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Late Atrioventricular Block and Permanent Pacemaker Implantation After Heart Transplantation

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Late Atrioventricular Block and Permanent Pacemaker Implantation After Heart Transplantation 572 Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş - Arch Turk Soc Cardiol 2009;37(8):572-574 Late atrioventricular block and permanent pacemaker implantation after heart transplantation Kalp nakli sonrası geç dönemde atriyoventriküler blok ve kalıcı kalp pili uygulaması Mustafa Akçakoyun, M.D., Ahmet Duran Demir, M.D., Mehmet Ali Özatık, M.D.,1 Şeref Küçüker, M.D.1 Departments of Cardiology and 1Cardiovascular Surgery, Türkiye Yüksek İhtisas Heart-Education and Research Hospital, Ankara The need for permanent pacemaker implantation due Kalp nakli sonrasında geç dönemde atriyoventrikü- to late atrioventricular (AV) block after heart transplan- ler (AV) blok nedeniyle kalıcı kalp pili uygulaması tation is rare. A 59-year-old male patient underwent nadirdir. Elli dokuz yaşında erkek hastaya kalp nakli heart transplantation. He presented with syncope eight yapıldı. Ameliyattan sekiz ay sonra hastada bayılma months after transplantation. Ambulatory 24-hour Holter yakınmaları ortaya çıktı. Ambulatuvar 24 saatlik Holter monitoring showed predominant sinus rhythm with a takibinde, ortalama 74 atım/dk kalp hızı ile esas olarak mean heart rate of 74 bpm, intermittent second-degree sinüs ritminde olan hastada geçici ikinci derece AV AV block, and high-degree AV block with pauses of up blok ve 10.6 saniyeye kadar varabilen ileri derecede to 10.6 seconds. Percutaneous transvenous endomyo- AV blok atakları izlendi. Perkütan transvenöz endo- cardial biopsy yielded a histologic diagnosis of grade IA miyokardiyal biyopsi materyalinin histolojik inceleme- rejection according to the ISHLT (International Society sinde, ISHLT (International Society of Heart and Lung of Heart and Lung Transplantation) scoring system. A Transplantation) sınıflamasına göre derece IA doku permanent pacemaker with DDD-R mode was implant- reddi saptandı. Sol subklavyen venden DDD-R modlu ed via the left subclavian vein, and he was discharged kalıcı kalp pili takılan hasta ertesi gün sorunsuz tabur- on the following day without any complication. cu edildi. Key words: Bradycardia; heart block/therapy; heart transplanta- Anahtar söz cük ler: Bradikardi; kalp bloku/tedavi; kalp nakli; tion; pacemaker, artificial; postoperative complications. kalp pili; ameliyat sonrası komplikasyon. Approximately 2100 heart transplants are carried out pacing within several weeks or months of receiving a in the United States each year and up to 21% of heart heart transplant.[6,7] transplant recipients further receive permanent pace- We report here a heart transplant recipient who [1,2] makers. Suspected causes of bradyarrhythmias developed high-degree atrioventricular (AV) block requiring pacing include prolonged ischemic time, causing a pause of up to 10.6 seconds. allograft rejection, sinus node dysfunction, damage to the sinus node of the donor heart at the time of trans- CASE REPORT [3,4] plant, and amiodarone use before transplantation. A 59-year-old male with a history of dilated car- Although pacing offers heart transplant recipients diomyopathy received a biventricular implantable the probability of a shorter postsurgical recovery time cardioverter-defibrillator (CRT+ICD) in 2004 because and an earlier initiation of cardiac rehabilitation, per- of decompensation of heart failure and nonsustained manent pacing has not been shown to improve long- ventricular tachycardia. In 2007, he presented with term survival.[3] It has even been argued that pacing in worsening functional capacity, for which echocar- heart transplant recipients is used excessively.[5] Many diography, selective coronary angiography, and right patients recover from sinus node dysfunction without heart catheterization were performed. Transthoracic Received: March 4, 2009 Accepted: April 14, 2009 Correspondence: Dr. Mustafa Akçakoyun. Kartal Koşuyolu Yüksek İhtisas Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Kardiyoloji Kliniği, 34800 Cevizli, İstanbul, Turkey. Tel: +90 216 - 459 40 41 e-mail: [email protected] Late atrioventricular block and permanent pacemaker implantation after heart transplantation 573 Figure 1. Holter recording showing high-degree atrioventricular block with pauses of up to 10.6 seconds. echocardiography showed global hypokinesia, ejec- require permanent pacemaker implantation. Reported tion fraction of %15, and moderate mitral and mild rates of permanent pacemaker implantation range aortic regurgitations. On angiography, coronary arter- from 8% to 24% at different transplant centers.[5,9,10] ies were normal. During catheterization, pulmonary Late requirement of permanent pacing after car- capillary wedge pressure was 34 mmHg, systolic diac transplantation is rare,[7] with AV block being pulmonary artery pressure was 77 mmHg, cardiac the most common reason.[11] Woo et al.[9] found a output was 2.34 l/min (Fick’s method), and pulmo- higher incidence of heart block in patients who nary vascular resistance was 4 Wood units. A deci- required pacing beyond six months after transplanta- sion for heart transplantation was made. In 2008, tion. Approximately, 24% of the patients required pac- successful heart transplantation was performed and ing within the first month after transplantation. Of 11 postoperative follow-up was uneventful. However, patients who required pacing beyond six months, four he presented with syncope eight months after trans- had evidence for transplant vasculopathy. plantation. Physical examination findings, electro- cardiogram, and chest radiography were unremark- The incidence of post-transplant AV block has [12] able. Ambulatory 24-hour Holter monitoring showed rarely been reported. Cui et al. reported that, of 1,047 predominant sinus rhythm with a mean heart rate patients, 113 patients developed AV block following of 74 bpm, intermittent second-degree AV block, heart transplantation. The most common isolated AV and high-degree AV block with pauses of up to 10.6 block on the post-transplant ECGs was first-degree AV seconds (Fig 1). Percutaneous transvenous endomyo- block in 87 patients, accounting for 8.4%. cardial biopsy was performed, which yielded a his- Miyamoto et al.[10] found that 72 (18%) of 401 tologic diagnosis of grade IA rejection according to adult orthotopic heart transplant recipients developed the ISHLT (International Society of Heart and Lung prolonged bradyarrhythmias within five days after Transplantation) scoring system. A permanent pace- transplantation. Permanent pacemaker implantation maker with DDD-R mode was implanted via the left was performed in 17 patients within 40 days of trans- subclavian vein, and he was discharged on the follow- plantation. Only six patients received a permanent ing day without any complication. pacemaker between 5 and 31 months after transplan- tation. These patients had sinus rhythm at the time of DISCUSSION discharge, but later developed bradycardia. Of these, Bradycardia occurs in 64% of recipients in the first three cases were associated with rejection, but three few weeks after cardiac transplantation, but often were not. All recovered to sinus rhythm after perma- resolves spontaneously.[5,8] Persistent bradycardia may nent pacemaker implantation. What causes late brady- 574 Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş cardia in the absence of rejection is unknown. Partial Electrophysiologic effects of procainamide, mexiletine, rejection that cannot be detected by routine right and amiodarone on the transplanted heart. Experimental ventricular biopsy, fibrosis, or temporary decreases in study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;109:899-904. blood supply around the sinus node and conduction 5. Scott CD, Omar I, McComb JM, Dark JH, Bexton system may result in bradycardia. RS. Long-term pacing in heart transplant recipients is usually unnecessary. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991; Avitall et al.[13] showed in the transplanted canine 14:1792-6. heart that allograft rejection first appeared in the right 6. Heinz G, Kratochwill C, Koller-Strametz J, Kreiner G, atrium and was much more severe in the atrium than Grimm M, Grabenwöger M, et al. Benign prognosis in the ventricle. They proposed that the conduction of early sinus node dysfunction after orthotopic car- tissue, including the sinus node and AV node, was diac transplantation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998; a special target for allograft rejection, and that right 21:422-9. atrial lymphocyte infiltration, myocyte necrosis, and 7. Holt ND, Tynan MM, Scott CD, Parry G, Dark JH, fibrosis associated with acute or chronic rejection McComb JM. Permanent pacemaker use after car- might contribute to intra- and inter-atrial conduction diac transplantation: completing the audit cycle. Heart 1996;76:435-8. disturbances. Cooper et al.[14] reported that eight of 20 8. Jacquet L, Ziady G, Stein K, Griffith B, Armitage J, pacemaker receivers were associated with episodes of Hardesty R, et al. Cardiac rhythm disturbances early rejection. Our case also had ISHLT grade 1A rejection after orthotopic heart transplantation: prevalence and and required late pacemaker implantation. clinical importance of the observed abnormalities. J In conclusion, sinus node dysfunction mainly Am Coll Cardiol 1990;16:832-7. occurs during the early period of orthotopic heart 9. Woo GW, Schofield RS, Pauly DF, Hill JA, Conti JB, transplantation and may be associated with surgical Kron J, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcomes of cardiac pacing after cardiac transplantation: an trauma, ischemic sinus node dysfunction, rejection, 11-year retrospective analysis. Transplantation 2008; drug therapy, and increasing donor age; however, AV 85:1216-8. conduction abnormalities,
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