 72 Nivation is a shorthand term for locally intensified weathering, transport, and depositional 73 processes associated with large snowbanks that persist well into summer months. The prolonged 74 thermal insulation and moisture provided by snowbanks promote chemical and mechanical 75 weathering through ice segregation (e.g., Matsuoka and Murton 2008). Meltwater transports 76 eroded materials throughout the summer via rillwash, sheetwash, and piping, thereby also 77 promoting solifluction and frost creep (e.g., Thorn and Hall 1980, 2002; Berrisford 1991). 78 Indirect evidence indicating that nivation plays a critical role in CT formation includes CTs 79 that cut across geologic structure (e.g., Demek 1969; Reger 1975), statistically preferred poleward 80 orientations of CT scarps (Nelson 1998), CT elevation trends that closely track those of glaciers 81 (Nelson and Nyland 2017). Nonetheless, Demek’s (1969, 66) statement that “there are no data on 3 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Page 4 of 28 82 the rate of development of cryoplanation terraces” remains as applicable to the contemporary 83 literature as it was a half-century ago. 84 One of the key remaining issues is whether nivation can produce landforms with the 85 dimensions typical of CTs. Although smaller related features are often called nivation hollows, we 86 follow a recommendation to separate morphological and genetic inferences (Thorn 1983) by 87 referring to cryoplanation landforms and nivation processes (Lewis 1939; Te Punga; 1956, 335; 88 Embleton and King 1968, 533). 89 This study addresses two fundamental, unresolved issues in cryoplanation research (cf. 90 Priesnitz 1988; Thorn and Hall 2002): 1) documentation of active nivation processes on 91 cryoplanation landforms; and 2) calculation of long-term denudation rates by nivation processes. 92 Frost Ridge constitutes a highly unusualDraft configuration of features developed under naturally 93 controlled conditions, resulting in terraces approaching the size of typical CTs found throughout 94 unglaciated Beringia. Insights into this active nivation environment are critical, as the CTs in 95 unglaciated Beringia, including those in nearby Yukon Territory, are considered by many to be 96 relict (e.g., Reger 1975; Reger and Péwé 1976; Hughes 1990, 14-16; Lauriol 1990). 97 Study Area and Geomorphic Evolution 98 This study evaluates the hypothesized link between long-term denudation rates by nivation 99 and the size and morphology of incipient cryoplanation terraces, also known as transverse nivation 100 hollows (Lewis 1939), on the Cathedral Massif in the Atlin / Téix’gi Aan Tlien Provincial Park, 101 40 km southwest of the village of Atlin in northwestern British Columbia (Figures 1 and 2). 102 Periglacial slope evolution on the northerly aspect of Frost Ridge (N 59° 21’ 5’, W 134° 5’) is the 103 focus of this work. Atlin is within the zone of sporadic, discontinuous permafrost (10 to 50% of 104 area underlain by permafrost) characterized as having low (<10%) ground ice content within 10 to 4 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Page 5 of 28 Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 105 20 m of the ground surface particularly in upland/alpine locations (Heginbottom et al., 1995) 106 Bevington and Lewkowicz (2015) calculated that permafrost in the Atlin area is found only in 107 surrounding mountains. Ice-rich permafrost occurs above 925 m.a.s.l. in palsas near Atlin (Tallman 108 1975). Nelson (1979) calculated that permafrost is widespread above 1220 m.a.s.l. in the Atlin 109 area and observed shallow permafrost on the north-facing slope of Frost Ridge at 1490 m.a.s.l.. 110 Permafrost is likely, however, to have retreated upward in the four decades since those 111 observations were made. The Cathedral Massif is part of the Atlin Terrane and has been described 112 as a “coast intrusion” of the Coast Plutonic Complex made up of primarily porphyritic and 113 granophyric subvolcanic rock of Jurassic to Neogene age (Jones 1975; Nelson 1979; Gehrels et al. 114 2009). 115 Draft 116 [Figure 1 near here] 117 Cathedral Peak is a paleonunatak, formerly surrounded by the ancestral Hobo-Llewelyn 118 Glacier, part of the larger Cordilleran Ice Sheet (Bass 2007). The tributary of the ancestral Hobo- 119 Llewelyn Glacier that occupied the present Edgar Lake valley (Figure 1) receded between the 120 middle (ca. 25 ka) and late Wisconsinan (ca. 11 ka) (Jones, 1975, 35; Miller 1975, 131-132; 121 Slupetzky and Krisai 2009, 207).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • View of Theoretical Approaches 51
    University of Alberta Caribou Hunting at Ice Patches: Seasonal Mobility and Long-term Land-Use in the Southwest Yukon By Vandy E. Bowyer A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology © Vandy E. Bowyer Spring 2011 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. In memory of Tagish ABSTRACT Recently documented ice patch sites in the southwest Yukon are ideal for evaluating precontact hunter-gatherer land-use patterns in the western subarctic. Located in the alpine of the mountainous regions of the boreal forest, ice patches are associated with well preserved hunting equipment, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) dung and an abundance of faunal remains dating to over 8000 years ago. However, current models are inadequate for explaining caribou hunting at ice patches as they tend to emphasize large-scale communal hunts associated with latitudinal movements of caribou. Much less is known about the alititudinal movment of caribou and the associated hunting forays to ice patches in the alpine.
    [Show full text]
  • INVENTORY of TERMINAL POSITION CHANGES in ALASKAN COASTAL GLACIERS SINCE the 1750'S
    INVENTORY OF TEWINAL POSITION CHANGES IN ALASKAN COASTAL GLACIERS SINCE THE 1750's MAYNARD M. MILLER Foundation for Glacier & Environmental Research Pacific Science Center Seattle, WA 98109 Repnnted frum PEmEEDIhGS OF THE? .LmHCAi"; PNfLOXlPNlCAL SOCIETY, Vnl 108, No 3, June, 196-4 INVENTORY OF TERMINAL POSITION CHANGES IN ALASKAN COASTAL GLACIERS SINCE THE 1750's MAYNARD M. MILLER Dep;~rttnerltof Geology, Michigan State Ilniversity, a~idthe Fountlation fnr Glacier Research, Seattle, \Vashingtori THE PROGRAM OF REGIOXAI, GLACIER graphic records at established control stations, a SURVEYS 1 long-negative Zeiss-Ikon camera, a Speed Graphic 'I'ris neetl for a syste~naticand up-to-date in- or a Keystone F10 photogran~metriccamera were \entory of glacier positions in the cordilleran employed. The aerial photographs were taken r:lrlges oi Sot~theril~\laska first became apparent either with a 90 111111. German aerial Handkammer, io lue \vliile participating in two glacial illapping a Fairchild 4 x 5-inch I<-20 camera or the afore- c5sl)ecli tlons to the .ilaskan f-':ui~liandlein 1940 and mentioned F10. More than 2,700 ohlique photo- 1941 (Miller, 1940, 1913). As a result, each graphs and recorded o1)servations on 174 major sulnmer froin 1946 through 1953, I was for- glaciers have been obtained.' tunate enough to be able to undertake a pro- gram of ground and aerial surveys of termini GLACIOLOGICAL PROVINCES IN SOUTH ;untl nCvi.-line positions on Alaskan coastal glaciers COASTAL ALASKA ihlilier. 1947. 1918, 1949. 1954). The project For convenience. southeastern coastal Alaska \\:is further extended by selective photography is divided into seven glaciological provinces de- :~nclniapping carried out in 1954, 1955, 1958, and lineated on the nlap in figure 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology and Mineral Deposits Tulsequah Map-Area, British Columbia (104K)
    GEOLOGY AND MINERAL DEPOSITS TULSEQUAH MAP-AREA, BRITISH COLUMBIA (104K) 1.(50-1971-6J44 Technical Editor H. M. A. RJCl! Critical Readers J. O. WHUL~R HNll R. B. CAMPBELL Editor D. W>UT1! Text printed OD Georgian Olfset Smooth Finish Set iD Times Roman with 20th Century captioos by CANADIAN GOVEI\NMENT PJuN'TTNG BUReAU Artwork by C,\JlTOCRAPHlC UNIT, GSC 201339 FIGURE 1. View looking 'outhwe'l from the Tohllon Highland ocro" Tohomenie lake to the inner range' of the Coo,1 Mountain<. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA MEMOIR 362 GEOLOGY AND MINERAL DEPOSITS OF TULSEQUAH MAP-AREA, BRITISH COLUMBIA (104K) By J. G. Souther DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, MINES AND RESOURCES CANADA © Crown Copyrighls reserved AvailabLe by mail from Information Canada, OIlOWO, rrom Geological SOf"ey or Canada. 601 Boolh St., Ollaw" nnd tll the following Jnformalion Canada b()Qk~hops: HALl FA>.' 1735 Barringlon Slreel MONTREAL 1182 SI. Cnlherine SlreeL West OrT,\WA 171 S Ialer Slreel TORONTO '22L Yonge Streel WINNlPEG 393 Ponage Avenue VA1'JCOUV£R 657 GranvilLe Street or through your bookseller A depos\t copy or Ihis publicalion is also 3yailable ror reference in public libraries acros~ Canada Price: $3.00 Calalogue No. M46·362 Price subju.1 to c.hange wilhaut nOlice Tnformiuion Canada Ollawa. 1971 PREFACE Taku River was used as a route to the Yukon during the Klondike gold rush of 1898 and this led to extensive prospecting, but it was not until 1937 that any of the silver-gold showings discovered in the intervening years were brought into production. Declining metal prices resulted in the closure of the last producing mine in 1957, but in recent years extensive geophysical and geochemical surveys have been made by several major exploration com­ panies and new prospects have been discovered.
    [Show full text]
  • Cold-Climate Landform Patterns in the Sudetes. Effects of Lithology, Relief and Glacial History
    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CAROLINAE 2000 GEOGRAPHICA, XXXV, SUPPLEMENTUM, PAG. 185–210 Cold-climate landform patterns in the Sudetes. Effects of lithology, relief and glacial history ANDRZEJ TRACZYK, PIOTR MIGOŃ University of Wrocław, Department of Geography, Wrocław, Poland ABSTRACT The Sudetes have the whole range of landforms and deposits, traditionally described as periglacial. These include blockfields and blockslopes, frost-riven cliffs, tors and cryoplanation terraces, solifluction mantles, rock glaciers, talus slopes and patterned ground and loess covers. This paper examines the influence, which lithology and structure, inherited relief and time may have had on their development. It appears that different rock types support different associations of cold climate landforms. Rock glaciers, blockfields and blockstreams develop on massive, well-jointed rocks. Cryogenic terraces, rock steps, patterned ground and heterogenic solifluction mantles are typical for most metamorphic rocks. No distinctive landforms occur on rocks breaking down through microgelivation. The variety of slope form is largely inherited from pre- Pleistocene times and includes convex-concave, stepped, pediment-like, gravitational rectilinear and concave free face-talus slopes. In spite of ubiquitous solifluction and permafrost creep no uniform characteristic ‘periglacial’ slope profile has been created. Mid-Pleistocene trimline has been identified on nunataks in the formerly glaciated part of the Sudetes and in their foreland. Hence it is proposed that rock-cut periglacial relief of the Sudetes is the cumulative effect of many successive cold periods during the Pleistocene and the last glacial period alone was of relatively minor importance. By contrast, slope cover deposits are usually of the Last Glacial age. Key words: cold-climate landforms, the Sudetes 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacial Processes and Landforms
    Glacial Processes and Landforms I. INTRODUCTION A. Definitions 1. Glacier- a thick mass of flowing/moving ice a. glaciers originate on land from the compaction and recrystallization of snow, thus are generated in areas favored by a climate in which seasonal snow accumulation is greater than seasonal melting (1) polar regions (2) high altitude/mountainous regions 2. Snowfield- a region that displays a net annual accumulation of snow a. snowline- imaginary line defining the limits of snow accumulation in a snowfield. (1) above which continuous, positive snow cover 3. Water balance- in general the hydrologic cycle involves water evaporated from sea, carried to land, precipitation, water carried back to sea via rivers and underground a. water becomes locked up or frozen in glaciers, thus temporarily removed from the hydrologic cycle (1) thus in times of great accumulation of glacial ice, sea level would tend to be lower than in times of no glacial ice. II. FORMATION OF GLACIAL ICE A. Process: Formation of glacial ice: snow crystallizes from atmospheric moisture, accumulates on surface of earth. As snow is accumulated, snow crystals become compacted > in density, with air forced out of pack. 1. Snow accumulates seasonally: delicate frozen crystal structure a. Low density: ~0.1 gm/cu. cm b. Transformation: snow compaction, pressure solution of flakes, percolation of meltwater c. Freezing and recrystallization > density 2. Firn- compacted snow with D = 0.5D water a. With further compaction, D >, firn ---------ice. b. Crystal fabrics oriented and aligned under weight of compaction 3. Ice: compacted firn with density approaching 1 gm/cu. cm a.
    [Show full text]
  • An#Integrated#Assessment#Of#The#Cumulative#Impacts#Of#Climate# Change'and'industrial'development'on'salmon'in'western'bc!! Stiki
    An#integrated#assessment#of#the#cumulative#impacts#of#climate# change'and'industrial'development'on'salmon'in'Western'BC!! Stikine and Upper Nass Current Social-Ecological Conditions Summary Prepared by: Christina Melymick, Consultant April 2013 The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the author and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions of the Bulkley Valley Research Centre or the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. [email protected] • Box 4274 Smithers, BC V0J 2N0 Canada An#integrated#assessment#of#the#cumulative#impacts#of#climate#change#and#industrial#development#on#salmon#in#Western#BC#! Acknowledgements Thank you to the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation for supporting this project. Thank you to Jim Pojar for his expansive knowledge and expertise, and for adding to the stack of resources used during research. Thank you to Dave Bustard for taking time from a busy schedule to lend his extensive local knowledge and expertise. Thank you to John Kelson for his eulachon knowledge. Thank you to Richard Overstall for his knowledge and support. Thank you to Rick Budhwa for his support and contribution to the cultural aspects of this report. Thank you to Johanna Pfalz for her support and for providing all the relevant maps. Thank you to Ken Rabnett for support, his breadth of knowledge on the study area. Thank you to Don Morgan for the opportunity to carry out the research and produce this report, and for constant patience, guidance and support through the course of completing this report. Credits Don
    [Show full text]
  • Periglacial Processes, Features & Landscape Development 3.1.4.3/4
    Periglacial processes, features & landscape development 3.1.4.3/4 Glacial Systems and landscapes What you need to know Where periglacial landscapes are found and what their key characteristics are The range of processes operating in a periglacial landscape How a range of periglacial landforms develop and what their characteristics are The relationship between process, time, landforms and landscapes in periglacial settings Introduction A periglacial environment used to refer to places which were near to or at the edge of ice sheets and glaciers. However, this has now been changed and refers to areas with permafrost that also experience a seasonal change in temperature, occasionally rising above 0 degrees Celsius. But they are characterised by permanently low temperatures. Location of periglacial areas Due to periglacial environments now referring to places with permafrost as well as edges of glaciers, this can account for one third of the Earth’s surface. Far northern and southern hemisphere regions are classed as containing periglacial areas, particularly in the countries of Canada, USA (Alaska) and Russia. Permafrost is where the soil, rock and moisture content below the surface remains permanently frozen throughout the entire year. It can be subdivided into the following: • Continuous (unbroken stretches of permafrost) • extensive discontinuous (predominantly permafrost with localised melts) • sporadic discontinuous (largely thawed ground with permafrost zones) • isolated (discrete pockets of permafrost) • subsea (permafrost occupying sea bed) Whilst permafrost is not needed in the development of all periglacial landforms, most periglacial regions have permafrost beneath them and it can influence the processes that create the landforms. Many locations within SAMPLEextensive discontinuous and sporadic discontinuous permafrost will thaw in the summer months.
    [Show full text]
  • Ring of Fire Proposed RMP and Final EIS- Volume 1 Cover Page
    U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management N T OF M E TH T E R A IN P T E E D R . I O S R . U M 9 AR 8 4 C H 3, 1 Ring of Fire FINAL Proposed Resource Management Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement and Final Environmental Impact Statement and Final Environmental Management Plan Resource Proposed Ring of Fire Volume 1: Chapters 1-3 July 2006 Anchorage Field Office, Alaska July 200 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMMENT 6 Volume 1 The Bureau of Land Management Today Our Vision To enhance the quality of life for all citizens through the balanced stewardship of America’s public lands and resources. Our Mission To sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. BLM/AK/PL-06/022+1610+040 BLM File Photos: 1. Aerial view of the Chilligan River north of Chakachamna Lake in the northern portion of Neacola Block 2. OHV users on Knik River gravel bar 3. Mountain goat 1 4. Helicopter and raft at Tsirku River 2 3 4 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Ring of Fire Proposed Resource Management Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement Prepared By: Anchorage Field Office July 2006 United States Department of the Interior BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT Alaska State Office 222 West Seventh Avenue, #13 Anchorage, Alaska 995 13-7599 http://www.ak.blm.gov Dear Reader: Enclosed for your review is the Proposed Resource Management Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement (Proposed RMPIFinal EIS) for the lands administered in the Ring of Fire by the Bureau of Land Management's (BLM's) Anchorage Field Office (AFO).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 8. Glacioaeolian Processes, Sediments, and Landforms
    CHAPTER GLACIOAEOLIAN PROCESSES, SEDIMENTS, AND LANDFORMS 8 E. Derbyshire1 and L.A. Owen2 1Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom, 2University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States 8.1 INTRODUCTION The frequently strong association of aeolian processes with present and former glaciation has been recognized for over 80 years from field observations (Hogbom, 1923). Bullard and Austin (2011) point out that the interaction between glacial dynamics, glaciofluvial, and aeolian transport in proglacial landscapes plays an important role, not only in local environmental systems, but also in the global context by affecting the amount of dust generated and transported. Moreover, glacial outwash plains have been cited as a significant source of dust in the Southern Hemisphere (Sugden et al., 2009) and must also have been important dust sources in the northern hemisphere (Bullard and Austin, 2011). Cold climate aeolian processes and landforms have been widely acknowledged in proglacial and paraglacial geomorphology (e.g., Ballantyne, 2002; Seppa¨la¨, 2004). However, relatively little work has been undertaken on glacioaeolian processes, sediments, and landforms compared to other glacial systems. The ISI Web of Science does not even provide one reference to the term ‘glacioaeolian’ and Google Scholar provides a mere 61 references. Variations on the spell- ing of glacioaeolian, including glacioeolian, glacio-aeolian, glacio aeolian, and glacio-eolian yield less than 40 citations. Even the international journal Aeolian Research provides only one reference to the term glacioaeolian. A search of glacial aeolian yields 924 and 35,300 citations in the ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar, respectively. However, this includes reference to aeolian sedi- ments that are not of glacial origin, but were deposited during a glacial event.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey and Monitoring of Ice Patches in the Denali Highway Region Figure 2
    SURVEY AND MONITORING OF ICE PATCHES IN THE DENALI HIGHWAY REGION , CENTRAL ALASKA , 2003–2005 Richard VanderHoek Office of History and Archaeology, Alaska Department of Natural Resources, 550 W. Seventh Ave., Suite 1310, Anchorage, AK 99501-3565; [email protected] Brian Wygal Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Reno Randolph M. Tedor Office of History and Archaeology, Alaska Department of Natural Resources Charles E. Holmes Gudgel and Holmes Associates ABSTRACT The Alaska Office of History and Archaeology conducted three seasons of ice patch survey in the De- nali Highway region of central Alaska. Prehistoric organic and lithic hunting and trapping artifacts had emerged from the melting ice patches and were recovered. Alpine ice patches are seen as part of a prehistoric seasonal round, giving hunters a predictable and reliable location to get close enough to prey, usually caribou, to use dart or arrow. Glacial data from interior Alaska document the recent cy- clic melting of ice patches and glaciers that has resulted in a net loss of ice. Land management agencies need to perform ice patch surveys now, before these important items are lost forever. Keywords: fossil ice patch, climate change, nivation hollows, mountain geomorphology INTRODUCTION In August of 2003, Alaska Office of History and tains in the Yukon and Northwest Territories in Canada Archaeology (OHA) personnel were surveying the edges and in the Wrangell and Amphitheater mountains in of a patch of ice containing caribou (Rangifer tarandus) Alaska (Tom Andrews 2006, personal communication; dung in the Amphitheater Mountains in central Alaska Dixon et al. 2003, 2004, 2005; Hare et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Alaska Natural Heritage Program Environment and Natural Resources Institute University of Alaska Anchorage 707 a Street Anchorage, Alaska 99501
    KLONDIKE GOLD RUSH NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK VASCULAR PLANT INVENTORY KLONDIKE GOLD RUSH NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK VASCULAR PLANT INVENTORY FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT Matthew L. Carlson, Michelle Sturdy, Rob Lipkin, & Julie A. Michaelson Alaska Natural Heritage Program Environment and Natural Resources Institute University of Alaska Anchorage 707 A Street Anchorage, Alaska 99501 National Park Service Alaska Region Inventory & Monitoring Program NPS Report : 2nd Edition, December 2004 Cooperative Agreement No. 1443CA991000013 Funding Source: National Park Service, Inventory & Monitoring Program KLONDIKE GOLD RUSH NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK VASCULAR PLANT INVENTORY ABSTRACT In 2002 and 2003 the University of Alaska Anchorage, Alaska Natural Heritage Program (AKNHP), conducted vascular plant field inventories in Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park as part of the Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service. The primary goal was to document greater than 90% of the vascular plant species expected to occur within the park and significantly improve our understanding of current vascular plant species distributions. The inventory targeted diverse habitat types and poorly sampled areas. The AKNHP visited ten diverse eco-geographic regions and sampled intensively within these regions from mid-June to mid-August, 2002 and early July in 2003. A total of 283 specimens were collected, recorded, pressed, and curated. One hundred seventy four individual taxa are represented, 55 are new records for the park, and an additional ten represent verifications of previously unvouchered reports. The percentage of documented taxa increased from 78% to 86% after the 2002 and 2003 field seasons. A number of finds were range extensions or taxa of conservation concern. Collections were made of the state and globally restricted species: Phyllodoce empetriformis (G4- S1S2 rank) and Eleocharis kamtschatica (G4-S2).
    [Show full text]
  • PERMAFROST Bob Carson June 2007
    PERMAFROST Bob Carson June 2007 LAKE LINNEVATNET THE ACTIVE LAYER IS FROZEN ACTIVE LAYER PERMAFROST YUKON TERMS • PERMAFROST • PERIGLACIAL • \ • PATTERNED GROUND • POLYGONS • PALS • PINGO • ROCK GLACIER • THERMOKARST YAKIMA HILLS PROCESSES • FREEZE-THAW • FROST CRACK • FROST SHATTER • FROST HEAVE • FROST SHOVE • FROST SORT • CREEP • SOLIFLUCTION • NIVATION BEARTOOTH MOUNTAINS FROST CRACK • LOW-TEMPERATURE CONTRACTION ALASKA PHOTO BY RUTH SCHMIDT FROST SHATTER • WATER EXPANDS DURING FREEZING VATNAJOKULL KHARKHIRAA UUL FROST HEAVE FROST PUSH vs. FROST PULL CAIRNGORM FROST SHOVE GREENLAND PHOTO BY W.E. DAVIES FROST SORT SWEDISH LAPLAND PHOTO BY JAN BOELHOUWERS C R E E P SHARPE 1938 SOLIFLUCTION SOLIFLUCTION LOBES HANGAY NURUU NIVATION NIVATION HOLLOWS PALOUSE HILLS LANDFORMS WITH ICE ALASKA PHOTO BY SKIP WALKER AUFEIS KHARKHIRRA UUL HANGAY NURUU ICE WEDGES sis.agr.gc.ca/.../ground ICE-WEDGE POLYGONS res.agr.canada PALSEN HANGAY NURUU PALSEN FIELD OGILVIE MOUNTAINS PINGOES BEAUFORT COAST ALASKA PHOTO BY H.J.A. Berendsen ougseurope.org/rockon/surface/img PINGOES IN CANADIAN ARCTIC www.rekel.nl www.mbari.org www.arctic.uoguelph.ca VICTORIA ISLAND PHOTO BY A. L. WASHBURN ROCK GLACIERS GALENA CREEK ROCK GLACIERS GALENA CREEK ROCK GLACIERS GRAYWOLF RIDGE THERMOKARST YUKON THERMOKARST ALASKA ICE-WEDGE TRENCH YUKON ICE-WEDGE TRENCH ALASKA PHOTO BY JOE MOORE BEADED DRAINAGE ALASKA PHOTO BY RUTH SCHMIDT THAW LAKES PRUDOE BAY THAW LAKES ALASKA PHOTO BY ART REMPEL MORE PERIGLACIAL LANDFORMS SPITSBERGEN PHOTO BY BEN SCHUPACK WHITMAN ‘07 BLOCK FIELDS RINGING ROCKS BLOCK SLOPES BLOCK FIELD TALUS BLOCK SLOPE ELKHORN MOUNTAINS BLOCK STREAMS SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS 11 June 2007 BLOCK STREAMS HANGAY NURUU CRYOPLANATION TERRACES HANGAY NURUU CRYOPLANATION TERRACES NIVATION TOR SOLIFLUCTION HANGAY NURUU PATTERNED GROUND: COMPONENTS FINES STONES HANGAY NURUU STONES: PEBBLES COBBLES BOULDERS FINES: CLAY, SILT, SAND PATTERNED GROUND: HANGAY COMPONENTS NURUU PATTERNED GROUND: CLASSIFICATION • SLOPE: HORIZONTAL± vs.
    [Show full text]